Hypolipidemic effect of steroid compound from Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales) in normocholesterolemic albino rat.

The present study was carried out to establish the hypolipidemic effect of a phyto-steroid compound isolated from the chloroform: methanol extract of fresh mature leaves of the plant Cestrum diurnum (Solanaceae: Solanales). Change in the haematological parameters was studied in normocholesterolemic albino rats after oral administration of single dose of isolated phytosteroid (2 mg/ day) up to 15 days and compared with control rats. Application of phytosteroid fraction resulted in a significant reduction in total plasma cholesterol and free cholesterol levels. The plasma triglyceride levels also decreased significantly. A sharp increase in the HDL cholesterol level and a significant decrease in the LDL and VLDL amount were also documented. Free fatty acid level was significantly low in treated rats.

A high-fat diet induced NMRI mouse model of metabolic syndrome: focus on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

The association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a member of neurotrophin family and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been proposed, however basic evidence necessary to prove (or disprove) this association in non-genetic animal model is rare. Therefore, we investigated the alteration of encephalic BDNF gene expression in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD) induced MetS. To translate MetS, male NMRI mice (9 weeks old; N = 13) fed on a HFD including suet powder (37.50%) and granulated sugar (19.85%) while control mice were fed a diet contained suet powder (6.25%) and granulated sugar (49.09%). We monitored the development of MetS by measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid (total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TGs)) and lipoprotein (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)) profiles, atherogenic index (AI), and somatic indices after 1 and 3 months of dietary interventions. The HFD intake led to increased body weight, liver weight, FBS, TC, and decreased HDL-C as compared to chow diet in mice after first month of dietary intervention. The increased FBS, body weight, abdominal fat mass, TGs, TC, and VLDL-C and decreased HDL-C were observed in HFD-fed mice as compared to those of chow-fed mice at 3th month. The statistical comparison of two HFD groups in two time intervals of 1st and 3th month confirmed that our HFD-induced MetS model was reliable because FBS, TGs and VLDL-C, TC, and AI have been increased significantly during selected time intervals. The AI increased significantly in HFD-fed mice compared to chow-fed mice after 3 months. The AI in HFD-fed mice treated with HFD for 3 months was increased significantly as compared to mice fed HFD for 1 month. Our diet-induced model more closely mimics the changes observed in human MetS and showed that encephalic BDNF gene in mice fed HFD was under-expressed by 0.30 fold with respect to chow-fed mice after 3 months of dietary intervention.

Comparison of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Assessment by Martin/Hopkins Estimation, Friedewald Estimation, and Preparative Ultracentrifugation: Insights From the FOURIER Trial.

Importance: Recent studies have shown that Friedewald underestimates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at lower levels, which could result in undertreatment of high-risk patients. A novel method (Martin/Hopkins) using a patient-specific conversion factor provides more accurate LDL-C levels. However, this method has not been tested in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor-treated patients. Objective: To investigate accuracy of 2 different methods for estimating LDL-C levels (Martin/Hopkins and Friedewald) compared with gold standard preparative ultracentrifugation (PUC) in patients with low LDL-C levels in the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Patients With Elevated Risk (FOURIER) trial. Design, Setting, and Participants: The FOURIER trial was a randomized clinical trial of evolocumab vs placebo added to statin therapy in 27 564 patients with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The patients' LDL-C levels were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and every 24 weeks thereafter, and measured directly by PUC when the level was less than 40 mg/dL per the Friedewald method (calculated as non-HDL-C level - triglycerides/5). In the Martin/Hopkins method, patient-specific ratios of triglycerides to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) ratios were determined and used to estimate VLDL-C, which was subtracted from the non-HDL-C level to obtain the LDL-C level. Main Outcomes and Measures: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol calculated by the Friedewald and Martin/Hopkins methods, with PUC as the reference method. Results: For this analysis, the mean (SD) age was 62.7 (9.0) years; 2885 of the 12 742 patients were women (22.6%). A total of 56 624 observations from 12 742 patients had Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, and PUC LDL-C measurements. The median difference from PUC LDL-C levels for Martin/Hopkins LDL-C levels was -2 mg/dL (interquartile range [IQR], -4 to 1 mg/dL) and for Friedewald LDL-C levels was -4 mg/dL (IQR, -8 to -1 mg/dL; P < .001). Overall, 22.9% of Martin/Hopkins LDL-C values were more than 5 mg/dL different than PUC values, and 2.6% were more than 10 mg/dL different than PUC levels. These were significantly less than respective proportions with Friedewald estimation (40.1% and 13.3%; P < .001), mainly because of underestimation by the Friedewald method. The correlation with PUC LDL-C was significantly higher for Martin/Hopkins vs Friedewald (ρ, 0.918 [95% CI 0.916-0.919] vs ρ, 0.867 [0.865-0.869], P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In patients achieving low LDL-C with PCSK9 inhibition, the Martin/Hopkins method for LDL-C estimation more closely approximates gold standard PUC than Friedewald estimation does. The Martin/Hopkins method may prevent undertreatment because of LDL-C underestimation by the Friedewald method. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01764633.

Valores de LDL-Colesterol Estimados pela Equação de Friedewald são Afetados pelo Controle do Diabetes / Low-Density Lipoprotein Values Estimated by Friedewald Equation are Affected by Diabetes Control

Fundamento: A equação de Friedewald (EF) é amplamente utilizada para estimar o LDL-c sem utilizar ultracentrifugação. Entretanto, a equação tem limitações em determinados cenários clínicos. Objetivo: O nosso objetivo era investigar a possível importância das diferenças entre a EF e a medição direta de LDL-c em pacientes com diabetes. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal entre 466 pacientes com doença coronária estável. Colesterol total, triglicérides, HDL-c e LDL-c foram coletados, e a EF foi calculada. A acurácia foi calculada como percentagem de estimativas dentro de 30% (P30) do LDL medido. O viés foi calculado como a diferença média entre o LDL-c medido e o estimado. A concordância entre os métodos foi avaliada utilizando gráficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados: O viés foi de 3,7 (p=0,005) e 1,1 mg/dl (p=0,248), e a acurácia foi de 86% e 93% em pacientes diabéticos e não-diabéticos, respectivamente. Entre os pacientes com diabetes, o viés foi de 5 mg/dl (p=0,016) e 1,93 mg/dl (p=0,179), e a acurácia foi de 83% e 88% em indivíduos com hemoglobina A1c superior a 8 mg/dl versus abaixo do ponto de corte, respectivamente. O viés foi similar em pacientes sem diabetes comparados com pacientes com diabetes e HbA1C < 8 (1,1 e 1,93 mg/dl). Conclusão: A EF é imprecisa entre indivíduos gerais com diabetes. Porém, ao estratificar pacientes com diabetes em bom e mau controle da doença, o primeiro grupo se comporta como se não tivesse diabetes, com uma boa correlação entre o LDL-c calculado e o mensurado. É importante saber quando é razoável usar a EF, porque uma estimativa imprecisa dos níveis de LDL-c pode resultar no subtratamento da dislipidemia e predispor estes pacientes a eventos agudos

Background: Friedewald equation (FE) is widely used to estimate the LDL-c without the use of ultra-centrifugation. However, the equation has limitations in some clinical settings. Objective: Our goal was to investigate the potential importance of differences between FE and direct measurement of LDL-c in patients with diabetes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 466 patients with stable coronary disease. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c and LDL-c were collected, and FE was calculated. Accuracy was calculated as the percentage of estimates within 30% (P30) of measured LDL. Bias was calculated as the mean difference between measured and estimated LDL-c. Agreement between methods was evaluated using BlandAltman plots.Results: Bias was 3.7 (p=0.005) and 1.1 mg/dl (p=0.248), and accuracy was 86% and 93% in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, respectively. Among patients with diabetes, bias was 5 mg/dl (p=0.016) and 1.93 mg/dl (p=0.179), and accuracy was 83% and 88% in subjects with Hemoglobin A1C above 8 mg/dl versus below cutoff point, respectively. Bias was similar in patients without diabetes compared to patients with diabetes and HbA1C < 8 (1.1 and 1.93 mg/dl). Conclusion: FE is inaccurate among overall individuals with diabetes. However, when stratifying patients with diabetes into good and poor disease control, the first group behaves as if it does not have diabetes, with a good correlation between calculated and measured LDL-c.It is important to know when is it reasonable to use FE because an inaccurate estimation of LDL-c levels could result in undertreatment of dyslipidemia and predispose these patients to acute events

Pilot testing of a portion-controlled, commercially available diet on presurgical weight loss and metabolic outcomes in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Weight loss prior to bariatric surgery is often recommended, but success with weight loss varies. The current study piloted the efficacy of a structured, low-glycemic portion-controlled diet (PCD) intervention compared to usual dietary care (UDC). The study randomized 73 subjects in a 12-week, controlled, randomized design. Participants' height, weight, BMI, percent body fat, fasting lipids, and glucose were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. Although both groups had significant BMI reductions, there were no differences based upon diet and no effect on percent body fat or metabolic outcomes (all p values >0.10). Although patients were able to reduce their BMI through dietary intervention, losses were minimal. Both groups may have been less adherent or motivated to adopt dietary recommendations because of their upcoming bariatric surgery.

Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile.

IMPORTANCE: In clinical and research settings worldwide, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is typically estimated using the Friedewald equation. This equation assumes a fixed factor of 5 for the ratio of triglycerides to very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG:VLDL-C); however, the actual TG:VLDL-C ratio varies significantly across the range of triglyceride and cholesterol levels. OBJECTIVE: To derive and validate a more accurate method for LDL-C estimation from the standard lipid profile using an adjustable factor for the TG:VLDL-C ratio. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We used a convenience sample of consecutive clinical lipid profiles obtained from 2009 through 2011 from 1,350,908 children, adolescents, and adults in the United States. Cholesterol concentrations were directly measured after vertical spin density-gradient ultracentrifugation, and triglycerides were directly measured. Lipid distributions closely matched the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Samples were randomly assigned to derivation (n = 900,605) and validation (n = 450,303) data sets. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Individual patient-level concordance in clinical practice guideline LDL-C risk classification using estimated vs directly measured LDL-C (LDL-CD). RESULTS: In the derivation data set, the median TG:VLDL-C was 5.2 (IQR, 4.5-6.0). The triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels explained 65% of the variance in the TG:VLDL-C ratio. Based on strata of triglyceride and non-HDL-C values, a 180-cell table of median TG:VLDL-C values was derived and applied in the validation data set to estimate the novel LDL-C (LDL-CN). For patients with triglycerides lower than 400 mg/dL, overall concordance in guideline risk classification with LDL-CD was 91.7% (95% CI, 91.6%-91.8%) for LDL-CN vs 85.4% (95% CI, 85.3%-85.5%) for Friedewald LDL-C (LDL-CF) (P < .001). The greatest improvement in concordance occurred in classifying LDL-C lower than 70 mg/dL, especially in patients with high triglyceride levels. In patients with an estimated LDL-C lower than 70 mg/dL, LDL-CD was also lower than 70 mg/dL in 94.3% (95% CI, 93.9%-94.7%) for LDL-CN vs 79.9% (95% CI, 79.3%-80.4%) for LDL-CF in samples with triglyceride levels of 100 to 149 mg/dL; 92.4% (95% CI, 91.7%-93.1%) for LDL-CN vs 61.3% (95% CI, 60.3%-62.3%) for LDL-CF in samples with triglyceride levels of 150 to 199 mg/dL; and 84.0% (95% CI, 82.9%-85.1%) for LDL-CN vs 40.3% (95% CI, 39.4%-41.3%) for LDL-CF in samples with triglyceride levels of 200 to 399 mg/dL (P < .001 for each comparison). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A novel method to estimate LDL-C using an adjustable factor for the TG:VLDL-C ratio provided more accurate guideline risk classification than the Friedewald equation. These findings require external validation, as well as assessment of their clinical importance. The implementation of these findings into clinical practice would be straightforward and at virtually no cost. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01698489.

Influence of fat intake on body composition, lipemia and glycemia of type 1 diabetics.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and body composition is important in the disease control. The nutritional intervention has relevance in the improvement of glycemia and lipemia in diabetic patients. AIM: Evaluate the influence of fat intake on body composition, lipemia and glycemia on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: 19 patients were evaluated by anthropometric (body mass index and waist circumference), body composition (fat mass, lean body mass and total body water by bioelectrical impedance) and biochemical variables, after 8 hours of fasting. Dietary assessment was performed using the dietary records for 3 days, analyzed for nutritional software DietPró 5i. The groups were formed according to the usual intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (G1<10% of total energy expenditure (TEE) of SFA and G2≥10% of TEE of SFA). Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 16.0, considering p<0.05. RESULTS: There was no difference in anthropometric and biochemical variables between groups, but G1 presented higher fat mass (FM) and G2 high SFA and adequate mounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) intake. The lipemia and glycemia were not affected by high SFA intake, but adequate MUFA intake may have influenced the results of these variables. No found relation between type of fat ingested and biochemistry variables. CONCLUSION: Body composition can be influenced by type of fat ingested. Lipemia and glycemia were not influenced by high SFA intake, perhaps due to MUFA intake adequate.

Infliximab induces increase in triglyceride levels in psoriatic arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate lipid profile changes after anti-TNF therapy in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: Fifteen PsA patients (eight polyarticular, four oligoarticular, two axial, and one mutilating) under infliximab were included. None had dyslipoproteinemia or previous statin use. Total cholesterol (TC) and its fractions, inflammatory markers, and prednisone use were evaluated. RESULTS: The comparisons of lipid levels between baseline and after three months (3M) of anti-TNF therapy showed that there was a significant increase in mean triglycerides (117.8 ± 49.7 versus 140.1 ± 64.1 mg/dL, P = 0.028) and VLDL-c (23.6 ± 10.5 versus 28.4 ± 13.7 mg/dL, P = 0.019) levels. In contrast, there were no differences in the mean TC (P = 0.28), LDL-c (P = 0.42), and HDL-c (P = 0.26) levels. Analysis of the frequencies of each lipid alteration at baseline and at 3M were alike (P > 0.05). Positive correlations were found between VLDL-c and CRP (r = 0.647, P = 0.009) and between triglycerides and CRP (r = 0.604, P = 0.017) levels at 3M. ESR reduction was observed after 3M (P = 0.04). Mean prednisone dose remained stable at beginning and at 3M (P = 0.37). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that anti-TNF may increase TG and VLDL-c levels in PsA patients after three months.

Addition of methionine to rice protein affects hepatic cholesterol output inducing hypocholesterolemia in rats fed cholesterol-free diets.

To elucidate whether a low methionine (Met)/glycine (Gly) ratio is responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of rice protein (RP), the effects of adding Met to RP, increasing its Met/Gly ratio, on hepatic cholesterol output was investigated in rats fed cholesterol-free diets. The hepatic secretion of cholesterol into bile or circulation was measured from isolated perfused livers of 7-week-old male Wistar rats fed RP (cultivar Koshihikari) with a lower Met/Gly ratio and methionine-supplemented RP with a higher Met/Gly ratio (RP-M) matched with casein (CAS). RP-M produced a significant hypocholesterolemic effect, whereas the effect of RP on plasma cholesterol level was comparable to that of CAS. Hepatic accumulation of total lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids was higher in RP-M rats than in RP rats, again following a pattern similar to that in CAS rats. The hepatic total and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol secretions into circulation were effectively decreased by RP, but not by RP-M. Bile flow and biliary outputs of bile acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids were significantly stimulated by RP-M, causing an increase in fecal sterol excretion compared with CAS and RP. Neither biliary output nor fecal excretion of bile acids was affected by RP compared with CAS. The present results demonstrate that the plasma cholesterol-lowering effect of RP cannot be merely ascribed to the low Met/Gly ratio of RP in growing rats fed cholesterol-free diets. Results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic response induced by RP-M with a higher Met/Gly ratio primarily contributes to the stimulation of hepatic cholesterol for elimination via biliary secretion rather than the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol release via VLDL into circulation.

Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration is associated with the metabolic syndrome among US youth aged 12-19 years.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the concentration of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in youth. STUDY DESIGN: Data on children and adolescents aged 12-19 years (n = 2734) from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 were analyzed. RESULTS: Depending on the definition of MetS used, the mean non-HDL-C concentration among youth with MetS ranged from 144.2 to 155.8 mg/dL, compared with 108.8-109.1 mg/dL in those without MetS (all P < .001). The MetS prevalence ranged from 6.9% to 11.7% in youth with a non-HDL-C concentration of 120-144 mg/dL and from 21.5% to 23.4% in those with a concentration ≥ 145 mg/dL-both significantly higher than the prevalence of 1.9%-3.4% in youth with a concentration <120 mg/dL (all P < .001). After adjustment for potential confounders, youth with a non-HDL-C concentration ≥ 120 mg/dL or ≥ 145 mg/dL were about 3 or 4 times more likely to have MetS compared with those with a non-HDL-C <120 mg/dL or <145 mg/dL (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting non-HDL-C concentration was strongly associated with MetS in US youth. Our results support the use of non-HDL-C thresholds of 120 mg/dL and 145 mg/dL to indicate borderline and high MetS risk, respectively.

Effects of rice proteins from two cultivars, Koshihikari and Shunyo, on hepatic cholesterol secretion by isolated perfused livers of rats fed cholesterol-enriched diets.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of rice proteins, with different contents of glutelin and prolamin, on the regulation of hepatic cholesterol output pathways and the development of hypocholesterolemia in rats. METHODS: Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were fed 2 types of rice protein from either the cultivar Koshihikari (RRP) or the cultivar Shunyo (SRP), or casein as a control, for 2 weeks (n = 6 for each group). Each diet was supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. Using an isolated perfused liver, hepatic secretion of cholesterol into bile and the circulation was measured during a 4-hour perfusion. RESULTS: Total hepatic cholesterol secretions into the circulation were significantly reduced by both rice proteins (p < 0.05), and hepatic cholesterol secretions into very-low-density lipoproteins were also effectively decreased by RRP and SRP. In contrast, bile flow and biliary output of bile acids were significantly stimulated by RRP and SRP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the key metabolic pathways of hepatic cholesterol are modified by both rice proteins leading to similar hypocholesterolemic effects. The increased excretion of biliary bile acids associated with a decreased output of hepatic cholesterol into the circulation suggests a functional reciprocal interrelationship between both of the hepatic cholesterol secretory pathways in the rice-protein-fed rats, regardless of rice protein type.

Altered lipid response in hamsters fed cis-9,trans-11+trans-8,cis-10 conjugated linoleic acid mixture.

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of cis-9,trans-11 + trans-8,cis-10 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixture to those of cis-9,trans-11 + trans-10,cis-12 CLA mixture and linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein profile, hepatic lipids, body composition and digestibility of dietary fat in hamsters (n = 17) fed diets containing 2% of experimental fat (w/w) for 28 days. The cis-9,trans-11 + trans-10,cis-12 CLA mixture showed higher LDL cholesterol concentrations than LA and the cis-9,trans-11 + trans-8,cis-10 CLA mixture. The cis-9,trans-11 + trans-8,cis-10 CLA mixture induced similar plasma LDL cholesterol and hepatic lipid concentrations, and coefficient of digestibility as LA, indicating no effect of the trans-8,cis-10 CLA isomer on these lipid parameters. On the other hand, the cis-9,trans-11 + trans-8,cis-10 CLA mixture induced higher plasma VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides than LA and the cis-9,trans-11 + trans-10,cis-12 CLA mixture. The cis-9,trans-11 + trans-8,cis-10 CLA mixture also induced the highest plasma glucose concentrations compared with the two other groups, indicating an impairment of glycemic control. No differences in body composition were noted between the three groups. The present results thus show that the cis-9,trans-11 + trans-8,cis-10 CLA mixture can deteriorate plasma VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides in hamsters, possibly due to an increased flux of glucose.

Evaluation of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins concentrations in cord blood serum of newborns from rural and urban environments.

The purpose of the present study was to check the influence of rural and urban environments on some of the parameters of lipids metabolism in the cord blood serum in healthy newborns, as well as the evaluation of the concentration of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in the cord blood serum with relation to risk factors of atherosclerosis in the family of the studied newborns. The study included 75 newborns (37 from rural areas and 38 from urban areas). Newborns weight and length were recorded at birth. On the basis of the family history taken from the mothers, the atherosclerosis risk factors were established in the families of the studied newborns. In all of the studied newborns, concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL, VLDL and HDL cholesterol as well as of apolipoproteins (apo-Al, apo-B) in the cord blood serum sampled soon after birth were performed. No statistically significant differences between the mean levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and cholesterol of fractions: LDL, VLDL, HDL and apolipoproteins (apo-AI, apo-B) in the cord blood serum in the newborns from rural and urban areas were found. However, when analysing the concentration of parameters of lipid metabolism in cord blood serum in newborns with regard to gender, higher concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and apo-AI in female newborns from rural areas, and higher HDL cholesterol and apo-AI in female newborns from urban regions were confirmed. When analysing the concentration of lipids and lipoproteins in cord blood serum in newborns from families with risk factors confirmed as compared to the families without that risk, both in the rural and urban regions no significant differences were confirmed. The studies have not proved any significant differences between the levels of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in the cord blood serum in newborns from rural and urban areas.

Efeitos do programa P.E.S.O (Promoção de Estilo de Vida Saudável na Obesidade) sobre variáveis antropométricas, hemodinâmicas e bioquímicas / Effect of program P.E.S.O (Promotion of Style of Healthful Life in the Obesity) on anthropometrics, homodynamic variable and biochemists

O estudo objetivou conhecer o efeito da prática de atividade física e a orientação dietética sobre variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e hemodinâmicas em usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em Vitória - ES. A intervenção compreendeu um programa de treinamento físico e orientação dietética supervisionados por profissionais de Educação Física e de Nutrição, no período de 11 meses e os dados foram coletados em três momentos. A amostra final foi constituída por 14 sujeitos obesos (Índice de Massa Corporal > 30 kg/m2). Os resultados evidenciaram que houve redução significante das variáveis antropométricas (peso corporal, IMC, percentual de gordura corporal e RCQ) e da freqüência cardíaca. As variáveis bioquímicas mostraram redução não significante. Concluiu que a intervenção proposta beneficiou principalmente as medidas antropométricas favorecidas pela redução da ingestão calórica.

The study it objectified to know the effect of practical of physical activity and the dietary orientation on anthropometrics, biochemists and homodynamic variables in users of a Basic Unit of Health in Vitória ES. The intervention understood a program of physical training and dietary orientation supervised by professionals of Physical Education and Nutrition, in the period of 11 months and the data had been collected at three moments. The final sample was constituted by 14 obese citizens (Index of Corporal Mass > 30 kg/m2). The results had evidenced that it had significant reduction of the anthropometrics variable (body weight, index of corporal mass, percentage of body fat and waist/hip ratio) and of the cardiac frequency. The changeable biochemists had shown not significant reduction. It concluded that the intervention proposal mainly benefited the anthropometrics measures favored by the reduction of the caloric ingestion.

In-vivo metabolism of VLDL-apolipoprotein-B, -CIII and -E in normolipidemic subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: ApoE and apoC-III are important components of lipoprotein metabolism. While the function of both apoproteins is relatively well understood, little is known about the in vivo metabolism of these proteins, partly because of the lack of a standardized method to isolate these apoproteins in large sample numbers. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a new reverse phase HPLC method (acetonitril/phosphate gradient; Aquapore RP-300, 7 microm, 220 x 4.6 mm) to isolate a number of different apoproteins, including apoC-III and apoE from VLDL. This method was then used in a study which aimed at determining VLDL-apoE-3 and VLDL-apoC-III metabolism. In addition VLDL-apoB and LDL-apoB metabolism was determined. Endogenous labeling with d(3)-leucine, mass spectrometry and multicompartmental modeling was used in 6 normolipidemic healthy male subjects. Tracer/tracee ratios of free plasma leucine, VLDL-apoE, -apoC-III, -apoB, and LDL-apoB leucine were determined over 60 h following a bolus of d(3)-leucine (5 mg kg(-1)). In all subjects sufficient apoC-III could be isolated by reverse phase HPLC to derive metabolic parameters, while apoE metabolic parameters could only be determined if apoE plasma concentration was 0.75 mg dl(-1) or higher. Compared to VLDL-apoB (FCR 10.4 +/- 3.3 d(-1), production 17.8 +/- 4.5 mg kg(-1) d(-1)), VLDL-apoE-3 (FCR 1.03 +/- 0.11 d(-1), production 0.50 +/- 0.29 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) and VLDL-apoC-III (FCR 1.67 +/- 1.22 d(-1), production 0.44 +/- 0.24 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) parameters were much lower. This indicates that apoE-3 and apoC-III recirculate in plasma and that only a small fraction of apoE and apoC-III on VLDL is newly synthesized. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that HPLC methodology can be used to isolate VLDL-apoC-III and apoE for metabolic studies and that the metabolic fate of apoC-III and apoE is different from that of apoB because both apoproteins recycle through the VLDL fraction.

Lipoprotein profiles in plasma and interstitial fluid analyzed with an automated gel-filtration system.

BACKGROUND: High-quality methods for lipoprotein characterization are warranted in studies on various metabolic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An automated system for size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of lipoproteins using commercially available components is described. Cholesterol or triglyceride content in separated lipoproteins from plasma and interstitial fluid (IF) was continuously determined on-line using microlitre sample volumes. RESULTS: The lipoprotein assay showed a good concordance with the classic ultra-centrifugation/precipitation technique using fresh or frozen samples. Determination of lipoproteins in IF obtained from vacuum-induced skin blisters from 18 healthy subjects revealed that very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were 18%, 19% and 25%, respectively, of concomitant plasma concentrations. The size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) system also allows for triglyceride determination on-line and it could be shown that the system is advantageous for an accurate determination of triglycerides in conditions when there are high levels of glycerol, e.g. in mice and in patients with hyperglycerolaemia (pseudo-hypertriglyceridaemia). CONCLUSIONS: The described system should be of value in studies where detailed lipoprotein analysis is warranted and particularly when significant sample series with small volumes are available. Our data also suggest that there is a 4-5.5-fold concentration gradient between plasma and IF for the three major plasma lipoproteins.

Effects of supplemental copper and chromium on the serum and egg traits of laying hens.

1. This study investigated the effects of supplemental copper and chromium on the serum and egg traits of laying hens using 144 forty-five-week-old White Leghorn layers. The hens were randomly assigned into 9 groups to conduct this 3 copper (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg as copper sulphate) x 3 chromium (0, 800 and 1600 microg/kg as chromium picolinate) factorial trial. 2. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly reduced by supplementary copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) and there was an interaction between Cu and Cr supplementation. Egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength and eggshell thickness were not influenced by Cu or Cr supplementation. 3. Serum cholesterol concentration was decreased by Cu supplementation and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was reduced markedly by both Cu and Cr. On the other hand, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly increased by Cu and Cr. Interaction occurred between Cu and Cr in the VLDL and HDL parameters. Supplmentary Cu also reduced VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and enhanced HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), while supplemental Cr had a contrary effect on these two parameters. 4. If minimum egg cholesterol content is the criterion, this study suggests that 125 mg/kg of Cu together with 800 to 1600 microg/kg of Cr provide adequate supplementary concentrations for laying hens.