[Psychological interventions in the field of neurotraumatology during the acute care].

Neurotrauma means head or spine injury caused by an external force. Neurotraumatology care requires coordinated teamwork on the part of specialists, including psychological care as part of the multidisciplinary treatment team. Psychological interventions in the field of neurotraumatology aim to address the psychological consequences and challenges associated with head or spine injury. These interventions play a vital role in crisis intervention, promoting recovery, enhancing quality of life, and supporting individuals and their families in coping with the psychological impact of neurotrauma. Serious physical injuries always cause severe psychological consequences, both in short and long term. A critical accident is a sudden, unexpected, often directly life-threatening event that exceeds the individual's ability to respond and can create a potential crisis response, including suicidal risk, as well as the development of psychological disorders, in most cases acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological interventions in neurotraumatology are often provided by a multidisciplinary team that may include psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals. These interventions are tailored to the unique needs and circumstances of each individual, with the goal of reducing psychological symptomps, promoting psychological well-being, adjustment, and overall recovery following neurotrauma. It is essential that not only patients who have experienced severe physical trauma, but also their family members have access to expert psychological support. This study summarizes psychological interventions during the treatment of neurotaruma patients at the intensive care unit.

Do PROMIS Physical Function, Pain Interference, and Depression Correlate to the Oswestry Disability Index and Neck Disability Index in Spine Trauma Patients?

STUDY DESIGN: Correlational study. OBJECTIVE: In spine trauma patients, we aimed to assess the correlation of patient-reported outcome measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function (PF), pain interference (PI), and Depression scores with Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) ODI/NDI scores. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The ODI and NDI were intended as patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients seeking spine care. To date, the PROMIS has not been studied in the spine trauma population. METHODS: Between January 1, 2015 and December 13, 2017, patients presenting to a single, level 1 trauma center spine clinic with known spine trauma were identified. A total of 56 patients (52 operative, 4 nonoperative) representing 181 encounters were identified. PROMIS PF, PI, and Depression, as well as the ODI or NDI, were administered to patients. Spearman rho (ρ) were calculated between PROMs. RESULTS: A strong correlation exists between PROMIS PI and the ODI (ρ = 0.79, P < 0.001), while a strong-moderate correlation exists between PROMIS PF and the ODI (ρ = -0.61, P < 0.001). A moderate correlation exists between PROMIS Depression and the ODI (ρ = 0.54, P < 0.001). Strong correlations exist between PROMIS PI and the NDI (ρ = 0.71, P < 0.001) and PROMIS Depression and the NDI (ρ = 0.73, P < 0.001). A poor correlation exists between PROMIS PF and the NDI (ρ = -0.28, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: PROMIS PF, PI, and Depression domains significantly correlate with the ODI and NDI; however, only PROMIS PI strongly correlates with both the NDI and ODI. This suggests that PROMIS PI can be used to capture similar information to that of the ODI or NDI but that PROMIS PF and Depression may offer additional clinical information. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

Spinal Injuries in Suicidal Jumpers.

STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective case series at a single institution. OBJECTIVE: The study was performed to investigate the characteristics of spinal injuries in survivors of suicidal jumping. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal fracture/dislocation is associated with high-energy trauma such as that induced by motor vehicle accidents. Survivors of suicidal jumping sometimes sustain spinal injuries. However, the characteristics of such spinal injuries are unclear. METHODS: We identified 87 survivors of suicidal jumping who sustained spinal injuries from 2007 to 2016 in our institution. We compared the demographic data, radiological findings, neurological status, associated injuries, treatments, and mental health conditions between these 87 survivors and 204 non-suicidal patients with spinal injury. RESULTS: Suicidal jumpers were predominantly female (67%) and 10 years younger than non-suicidal patients. Mental health problems, mainly schizophrenia and depression, were diagnosed in 77% of suicidal jumpers. Neurological damage from spinal trauma was generally less severe in suicidal jumpers than in non-suicidal patients. Most spinal injuries in suicidal jumpers were located in the thoracic or lumbar spine region (85%). Among comorbid injuries, extremity injuries were highly associated with spine injury in suicidal jumpers. Nearly 70% of suicidal jumpers exhibited extremity injury in contrast to 33% of non-suicidal patients. Approximately, 25% of suicidal jumpers underwent surgical treatment. Surgical treatment was similarly performed on suicidal jumpers and non-suicidal patients regardless of the discrepancy in neurological damage between these two groups. CONCLUSION: Spinal injuries in suicidal jumpers differed from spinal injuries in non-suicidal patients with regard to sex, age, mental health condition, injury location, neurologic damage, and associated injuries. Most survivors of suicidal jumping were young female patients with mental health problems. They tended to have thoracic and lumbar spine trauma rather than cervical trauma with less severe neurological deficits and a higher incidence of accompanying limb injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Kinesiophobia and Its Association With Health-Related Quality of Life Across Injury Locations.

OBJECTIVE: To compare baseline kinesiophobia levels and their association with health-related quality of life across injury locations. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Single, large outpatient physical therapy clinic within an academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=1233) who underwent an initial evaluation for a diagnosis related to musculoskeletal pain and completed the 11-item version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) and the Medical Outcomes Study 8-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-8) questionnaires within 7 days of their first visit were eligible for inclusion. Three hundred eighty patients were excluded because of missing data or because they were younger than 18 years. A total of 853 patients (mean age, 43.55y; range, 18-94y) were included. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of baseline kinesiophobia levels and their association with health-related quality of life across injury locations in an outpatient physical therapy setting. RESULTS: Separate analysis of variance models compared TSK-11 scores based on involved body region, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the association between TSK-11 scores and the SF-8 subscales at each body region. TSK-11 scores did not differ by body region (range, 23.9-26.1). Weak to moderate negative correlations existed between kinesiophobia and the SF-8 subscales. CONCLUSIONS: Kinesiophobia levels appear elevated and negatively associated with health-related quality of life at initial physical therapy evaluation regardless of injury location. These findings suggest that physical therapists in outpatient orthopedic settings should implement routine kinesiophobia assessment and provide stratified care based on kinesiophobia levels across musculoskeletal conditions.

Impaired quality of life after bicycle trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Bicycle crashes often affect individuals in working age, and can impair quality of life (QoL) as a consequence. The aim of this study was to investigate QoL in bicycle trauma patients and to identify those at risk of impaired QoL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 173 bicycle trauma patients who attended a level I trauma centre from 2010 to 2012 received Hadorn's QoL questionnaire six months after their crash. Medical data was collected from the patient's records. Univariate ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate the association between QoL and other factors. RESULTS: 148 patients returned the questionnaire (85.5%). The majority had only mild or minor injuries (85.1%; n=126). However, 72.1% (n=106) still suffered from pain or other physical symptoms more than six months after their bicycle crash. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤13 or an Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15 experienced impaired emotions/outlook on life (p-values 0.003 and 0.045, respectively). Physical suffering was reported by patients with a GCS ≤13 and in those with injuries to the cervical spine (p-values 0.02 and 0.025, respectively). Patients with an ISS >15 or facial fractures experienced limitations in daily activities (p-values 0.031 and 0.025, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: More than 70% of bicycle trauma patients suffered physically more than six months after their crash, even though only 15% were severely injured. Risk factors for an impaired QoL were cervical spine injuries or facial fractures, a GCS ≤13 and an ISS >15.

Don't look at my wheelchair! The plasticity of longlasting prejudice.

CONTEXT: Scientific research has consistently shown that prejudicial behaviour may contribute to discrimination and disparities in social groups. However, little is known about whether and how implicit assumptions and direct contact modulate the interaction and quality of professional interventions in education and health contexts. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to examine implicit and explicit attitudes towards wheelchair users. METHODS: We investigated implicit and explicit attitudes towards wheelchair users in three different groups: patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI); health professionals with intense contact with wheelchair users, and healthy participants without personal contact with wheelchair users. To assess the short-term plasticity of prejudices, we used a valid intervention that aims to change implicit attitudes through brief direct contact with a patient who uses a wheelchair in an ecologically valid real-life interaction. RESULTS: We found that: (i) wheelchair users with SCI held positive explicit but negative implicit attitudes towards their novel in-group; (ii) the amount of experience with wheelchair users affected implicit attitudes among health professionals, and (iii) interacting with a patient with SCI who contradicts prejudices modulated implicit negative bias towards wheelchair users in healthy participants. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a wheelchair immediately and profoundly affects how a person is perceived. However, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of perceptions of social identity, which are not only sensitive to personal beliefs, but also highly permeable to intergroup interactions. Having direct contact with people with disabilities might foster positive attitudes in multidisciplinary health care teams. Such interventions could be integrated into medical education programmes to successfully prevent or reduce hidden biases in a new generation of health professionals and to increase the general acceptance of disability in patients.

Sufficiency of a two factor model for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in spinal injury.

The above study has many of strengths, including an important topic, excellent sample size, well-articulated design and questionnaire, thorough factor analysis with goodness-of-fit tests, a clear explanation of the rationale for the findings, as well as their current applications in the medical field. Despite these strengths, the fit of the findings to the five-factor model of Elhai and Palmieri (2011) would appear to be lower than the fit to a two-factor model, a model that explains the data well. Therefore, we recommend that practitioners refrain from adopting and implementing the five-factor model for PTSD treatment in traumatic spinal injury victims due to insufficient support at this time.

Disability, sport and men's narratives of health: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Very little research has been conducted that examines men, sport, masculinities, and disability in the context of health. Readdressing this absence, this article examines the health narratives told by spinal injured men and the work narratives do on, in, and for them. METHODS: In-depth life history interviews and fieldwork observations with men (n = 17) who sustained a spinal injury through playing sport and are now disabled were conducted. Qualitative data were analyzed using a dialogical narrative analysis. RESULTS: Stories told about health characterized a style of embodied actions choices that anticipated a certain type of narrative, that is, an emergent narrative. The men's narrative habitus, fashioned through the process rehabilitation, predisposed them to be interpellated to care about health. To uphold hegemonic masculinities the men also did not care too much about health. The analysis also reveals the work narratives do on, in, and for health behavior, masculine identities, resilience, leisure time physical activity, and body-self relationships. Implications for health promotion work are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: The article advances knowledge by revealing the emergent narrative of health. It reveals too for the first time the way certain contexts and masculine identities create a new subject of health that cares about doing health work, but not too much. Building on the theoretical knowledge advanced here, this article contributes to practical understandings of men's health and disability by highlighting the potential of narrative for changing human lives and behavior.

Meal provision in a UK National Spinal Injury Centre: a qualitative audit of service users and stakeholders.

STUDY DESIGN: A single centre survey. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to (1) assess patients' food intake and (2) measure satisfaction with current food provision, as judged by patients and by stakeholders (medical and nursing staff, managers and catering staff). METHODS: Standardised questionnaires were used to record food intake over a 24-h period, and to evaluate the quality, ordering, delivery and overall acceptability of food provided. RESULTS: The food intake of 67 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) was recorded (64% response rate) and 166 evaluations (50% response rate) were returned. Twenty-nine patients (48%) consumed three full meals a day, 17 (26%) received oral nutritional supplements, 22 (34%) received vitamin/mineral supplements, and 23 (35%) required assistance to eat. Some patients and stakeholders expressed satisfaction with the current food provision: taste good: 25 versus 17% (for patients and stakeholders, respectively); appropriate texture: 22 versus 21%; appropriate temperature: 55 versus 72% (P = 0.002); well presented: 43 versus 28%; good choice: 49 versus 59%; received meal ordered: 65 versus 37% (P < 0.001); meal served on time: 71 versus 58%; and no interruption during mealtimes: 62 versus 46%. Principal component analyses of item scores identified three main factors (food quality, food presentation and food delivery (logistics). CONCLUSION: The present study identified some areas where there appeared to have been improvement in SCI hospital catering, but with much still to be achieved. Hospital-catering systems should be tailored to meet the demands of the different patient groups to optimise nutritional intake. Periodic quality control is essential to meet recommendations and patients' expectations.

The trajectory of physical and mental health from injury to 5 years after multiple trauma: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the trajectory of physical and mental health from injury to 5 years postinjury for patients with multiple trauma, and to examine predictors of recovery of physical and mental health. DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study with data from injury (baseline), the return home (t1), and 1 (t2), 2 (t3), and 5 (t4) years. SETTING: Hospital and community setting. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=105; mean age ± SD, 35.3±14.0y; age range, 18-67y; 83% men) with multiple trauma and a New Injury Severity Score (NISS) ≥16 treated at a regional trauma referral center. Mean NISS ± SD was 34.6±12.6, and mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ± SD was 12.2±3.9. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS), injury severity parameters, and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II) for activities and participation. RESULTS: The proportion with poor physical health (<40 points on the PCS) stabilized at 56% at t4 from 81% at t1. The proportion with poor mental health (<40 points on the MCS) stabilized at 31% at t4 from 43% at t1. Generalized estimating equations showed that predictors of PCS were time points of measurement (Wald, 85.50; P<.001), GCS (B=-.48, P=.004), time in hospital/rehabilitation (B=-.22, P=.001), and the rank-transformed WHODAS II subscales Getting around (B=.16, P<.001) and Participation in society (B=.06, P=.015). Predictors of MCS were time points of measurement (Wald 13.46, P=.004), sex (men/women) (B=-4.24, P=.003), education (low/high) (B=3.43, P=.019), and WHODAS II cognitive function (B=.18, P<.001) and Participation in society (B=.18, P≤.001). CONCLUSIONS: Physical and mental health over the 5 years improved with time, but was still significantly below population means. The physical and mental health status stabilized, but the recovery trajectories differed for physical and mental health. Predictors of health were personal and injury-related factors and function in a biopsychosocial perspective.

Perceptions of a clinical psychology support group for spinal injury.

BACKGROUND: A service evaluation was performed exploring nurses' perceptions of a clinical psychology facilitated peer support group in a spinal injury rehabilitation setting. AIMS: To determine whether staff found the meetings useful while, more broadly, to highlight the need to support and supervise nursing staff in psychological care appropriately. METHOD: A questionnaire was developed and distributed to the 30 members of staff who worked on the ward. Seventeen questionnaires were returned (57%). Data was analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The meetings were viewed as a place to discuss issues, and a safe protected space to share stresses. Staff felt the meetings aided team cohesion and helped them share ideas and draw up clinical strategies. Meetings aided stress management and confidence building. Staff considered the meetings to increase their psychological awareness and understanding. CONCLUSION: Staff involved in the acute care and rehabilitation of spinal injured patients are consistently exposed to highly demanding and stressful clinical environments. Support meetings where staff can discuss patient and ward issues are invaluable. Other clinical nursing areas would benefit from similar support systems.

Are existing outcome instruments suitable for assessment of spinal trauma patients?

OBJECT: Valid outcome assessment tools specific for spinal trauma patients are necessary to establish the efficacy of different treatment options. So far, no validated specific outcome measures are available for this patient population. The purpose of this study was to assess the current state of outcome measurement in spinal trauma patients and to address the question of whether this group is adequately served by current disease-specific and generic health-related quality-of-life instruments. METHODS: A number of widely used outcome measures deemed most appropriate were reviewed, and their applicability to spinal trauma outcome discussed. An overview of recent movements in the theoretical foundations of outcome assessment, as it pertains to spinal trauma patients has been attempted, along with a discussion of domains important for spinal trauma. Commonly used outcome measures that are recommended for use in trauma patients were reviewed from the perspective of spinal trauma. The authors further sought to select a number of spine trauma-relevant domains from the WHO's comprehensive International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a benchmark for assessing the content coverage of the commonly used outcome measurements reviewed. RESULTS: The study showed that there are no psychometrically validated outcome measurements for the spinal trauma population and there are no commonly used outcome measures that provide adequate content coverage for spinal trauma domains. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal trauma patients are currently followed either as a subset of the polytrauma population in the acute and early postacute setting or as a subset of neurological injury in the long-term revalidation medicine setting.

[Using music in work therapy complex in able-bodied patients with spinal injury].

The authors analyzed results of using music in work therapy rehabilitation complex in able-bodied patients with spinal injury. Efficiency of the therapy was demonstrated. Findings are that the patients demonstrate positive change in views, interests, desires, attitude to the personal condition and surroundings, tendency to overcome the disease, to realize compensatory resources of the body, more motivation to work--that serves as a good basis for further work rehabilitation of the patients.

[Chronic right-sided pain-associated nondermatomal somatosensory deficit following an accident]. / Halbseitenstörung nach Unfall.

We present the case of a 48-year old man who, eight years after an industrial accident, presents with chronic right-sided nondermatomal pain and hypaesthesia to heat and touch. During symmetric peripheral touch functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed hypometabolism in the left thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Pain-associated nondermatomal somatosensory deficits (NDSDs) localizing to one side of the body are a frequent clinical entity, which are often triggered by an accident. The tendency of NDSDs to extend to adjunct ipsilateral body parts and to become chronic points to maladaptive adjustment of pain-processing areas in the central nervous system. Psychological stress prior to or around the triggering event seems an important risk factor for NDSDs.

The impact of patient expectations on outcome following treatment for spinal trauma: Part 1: What are spine surgeons telling their patients?

STUDY DESIGN: Surgeon completed questionnaire. OBJECTIVE: To determine information provided by spine surgeons to patients, part of a 4-part study determining the impact of patient expectations on outcome following spinal trauma. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: An important goal of treatment is patient satisfaction, which may be influenced by patient expectations. Impact of patient expectations on outcome has been demonstrated in various elective orthopedic populations. It is anticipated that there will be similar, if not greater, impact on outcome in a trauma setting. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed, in a case-based format, to determine the information provided by spine surgeons to their patients. There were 3 questionnaires, each consisting of 5 cases and grouped by cervical spine trauma, thoracolumbar spine trauma, and spinal cord injury. These questionnaires were distributed to members of the Spine Trauma Study Group and our division. Statistical analysis consisted of a single-factor random effects model. In this analysis, the degree of variability was quantified as the ratio of surgeon induced variance over total variance for the questions. RESULTS: Questionnaires were distributed to 54 surgeons and 31 responses received (57%). There was substantial variability in responses ranging from a ratio of 9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0-26] for the regaining range of motion 1 year following cervical spine trauma domain to a ratio of 84% (95% CI: 69-92) for the early postoperative spasticity following spinal cord injury domain. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated substantial variability in the information provided by spine surgeons to spine trauma patients and the need to improve the quality of information provided, allowing patient expectations to be more appropriate, potentially maximizing their outcome. Further areas for study include, assessment of the best available evidence on which to base information provided to spinal trauma patients, determination of what information spinal trauma patients view as relevant and the effect appropriate expectations have on outcome.

Cervical spine clearance in obtunded blunt trauma patients: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: : An acceptable algorithm for clearance of the cervical spine (C-spine) in the obtunded trauma patient remains controversial. Undetected C-spine injuries of an unstable nature can have devastating consequences. This has led to reluctance toward C-spine clearance in these patients. OBJECTIVE: : To objectify the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) scanning compared with dynamic radiographs within a well established C-spine clearance protocol in obtunded trauma patients at a level I trauma center. METHODS: : This was a prospective study of consecutive blunt trauma patients (18 years or older) admitted to a single institution between December 2004 and April 2008. To be eligible for study inclusion, patients must have undergone both a CT scan and dynamic plain radiographs of their C-spine as a part of their clearance process. RESULTS: : Among 402 patients, there was one injury missed on CT but detected by dynamic radiographs. This resulted in a percentage of missed injury of 0.25%. Subsequent independent review of the CT scan revealed that in fact pathologic changes were present on the scan indicative of the injury. CONCLUSIONS: : Our results indicate that CT of the C-spine is highly sensitive in detecting the vast majority (99.75%) of clinically significant C-spine injuries. We recommend that CT be used as the sole modality to radiographically clear the C-spine in obtunded trauma patients and do not support the use of flexion-extension radiographs as an ancillary diagnostic method.