RESUMO
In the United States, alcohol is the most common substance used and the spectrum of unhealthy alcohol use is highly prevalent. Complications of unhealthy alcohol use affect nearly every organ system. One of the most frequent and potentially life-threatening of these complications is alcohol withdrawal syndrome for which benzodiazepines remain first-line therapy. Pharmacologic treatment of alcohol use disorder, the most severe form of unhealthy alcohol use, is underutilized despite the availability of multiple effective medications. Although behavioral therapies are an important component of treatment, they are overemphasized at the expense of pharmacotherapy.
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Alcoolismo/diagnóstico , Alcoolismo/terapia , Benzodiazepinas/uso terapêutico , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Síndrome Alcóolica de Korsakoff/diagnóstico , Síndrome Alcóolica de Korsakoff/epidemiologia , Alcoolismo/complicações , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Concentração Alcoólica no Sangue , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Feminino , Humanos , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/diagnóstico , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Masculino , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/etiologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
DISCLOSURES: No funding was received for the writing of this commentary. The authors report no conflicts of interest.
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Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Equidade em Saúde , Nefrite Lúpica/tratamento farmacológico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/economia , Pesquisa Biomédica , Análise Custo-Benefício , Ciclosporina/economia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/economia , Cobertura do Seguro , Seguro SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The crisis of opioid use puts a strain on resources in the United States and worldwide. There are 3 US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for treatment of opioid use disorder: methadone, buprenorphine, and injectable extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX). The comparative effectiveness and cost vary considerably among these 3 medications. Economic evaluations provide evidence that help stakeholders efficiently allocate scarce resources. Our objective was to summarize recent health economic evidence of pharmacologic treatment of opioid use disorder interventions. METHODS: We searched PubMed for peer-reviewed studies in English from August 2015 through December 2019 as an update to a 2015 review. We used the Drummond checklist to evaluate and categorize economic evaluation study quality. We summarized results by economic evaluation methodology and pharmacologic treatment modality. RESULTS: We identified 105 articles as potentially relevant and included 21 (4 cost-offset studies and 17 cost-effectiveness/cost-benefit studies). We found strengthened evidence on buprenorphine and methadone, indicating that these treatments are economically advantageous compared with no pharmacotherapy, but found limited evidence on XR-NTX. Only half of the cost-effectiveness studies used a generic preference-based measure of effectiveness, limiting broad comparison across diseases/disorders. The disease/disorder-specific cost-effectiveness measures vary widely, suggesting a lack of consensus on the value of substance use disorder treatment. CONCLUSION: We found studies that provide new evidence supporting the cost-effectiveness of buprenorphine compared with no pharmacotherapy. We found a lack of evidence supporting superior economic value for buprenorphine versus methadone, suggesting that both are attractive alternatives. Further economic research is needed on XR-NTX, as well as other emerging pharmacotherapies, treatment modalities, and dosage forms.
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Análise Custo-Benefício , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate alternative methods to calculate and/or attribute economic surplus in the cost-effectiveness analysis of single or short-term therapies. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review of articles describing alternative methods for cost-effectiveness analysis of potentially curative therapies whose assessment using traditional methods may suggest unaffordable valuations owing to the magnitude of estimated long-term quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gains or cost offsets. Through internal deliberation and discussion with staff at the Health Technology Assessment bodies in England and Canada, we developed the following 3 alternative methods for further evaluation: (1) capping annual costs in the comparator arm at $150 000 per year; (2) "sharing" the economic surplus with the health sector by apportioning only 50% of cost offsets or 50% of cost offsets and QALY gains to the value of the therapy; and (3) crediting the therapy with only 12 years of the average annual cost offsets or cost offsets and QALY gains over the lifetime horizon. The impact of each alternative method was evaluated by applying it in an economic model of 3 hypothetical condition-treatment scenarios meant to reflect a diversity of chronicity and background healthcare costs. RESULTS: The alternative with greatest impact on threshold price for the fatal pediatric condition spinal muscular atrophy type 1 was the 12-year cutoff scenario. For a hypothetical one-time treatment for hemophilia A, capping cost offsets at $150 000 per year had the greatest impact. For chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, capping cost offsets or using 12-year threshold had little impact, whereas 50% sharing of surplus including QALY gains and cost offsets greatly reduced threshold pricing. CONCLUSIONS: Health Technology Assessment bodies and policy makers will wrestle with how to evaluate single or short-term potentially curative therapies and establish pricing and payment mechanisms to ensure sustainability. Scenario analyses using alternative methods for calculating and apportioning economic surplus can provide starkly different assessment results. These methods may stimulate important societal dialogue on fair pricing for these novel treatments.
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Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Terapia Genética/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Imunoterapia Adotiva/economia , Avaliação da Tecnologia Biomédica/economia , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/economia , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/economia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Produtos Biológicos/economia , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Redução de Custos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Custos de Medicamentos , Terapia Genética/efeitos adversos , Hemofilia A/tratamento farmacológico , Hemofilia A/economia , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Linfoma não Hodgkin/economia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/terapia , Modelos Econômicos , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/economia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/uso terapêutico , Indução de Remissão , Atrofias Musculares Espinais da Infância/economia , Atrofias Musculares Espinais da Infância/genética , Atrofias Musculares Espinais da Infância/terapia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: U.S. value framework developers such as the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) use cost-effectiveness analysis to value new health care technologies. Often, these value assessment frameworks use a health system perspective without fully accounting for societal and broader benefits and costs of an intervention. Although there is ongoing debate about the most appropriate methods for including broader value elements in value assessment, it remains unclear whether the inclusion of these value elements is likely to affect the quantitative estimates of treatment value. OBJECTIVE: To assess variations in the relevance of broader value elements to cost-effectiveness analysis across diseases. METHODS: Thirty-two broader value elements (e.g., caregiver burden, health equity, real option value, productivity) not traditionally included in health technology assessments were identified through a targeted literature review. Evidence reports published by ICER between July 2017 and January 2020 were evaluated to identify which broader value elements were discussed as relevant to each disease in the report text. The study examined whether there were associations among ICER's discussion of broader value elements, rare disease status, treatment cost, estimated treatment cost-effectiveness, and ICER committee voting results for contextual considerations and additional benefits/disadvantages. RESULTS: The most commonly cited broader value element category in the ICER evidence reports was household and leisure (e.g., absenteeism from normal activities and caregiver burden). More value elements were cited for inherited retinal disease (19 elements) and sickle cell disease (18 elements) than for other diseases. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes had the fewest number of value elements cited (7 elements). Rare diseases were more likely to have broader value elements cited compared with nonrare diseases (15.9 vs. 11.5, P < 0.001). Treatments with higher (i.e., less favorable) incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were more likely to have a greater number of broader value elements cited (ρ = 0.625, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of broader value elements varied across diseases, with less cost-effective treatments more likely to have a higher number of relevant broader value elements. Inclusion of all relevant value elements in value assessments will more appropriately incentivize innovation and improve allocation of research funding. DISCLOSURES: This study was sponsored by Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation. At the time of this study, Shafrin was employed by PRECISIONheor, a consultancy to the life sciences industry that received financial support from Novartis to conduct this study. Dennen, Pednekar, and Birch are employed by PRECISIONheor. Bhor was an employee of Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation at the time this research was conducted and manuscript was developed and reports grants from Novartis, unrelated to this work. Kanter has served on scientific advisory boards and steering committees for and reports receiving consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation and is a site principal investigator on studies funded by Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation. Kantar also reports support from Sickle Cell Disease Association of America Inc. and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, unrelated to this work. Neumann reports advisory boards or consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation and PRECISIONheor, as well as advisory boards or consulting fees unrelated to this study from AbbVie, Amgen, Avexis, Bayer, Congressional Budget Office, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Precision Health Economics, Veritech, Vertex; funding from The CEA Registry Sponsors by various pharmaceutical and medical device companies; and grants from Amgen, Lundbeck, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, National Pharmaceutical Council, Alzheimer's Association, and the National Institutes for Health.
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Análise Custo-Benefício , Doença , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Oncologia , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Doenças Raras/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the addition of bevacizumab to first-line chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the perspective of the Colombian health system. METHODS: A Markov model was employed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab + carboplatin + paclitaxel (BCP) compared with carboplatin + paclitaxel (CP) in the treatment of NSCLS during a 4-year period. The health outcome was the number of life-years gained (LYG) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) obtained from the survival curves reported in a clinical study. Costs were estimated using national tariff and reported in US dollars at a date in 2019. Costs and effectiveness outcomes were discounted at a rate of 3.5% per year. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed on important parameters with a Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: The costs of BCP and CP were $30 341 and $11 735, respectively. The LYG for BCP and CP were 0.34 and 0.29, respectively. The QALY for BCP and CP were 0.27 and 0.23. The ICER of BCP versus CP was $ 465 150 QALY. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation showed that CP was cost-effective in 100% of the iterations compared with BCP. CONCLUSION: The addition of bevacizumab to the scheme carboplatin + paclitaxel compared to carboplatin + paclitaxel for NSCLC is not cost-effective from the point of view of the Colombian health system.
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Bevacizumab/economia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Bevacizumab/uso terapêutico , Carboplatina/economia , Carboplatina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício/métodos , Análise Custo-Benefício/estatística & dados numéricos , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Tratamento Farmacológico/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Cadeias de Markov , Paclitaxel/economia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
AIMS: To explore variations in the use of and timeliness of chemotherapy in patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in New Zealand. METHODS: This study included patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in New Zealand between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. The first chemotherapy regime was identified from Pharmaceutical Collection dataset. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of having chemotherapy by subgroup after adjustment for other factors. RESULTS: 27.8% (6,737/24,217) of colon cancer patients and 43.8% (3,582/8,170) of rectal cancer patients received publicly funded chemotherapy. The uptake and timeliness of chemotherapy has been improving over time. Pacific people were the least likely to receive chemotherapy, followed by Maori and Asian. Younger patients, New Zealand European, patients with metastatic disease and patients in the Southern Cancer Network were more likely to have chemotherapy in less than 10 weeks post-diagnosis. Over half of the advanced colorectal cancer patients who did not receive chemotherapy were aged 80+ years or had a short life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the uptake and timeliness of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer has been improving, Maori, Pacific, Asian and older patients were less likely to receive chemotherapy and less likely to receive chemotherapy in a timely manner. There is a variation in use of chemotherapy by Region with patients in the Southern Cancer region appearing to be the most likely to receive chemotherapy and to receive it within a timely period.
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Neoplasias Colorretais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Etnicidade , Feminino , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Expectativa de Vida/etnologia , Expectativa de Vida/tendências , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias/métodos , Nova Zelândia/etnologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to predict healthcare cost trajectories for patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT), as a function of days since chemotherapy initiation, days relative to alloHCT, and days before death or last date of insurance eligibility (LDE). An exploratory objective examined patients with AML receiving chemotherapy only. METHODS: We used Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database to construct cumulative cost trajectories from chemotherapy initiation to death or LDE (through 31 December 2014) for US patients aged 20-74 years diagnosed between 1 March 2004 and 31 December 2013 (n = 187 alloHCT; n = 253 chemotherapy only). We used generalized additive modeling (GAM) to predict expected trajectories and bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs) at user-specified intervals conditional on dates of alloHCT and death or LDE relative to chemotherapy initiation. RESULTS: Expected costs (in 2017 values) for a hypothetical patient receiving alloHCT 60 days after chemotherapy initiation and followed for 5 years were $US572,000 (95% CI 517,000-633,000); $US119,000 (95% CI 51,000-192,000); $US102,000 (95% CI 0-285,000); $US79,000 (95% CI 0-233,000), for years 1-4, respectively, and either $US494,000 (95% CI 212,000-799,000) or $US108,000 (95% CI 0-230,000) in year 5, whether the patient died or was lost to follow-up on day 1825, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of cost accrual varied over time since chemotherapy initiation, with accelerations around the time of alloHCT and death. GAM is a potentially useful approach for imputing longitudinal costs relative to treatment initiation and one or more intercurrent, clinical, or terminal events in randomized controlled trials or registries with unrecorded costs or for dynamic decision-analytic models.
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Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Seguro Saúde/economia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/economia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Algoritmos , Custos e Análise de Custo , Bases de Dados Factuais , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/tendências , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/economia , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Econômicos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: It is evident that comorbidity exacerbate the complexity of the management of lung cancer, however, limited research has been conducted to investigate the impact of comorbidity on health service utilization and cost, as well as the treatment choice among lung cancer patients. We examined the association of comorbidity with medical service utilization, cost and treatment choice among lung cancer patients in China. METHODS: We used claims data from China Urban Employees' Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) and Urban Residents' Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) between 2013 to 2016 and data from Hospital Information System (HIS) Database in Beijing Cancer Hospital (BCH). Elixhauser Comorbidity Index was used to assess comorbidity. Negative binomial regression, generalized linear model (GLM) with a gamma distribution and a log link, and logistic regression was applied to assess the associations between comorbidity and medical service utilization, cost and treatment choice, respectively. RESULTS: Among 8655 patients with lung cancer, 31.3% of had at least one comorbid conditions. Having comorbidity was associated with increased number of annual outpatient visits (1.6, 95%CI: 1.3, 1.9) and inpatients admissions (0.8, 95%CI, 0.70, 0.90), increased outpatient (USD635.5, 95%CI: 490.3, 780.8) and inpatient expenditure (USD2 470.3, 95CI%: 1998.6, 2941.9), as well as increased possibility of choosing radio therapy (OR: 1.208, 95%CI:1.012-1.441) and chemotherapy (1.363, 1.196-1.554), and decreased possibility of choosing surgery (0.850, 0.730-0.989). The medical utilization and expenditure, the possibility of choosing radiotherapy increases, and the possibility of choosing surgery decreases with the increasing number of chronic conditions. There are variations in the association with medical service utilization and expenditure, and treatment choice among individuals with different types of comorbid conditions. CONCLUSION: Comorbidity among lung cancer patients restricts the potential treatment choices and poses an extra substantial health care burden. Our findings provide implications for both the clinical management and health service planning and financing for lung cancer patients.
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Neoplasias Pulmonares/economia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Comorbidade , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Tratamento Farmacológico/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Admissão do Paciente/economia , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Radioterapia/economia , Radioterapia/estatística & dados numéricos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/economia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Health care utilization of people with lung cancer (LC) the last year of life, their causes of death and place of death and the associated expenditure have been poorly described together. Then we conducted an observational study. METHODS: People with LC covered by the French health Insurance general scheme (77% of the population) who died in 2015 were identified in the national health data system, together with their health care utilization and, in 95% of cases, their causes of death. RESULTS: A total of 22,899 individuals were included (mean age: 68 years, SD±11.4), 72% of whom died in short-stay hospitals (SSH), 4% in hospital-at-home, 8% in Rehab hospital, 2% in skilled nursing homes and 14% at home. One-half of these people had also a chronic respiratory tract disease and 18% another cancer. Hospital palliative care (HPC) was identified for 65% of people, but for only 9% prior to their end-of-life stay. During the last month of life, 49% of people had two or more SSH stays, 15% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 23% received a chemotherapy session (13% during the last 14 days). The main cause of death was cancer for 92% of individuals (LC for 82%) The mean expenditure during the last year of life was 43,329 per individual. DISCUSSION: This study indicates high rates of intensive care unit admissions and chemotherapy during the last month of life and a SSH hospital-centered management with intensive use of HPC mainly during the end-of-life stay.
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Gastos em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/economia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Causas de Morte , Comorbidade , Cuidados Críticos/economia , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Tratamento Farmacológico/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Cobertura do Seguro/estatística & dados numéricos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Paliativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Características de Residência , Assistência Terminal/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) employs fixed cost-effectiveness (CE) thresholds that guide their appraisal of an intervention's long-term economic value. Given ICER's rising influence in the healthcare field, we undertook an assessment of the concordance of ICER's CE findings to the published CE findings from other research groups (i.e., "non-ICER" researchers including life science manufacturers, academics, and government institutions). Disease areas and pharmaceutical interventions for comparison were determined based on ICER evaluations conducted from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017. A targeted literature search was conducted for non-ICER CE publications using PubMed. Studies had to be conducted from the US setting, include the same disease characteristics (e.g., disease severity; treatment history), incorporate the same pharmaceutical interventions and comparison groups, and present incremental costs per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained from the healthcare sector or payer perspective. Discordance was measured as the proportion of unique interventions that would have had more favorable valuations (i.e., low, intermediate, high value-for-money) if the CE findings from other research groups had been used for decision making instead of ICER's findings. More favorable valuations were defined as transitioning from low value (as determined by ICER) to intermediate or high value (as determined by other researchers) and from intermediate value (as determined by ICER) to high value (as determined by other researchers). Among the 13 non-ICER studies meeting inclusion criteria, six disease areas and 14 interventions were assessed. Of the 14 interventions, a more favorable valuation would have been recommended for ten therapies if the CE ratios from other research groups had been used for decision making instead of ICER's findings, representing a 71.4% (10/14) discordance rate. Moreover, these discrepancies were found in each of the evaluated disease areas, with the largest number of discordant valuations found in rheumatoid arthritis (five out of six interventions were discordant) followed by one valuation each in multiple sclerosis (one out of three), non-small cell lung cancer (one out of two), multiple myeloma (one out of one), high cholesterol (one out of one), and congestive heart failure (one out of one). Our findings indicate high discordance when comparing ICER's appraisals to the CE findings of non-ICER researchers. To understand the value of new interventions, the totality of evidence on the CE of an intervention-including results from ICER and non-ICER modeling efforts-should be considered when making coverage and reimbursement decisions.
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Academias e Institutos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Humanos , Modelos Econômicos , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Participação dos Interessados , Resultado do Tratamento , Aquisição Baseada em ValorRESUMO
The importance of safe, effective, and cost-effective prescribing habits can hardly be overstated in the current pay-for-value environment. The prescribing process taught in most medical curricula focuses primarily on accurate medical indications. While this may be of utmost importance from the clinician's perspective, it falls short of addressing the other key elements of highly effective prescribing. These other elements are often paramount in the minds of patients. A patient-centric framework that associates and incorporates the necessary components of optimal prescribing is overdue. Building this framework into medical curricula will foster increased teamwork among providers and enhance shared decision making between patients and clinicians. In addition to establishing accurate medical indications, prescribing teams need to assure every prescribed medication is desired, effective, affordable, and safe for patients who receive them. Prescription writing is an honorable prerogative, and doing so safely, effectively, and cost-effectively requires both teamwork and technology. Highly effective prescribing teams can implement the IDEAS (Indicated, Desired, Effective, Affordable, Safe) framework through appropriate and deliberate delegation. By empowering members of the care team to support and educate patients, this framework will allow physicians to focus on ensuring appropriate indications and real-world effectiveness. This novel IDEAS framework serves as an important mental model for medical trainees and reinforces sound prescribing habits among seasoned clinicians. High-touch and high-tech partnerships have the potential to maximize the triple aim (i.e., improving the patient's experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing the per capita cost of health care). In an era when costs overwhelm quality, providing a fiduciary framework to instill responsibility for optimal prescribing, especially among young physician-leaders, is invaluable.
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Currículo , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Educação Médica , Custos e Análise de Custo , Sistemas de Apoio a Decisões Clínicas , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Humanos , Adesão à MedicaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Extant literature lack studies on behavioural training or pharmacotherapy in Indian preschool children. With adverse long term outcomes, effective, safe and affordable early interventions for ADHD are a priority. Aim of this prospective study is to report on short term outcome of preschool ADHD with specific focus on safety and tolerability of medications. METHODS: Children with ADHD aged 2.5-6 years were assessed for severity and adverse events at baseline and follow-up using Conner's abbreviated rating scale and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale. Children with Autism spectrum disorder and those with social quotient less than 50 were excluded. Statistical Analysis included descriptive statistics and Repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Of 56 children recruited, 33.93 %(N = 19) were on behavioural interventions alone, 66.07 %(N = 37) were on a combination of medication and behavioural intervention. All children received treatment according to standard care. The most prescribed drug was clonidine (44.64%), then risperidone (28.7%), methylphenidate (10.7%) and atomoxetine (10.7%). Medication choice was determined by affordability, availability and comorbidity profile. Sedation occurred in 24 % of children on clonidine. Atomoxetine was not well tolerated in 2 children. Methylphenidate was well tolerated. Irrespective of medication choice, all children showed significant improvement at 12 weeks (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Choice of interventions is largely determined by availability and affordability. There is a need for structured parent behavioural training program deliverable in low resource setting. Anti-ADHD medications should be made available under the NMHP, RBSK program and all government settings in India, to address over-prescription of antipsychotics in preschool ADHD.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/terapia , Terapia Comportamental , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Tratamento Farmacológico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/economia , Terapia Comportamental/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Terapia Combinada , Prescrições de Medicamentos/economia , Prescrições de Medicamentos/normas , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Tratamento Farmacológico/normas , Tratamento Farmacológico/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Masculino , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
This article evaluates the cost-effectiveness of allergy immunotherapy (AIT) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma, and other allergic conditions. An extensive search of the PubMed and Medline databases (up to December 2018) was conducted. There is strong evidence in the collective literature, which included individual studies and systematic reviews, that AIT is cost-effective in the management of allergic rhinitis and asthma as compared with standard drug treatment alone. The magnitude of AIT's cost-effectiveness is likely underestimated because most of the studies considered during-treatment costs and not the long-term benefits or preventive or prophylactic effects of AIT.
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Asma/terapia , Dessensibilização Imunológica/economia , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Rinite Alérgica/terapia , Animais , Asma/imunologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Farmacoeconomia , Humanos , Rinite Alérgica/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) has gained prominance through its work conducting health technology assessments of pharmaceuticals in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To understand the influence of industry comments on pharmaceutical value assessments conducted by ICER. METHODS: We reviewed 15 ICER reports issued from 2017 through 2019. We quantified ICER's revisions to its cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) estimates between release of its draft and revised evidence reports and whether ratios shifted across ICER-specified categories of high, intermediate, or low value. We also reviewed industry-submitted comments recommending revision to ICER's CEAs, noting ICER's response as no change, text revised, assumption(s) revised, or conclusion revised. We evaluated each comment in terms of clarity, whether it offered an alternative to ICER's approach, and whether it characterized the expected impact of revision on ICER's analysis. RESULTS: We identified 53 ICER-reported ratios. Of these, 45 (84.9%) changed between the draft and revised report, but 26 changes (57.8%) were small (<10%). Six ratios shifted across value categories. We identified 256 industry comments recommending that ICER revise its CEA. Of these, 159 (62%) lacked clarity, 145 (57%) offered no alternative, and 243 (95%) did not characterize their impact on ICER's estimated ratio. Ninety-one comments (35.5%) caused ICER to revise its assumptions, but only 5 (2.0%) caused ICER to revise its conclusions. Four of these 5 comments characterized their impact on ICER's findings. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in ICER's estimates of cost-effectiveness between its draft and revised evidence reports are generally modest. Greater precision in industry comments could increase the influence of industry critiques, thus enhancing the dialogue around pharmaceutical value.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/normas , Indústria Farmacêutica/métodos , Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Custos de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Modelos Econômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rising health care costs are a major public health issue. Thus, accurately predicting future costs and understanding which factors contribute to increases in health care expenditures are important. The objective of this project was to predict patients healthcare costs development in the subsequent year and to identify factors contributing to this prediction, with a particular focus on the role of pharmacotherapy. METHODS: We used 2014-2015 Swiss health insurance claims data on 373'264 adult patients to classify individuals' changes in health care costs. We performed extensive feature generation and developed predictive models using logistic regression, boosted decision trees and neural networks. Based on the decision tree model, we performed a detailed feature importance analysis and subgroup analysis, with an emphasis on drug classes. RESULTS: The boosted decision tree model achieved an overall accuracy of 67.6% and an area under the curve-score of 0.74; the neural network and logistic regression models performed 0.4 and 1.9% worse, respectively. Feature engineering played a key role in capturing temporal patterns in the data. The number of features was reduced from 747 to 36 with only a 0.5% loss in the accuracy. In addition to hospitalisation and outpatient physician visits, 6 drug classes and the mode of drug administration were among the most important features. Patient subgroups with a high probability of increase (up to 88%) and decrease (up to 92%) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacotherapy provides important information for predicting cost increases in the total population. Moreover, its relative importance increases in combination with other features, including health care utilisation.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Gastos em Saúde/tendências , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Revisão da Utilização de Seguros , Seguro Saúde , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SuíçaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Financial toxicity (FT) is a well-recognised problem in oncology. US-based studies have shown that: (a) cancer patients have a 2.7 times risk of bankruptcy; (b) patients who declare bankruptcy have a 79% greater hazard of death; (c) financial burden significantly impairs quality of life (QoL) and (d) reduces compliance and adherence to treatment prescriptions. The aim of the project is to develop and validate a patient-reported-outcome (PRO) measure to assess FT of cancer patients in Italy, where, despite the universal health coverage provided by the National Health Service, FT is an emerging issue. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our hypothesis is that a specific FT measure, which considers the relevant sociocultural context and healthcare system, would allow us to understand the main determinants of cancer-related FT in Italy, in order to address and reduce these factors. According to the International Society for Pharmaco-economics and Outcomes Research guidelines on PROs, the project will include the following steps: (1) concept elicitation (from focus groups with patients and caregivers; literature; oncologists; nurses) and analysis, creating a coding library; (2) item generation (using a format that includes a question and a response on a 4-point Likert scale) and analysis through patients' cognitive interviews of item importance within different coding categories to produce the draft instrument; (3) factor analysis and internal validation (with Cronbach's alpha and test-retest for reliability) to produce the final instrument; (4) external validation with QoL anchors and depression scales. The use of the FT measure in prospective trials is also planned. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol is approved by the ethical committees of all the participating centres. The project will tentatively produce a validated tool by the spring 2021. The project might also represent a model and the basis for future cooperation with other European countries, with different healthcare systems and socioeconomic conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03473379.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico/economia , Neoplasias/economia , Medidas de Resultados Relatados pelo Paciente , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Análise Custo-Benefício , Estudos Transversais , Análise Fatorial , Humanos , Itália , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Projetos de Pesquisa , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
"Academic detailing" is used to clearly explain scientific issues. In the field of clinical practice, "academic detailing" is a form of interactive educational outreach to physicians in order to provide unbiased, non-commercial, evidence-based information about medications and other therapeutic modalities, with the goal of improving patient care. It is necessary to provide proper information about prescription drugs for their appropriate use in clinical practice. However, this requires of physicians significant time and labor to comprehensively collect and summarize all necessary information for the proper clinical application of pharmaceutical products, a task which may be both difficult and prohibitive to a busy physician. However, if clinical experience and other pharmaceutical or treatment information is derived solely from the commercial entities, this may lead to improper prescription practices. In western countries, public funds are used to support universities and other research institution programs. In Canada, clinical pharmacists act as "detailers". Their mission and role is to listen to the needs of the physician or health care professional, to provide objective, evidence-based drug information on selected drug therapy topics, to educate physicians on the optimal use of medications, to provide practical alternatives, and to extend the physician's usable knowledge base. The importance of this "academic detailing" activity is also recognized in Japan, and pharmacists can be expected to act as detailers in the future. We hope that this will lead to improvement in the quality of medical care.