RESUMO
During the 2016-17 influenza season (October 2, 2016-May 20, 2017) in the United States, influenza activity* was moderate. Activity remained low through November, increased during December, and peaked in February nationally, although there were regional differences in the timing of influenza activity. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominated through mid-March and were predominant overall for the season, but influenza B viruses were most commonly reported from late March through May. This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during October 2, 2016-May 20, 2017 and updates the previous summary (1).
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Influenza B/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção , Farmacorresistência Viral , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N2/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H7N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Vacinas contra Influenza/química , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Estações do Ano , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Fucoidan from the sporophyll (Mekabu) of brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) is interesting due to its various biological activities. Mekabu fucoidan (Mw â¼ 9 kDa) of this study (MF) was previously isolated and characterized by chemical and separation methods including GPC and methylation analysis (Lee, Hayashi, Hashimoto, Nakano, & Hayashi, 2004). It was found that this fucoidan composed of partially sulphated (DS â¼ 0.72) fucose and galactose at approximately equal amounts. Methylation analyses revealed complex structure of MF. However, it has been still unclear about the linkages between units and substitution patterns. To solve these structural tasks, spectroscopic methods (FTIR, FT Raman and NMR) were used in the analysis of native MF and its deesterified derivatives. According to obtained results, this polysaccharide was defined as O-acetylated sulphated fucogalactan. The defensive effects of MF were evaluated on mice infected with avian influenza A viruses (H5N3 and H7N2 subtypes); its efficacy was determined in reducing viral replication and increasing antibody production. Oral administration of MF resulted in suppressing virus yields. In addition, the production of neutralizing antibodies and mucosal IgA in the animals inoculated with the avian influenza A viruses was significantly increased. These results suggested that MF could be used for the prevention of viral infection.