Wing vein abnormality analysis in honeybee (Apis mellifera L. 1758) populations from Iran.

The insect wing is one of the most important characteristics that allowed insects to occupy most of the habitats on the planet. Honeybee wings has been the subject of studies on the venation abnormalities. A total of 424 honeybees from 14 locations were collected and all four wings were removed and examined for 19 abnormalities on the forewings and 6 abnormalities on the hindwings. In general, supernumerary veins were the most common abnormalities seen and abnormalities no. 23, 2, 6, 1, 5, 21, 10, 13 had the highest and abnormalities no. 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 25 had the lowest frequencies. All of the abnormalities had similar frequencies in the right and left wings in the population. In terms of correlation between 25 abnormalities, abnormality pairs AB3-AB13, AB6-AB7, AB7-AB8, AB10-AB12, AB16-AB17 on the forewing and AB2-AB23, AB12-AB20, AB12-AB24, AB13-AB21, AB16-AB25, and AB17-AB25 between the forewing and hindwing show significant positive correlations and abnormality pairs AB4-AB5, AB7-AB15 and AB8-AB9 on the forewing show significant negative correlations with each other. In terms of the differential occurrence of abnormalities , a few locations differed significantly from other locations. This study provides some insights into the nature of these abnormalities on the honeybee wings.

Venous malformations in children: comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological findings.

BACKGROUND: Among low-flow vascular malformations, venous malformations are relatively frequent. The pathological patterns vary in severity and are generally characterized by dilated vessels and low-flow blood that over time can organize into phleboliths. Sometimes small capillary and/or lymphatic vessels may be associated, micro- and/or macro-shunts may form alone or in different combinations, and finally adipose tissue may be interposed between the malformed vessels. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a crucial examination for confirming venous malformations because it can accurately identify different features of the lesions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to compare MRI and histopathological findings of venous malformations in children to assess the possibilities and limitations of MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study, two observers independently evaluated the contrast-enhanced MRI of 26 children with venous malformations. Several radiological parameters were considered and compared with histopathological findings. The agreement between the interobserver radiological evaluation and between histopathological and radiological diagnosis was verified using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: MRI interobserver agreement was excellent for micro-shunts and good for the remaining findings. The radiological-pathological agreement was perfect for the presence/absence of phleboliths and of macro-shunts and almost perfect for the presence of intralesional adipose tissue, lymphatic component, and micro-shunts. CONCLUSION: MRI in venous malformations can detect the presence of phleboliths, adipose tissue, and lymphatic components with excellent accuracy and good to excellent interobserver agreement. Furthermore, MR angiography can detect micro-shunts in simple and combined venous malformations with substantial agreement with histopathological findings.

Frequency of the prominent transverse nasal root vein in children.

BACKGROUND: The presence of a vascular, blue linear discoloration on the nasal root of infants and young children is a frequent incidental feature, rarely reported in the medical literature. It is related to the trajectory of the transverse nasal root vein (TNRV). OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency and clinical characteristics of the vascular discoloration of the nasal root in children. METHODS: A prospective study was performed to address the presence or absence of vascular discoloration of the nasal root in all children under 6 years of age attending a pediatric dermatology clinic from November 2022 to November 2023. Data on age and skin phototype (Fitzpatrick classification I-VI) were also collected. RESULTS: Of 701 patients examined, 345 (49.2%) presented with a vascular discoloration of the nasal root. This was present in 97 of 193 (50.3%), 127 of 261 (48.7%), and 121 of 247 (49.0%) patients for the age groups 0-1, 1-3, and 3-6 years, respectively. The presence of vascular discoloration of the nasal root was more frequent in patients with lighter Fitzpatrick skin phototypes: 49 of 69 (71.0%) phototype II, 157 of 290 (54.1%) phototype III, and 137 of 337 (40.7%) phototype IV. CONCLUSIONS: A vascular discoloration of the nasal root is a frequent skin feature in infants and children, persisting at least until the age of 6. It does not constitute any medical problem aside from cosmetic concern and parents can be reassured of its benign nature. We propose the medical term "prominent TNRV" to describe this condition.

Recurrent hematuria involving urinary system with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital venous malformation, it had been found to be caused by mutations of the phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-diphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene. Currently KTS is defined as a triad of skin wine pigmented spots, varicose veins and malformations of the lower extremities, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue, involving urinary system up to 6% to 30%. When the urinary system is involved, KTS is often presented as painless massive gross hematuria. PATIENT CONCERNS: This article describes a woman who was hospitalized with painless massive gross hematuria. Physical examination revealed significant hypertrophy of the right lower limb with varicose veins, port-wine stains in the skin, and right perineal hemangiomatous changes with swelling. The patient was admitted to hospital 4 times for repeated hematuria and infection. DIAGNOSES: By physical examination, CT urography, ureteroscopy and cystoscopy, the patient was diagnosed to have Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, involving the urinary system. INTERVENTIONS: The patient hematuria improved after multiple indwelling D-J tubes and anti-inflammatory treatment. OUTCOMES: The final symptoms of hematuria improved significantly, follow-up so far has not recurred. LESSONS: This case presents the possibility of painless gross hematuria with KTS. Most of patients can be improved by conservative treatment. Cystoscopic laser therapy is the preferred treatment for poor bleeding control. Cystectomy and nephrectomy should be considered when life-threatening.

Blood within the bone: orbital intraosseous venous malformation.

PURPOSE: Description of clinical features, radiological characteristics, and management strategies in primary orbital intraosseous venous malformation (OIVM) with pertinent literature review. METHODS: A retrospective analysis including clinical, radiologic, operative, and histopathological data of six cases of histopathologically proven OIVM was done. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using online databases and augmented with manual search to identify reported cases of OIVM. RESULTS: Study data showed five females and one male in young to middle-age group, with an average age of 30 years (range: 20-48 years). Proptosis was noted in five cases (83.33%), and the duration of symptoms ranged from 6 months to 10 years. Frontal and zygomatic bones were most frequently affected and expansile bony lesion was the most common CT scan finding. Three patients underwent pre-operative embolization of feeders followed by en bloc excision of mass and surgical reconstruction (50%); one patient was managed with partial excision (16.66%) while two were regularly followed-up after incision biopsy (33.33%). Histopathology revealed vascular spaces with endothelial lining, separated by bony trabeculae in all patients. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 48 months and no recurrence or progression were noted. CONCLUSIONS: OIVM is an exceptionally rare disorder with a gradually progressive benign course. Ophthalmologists need to be mindful of this entity during patient evaluation as it has propensity for large volume blood loss intra-operatively, owing to its vascular nature. Complete excision with reconstruction of resultant defect is the preferred treatment strategy and without known recurrence.

Hallazgos por imagen de malformación de Abernethy tipo II en paciente de 12 años / Image finding of Abernethy type II malformation in 12 year old patient

Las malformaciones del sistema venoso abdominal son alteraciones vasculares raras. La incidencia de esta afección se estima en uno de cada 30,000 nacimientos y se asocian con malformaciones gas- trointestinal, genitourinaria, ósea y cardiovascular. En el 2018 se ha registrado en la literatura mundial 39 casos de Abernethy tipo I y 22 casos de Abernethy tipo II. CASO CLÍNICO paciente femenino de 12 años con antecedente de hipertensión portal tratada hace 2 años, con historia de malestar general e ic- tericia, acudió a centro privado para realizarse estudios complementarios. Un ultrasonido Doppler por- tal evidenció una lesión isoecogénica al parénquima hepático en el aspecto inferior del lóbulo derecho. Se continuó la evaluación realizando una tomografía en la cual se observó: configuración anómala del sistema venoso portal; la vena esplénica y mesentérica superior se encuentran dilatadas, además se evidenció confluencia portoesplénica elongada, en la cual derivan dos trayectos portales, uno de ellos drenando la lobulación hepática antes descrita y la segundo se comunica con el sistema venoso portal hepático derecho, demostrando tortuosidad de su trayecto, con estenosis de su porción proximal. Los hallazgos antes descritos sugieren malformación vascular del sistema venoso portal-esplácnico, que causa derivación porto-sistémica en relación a malformación de Abernethy tipo II. En conclusión se recomienda el diagnóstico precoz. El examen preferente es el ecodoppler con posterior confirmación mediante angiotac abdominal. El tratamiento es sumamente importante pues su retraso puede devenir en lesiones irreparables hasta la insuficiencia hepática y muerte...(AU)

Variz Intra-Óssea ­ um achado raro diagnosticado pela ressonância magnética / Intraosseous Varicose Vein ­ A rare finding diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging

Introdução: As varizes são veias que após submetidas a períodos de pressão aumentada no sistema venoso periférico se tornam dilatadas, tortuosas e alongadas. Pacientes acometidos irão referir dor no membro, além de sinais de insuficiência venosa. O exame de imagem comumente utilizado é o ultrassom com Doppler, no entanto, na presença de anomalias de drenagem venosa intraóssea, deve-se preferir a ressonância magnética. Objetivo: Relatar um caso e revisar a literatura acerca desta lesão incomum. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão do prontuário do paciente no Hospital América, registro fotográfico do método diagnóstico e revisão da literatura. Resultados: Homem de 46 anos com dor e queimação constantes, além de edema na perna e no pé esquerdos há dois meses Ao exame físico apresenta edema da perna, tornozelo e pé esquerdos, com discreto aumento de temperatura ao toque, sem alteração da coloração da pele. A ressonância magnética demonstra varicosidades das veias tibiais posteriores com comunicação através de veia perfurante com varicosidade da veia intraóssea posterior da tíbia ­ variz intraóssea. Conclusão: Este relato demonstra a dificuldade de diagnosticar a variz intra-óssea que, além de ser uma lesão rara, é diagnosticada apenas pela ressonância magnética.

Introduction: Varicose veins are veins that after being submitted to high pressure on the peripheral venous system become dilated, tortuous and elongated. Patients affected will report pain and venous insufficiency signs in the area. The imaging exam commonly used is the Doppler ultrasound, however, when in front of an intraosseous venous drainage anomaly ­ intraosseous varix, magnetic resonance should be preferred. Objective: Report a case and review the literature about this uncommon lesion. Materials and Methods: We carried out a review of medical records at Hospital América, a photographic record of diagnostic methods, and a review from the literature. Results: A 46-year-old man with constant pain and burning, as well as edema in his left leg and foot for two months. On physical examination, he had edema in his left leg, ankle, and foot, with a slight increase in temperature at the touch, without changing the skin color. Magnetic resonance imaging shows varicosities of the posterior tibial veins with communication through a perforating vein with varicosity of the posterior tibial intraosseous vein - intraosseous varicose vein. Conclusion: This report demonstrates the difficulty of diagnosing intraosseous varices, which, in addition to being a rare lesion, are diagnosed only by magnetic resonance imaging.

Five veins at the deep inguinal ring: can they reduce the chances of indirect inguinal hernia and increase the chances of varicocele? / Cinco venas en el anillo inguinal profundo. ¿pueden reducir las probabilidades de una hernia inguinal indirecta y aumentar las posibilidades de varicocele?

Complete duplication of testicular veins is a rare phenomenon. However, a few cases of duplication of gonadal veins have been reported. Here, I report a case of unusual formation and termination of the right testicular vein in an adult male cadaver. Five veins arose from the pampinniform plexus and entered the abdomen through the deep inguinal ring. The most medial among the five was large (3 mm in diameter) and it continued as a testicular vein and opened into the right edge of the inferior vena cava, 1 cm above the union of the common iliac veins. The other four veins were about 1 mm in diameter and they united to form two veins in front of the lower part of the right psoas and iliacus muscles (about 2 cm above the deep inguinal ring) and the two veins united to form upper testicular vein, 4 cm above the deep inguinal ring. This testicular vein was 3 mm in diameter and it opened into the inferior vena cava, 4 cm above the union of common iliac veins. Having five veins at deep inguinal ring might increase the chances of varicocele and decrease the chances of indirect inguinal hernia.

La duplicación completa de las venas testiculares es un fenómeno raro. Sin embargo, se han reportado algunos casos de duplicación de venas gonadales. En el presente trabajo se informa un caso de formación y terminación inusual de la vena testicular derecha en un cadáver de un hombre adulto. Cinco venas surgieron del plexo pampiniforme y penetraron en el abdomen a través del anillo inguinal profundo. El más medial entre los cinco fue de gran tamaño (3 mm de diámetro) y continuó como una vena testicular y se abrió hacia el margen derecho de la vena cava inferior, 1 cm por encima de la unión de las venas ilíacas comunes. Las cuatro venas restantes eran de 1 mm de diámetro aproximadamente, y se unieron para formar dos venas frente a la parte inferior de los músculos psoas e ilíaco derechos (aproximadamente 2 cm por encima del anillo inguinal profundo). Se unieron dos venas para formar la vena testicular superior, la cual medía 3 mm de diámetro y se abría hacia la vena cava inferior, 4 cm por encima de la unión de las venas ilíacas comunes. Cinco venas en el anillo inguinal profundo podrían aumentar las posibilidades de varicocele y disminuir las posibilidades de una hernia inguinal indirecta.

Un caso de síndrome de Adams-Oliver con venas congénitas, dilatadas y persistentes en el cuero cabelludo / A case of Adams-Oliver syndrome with congenital and persistent dilated veins in the scalp

El síndrome de Adams-Oliver es un desorden congénito raro, caracterizado por la presencia de aplasia cutis congénita y defectos terminales transversos de los miembros. Comunicamos el caso de una niña de 4 años de edad con síndrome de Adams-Oliver que presenta venas congénitas, tortuosas y dilatadas en el cuero cabelludo, aplasia cutis congénita con defectos parciales del hueso craneal subyacente, calcificaciones intracraneales y anomalías leves de los pies.

Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by aplasia cutis congenita and terminal transverse limb defects. We report a case of a 4-year-old girl with Adams-Oliver syndrome with congenital dilated and tortuous scalp veins, aplasia cutis congenita with partial underlying skull defects, intracranial calcifications, and mild foot anomalies.

Tratamento a laser das malformações vasculares venosas / Laser treatment of venous malformations

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o tratamento das malformações vasculares venosas congênitas realizado com o emprego da tecnologia laser oferece clareamento ou desaparecimento das lesões com elevado grau de satisfação informado pelos pacientes e observado pelo médico. MÉTODOS: O estudo retrospectivo reuniu 26 pacientes, portadores de malformação vascular venosa, dos quais 73,07 por cento eram do sexo feminino e que foram tratados com o aparelho PhotoDerm®. O tratamento das malformações vasculares necessitou uma média de 6,43 sessões, com intervalos de seis a oito semanas. Os pacientes incluídos neste estudo apresentavam pele tipo II (57,40 por cento) e tipo III (42,30 por cento), conforme classificação de Fitzpatric. A idade média variou de 14 a 61 anos, com média de 36,70 anos. Os dados foram obtidos através do preenchimento de protocolo informado pelo paciente. RESULTADOS: Foi informado elevado grau de satisfação (96,16 por cento) e apenas um caso (3,84 por cento) parcialmente satisfeito, considerando o clareamento ou desaparecimento das lesões. Houve desaparecimento das lesões avaliado pelo profissional médico em 80,76 por cento dos casos e em 19,24 por cento apenas clareamento. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento das malformações vasculares venosas com o Photo-Derm® é seguro e eficiente tendo proporcionado elevado grau de satisfação dos pacientes assim como bons resultados em relação ao desaparecimento das lesões.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether treatment of venous congenital vascular malformations with the use of laser technology provides lightening or disappearance of lesions with a high degree of satisfaction reported by patients and observed by the physician. METHODS: A retrospective study gathered 26 patients suffering from vascular malformation, of which 73.07 percent were female and were treated with the PhotoDerm® device. The treatment of vascular malformations needed an average of 6.43 sessions, with intervals of six to eight weeks. Patients included in this study had skin type II (57.40 percent) and type III (42.30 percent), according to the Fitzpatric's classification. The mean age ranged from 14 to 61 years, averaging 36.70 years. Data were obtained through the completion of an informed protocol by the patient. RESULTS: High satisfaction rates were reported (96.16 percent) and only one case (3.84 percent) was partially satisfied when considering lightening or disappearance of lesions. When evaluated by medical professionals, lesions disappeared in 80.76 percent and became lighter in 19.24 percent. CONCLUSION: The treatment of venous vascular malformations with Photo-Derm® is safe and effective as it offered a high degree of patient satisfaction and good results in the disappearance of the lesions.

Ultrasonografía Doppler-color en el diagnóstico de las anomalías vasculares de las partes blandas superficiales en pediatría / Color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of vascular anomalies of the superficial soft tissue in children

Las anomalías vasculares de las partes blandas superficiales son frecuentes en el niño y se han clasificado en hemangiomas y malformaciones vasculares, según sus manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos histológicos. La mayoría corresponde a hemangiomas, se presenta en el recién nacido, desaparece espontáneamente con el tiempo y sólo algunos de ellos requerirán de evaluación médica. Es importante especificar el tipo de lesión vascular para definir el tratamiento, lo que en la mayor parte de los casos es posible con los hallazgos clínicos. Sin embargo, a veces es necesario recurrir a estudios de imágenes para precisar el diagnóstico y los métodos más utilizados son la Ultrasonografía (US) Doppler-color; Resonancia magnética (RM) y Angiografía. La US Doppler-color es un método sencillo, inocuo, no invasivo, que permite diferenciar las lesiones superficiales de aquellas profundas y además permite evaluar la vascularización de la lesión y, de esta manera, lograr una adecuada aproximación diagnóstica. También permite seleccionar aquellos casos que requerirán de métodos más sofisticados, como RM o angiografía. El objetivo de esta revisión es mostrar la utilidad de la US Doppler en el estudio de las anomalías vasculares de las partes blandas superficiales en el niño.

Vascular anomalies of superficial soft tissues are frequent in children and have been classified in hemangiomas and vascular malformations, depending on clinical and histological findings. Most correspond to hemangiomas, present in the newborn period, which disappear spontaneously with time and only some may require an imaging evaluation. It is important to specify the type of vascular anomaly in order to define management, which in most cases is possible with just clinical findings. Nevertheless, some cases may require imaging studies to define diagnosis, and the most utilized methods are Doppler ultrasonography (US), magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) and angiography. Doppler US is a non invasive, harmless and simple method which allows to differentiate between deep and superficial lesions. It also permits to evaluate vascularization and in this manner; achieve an adequate diagnosis and select those cases that will require more sophisticated methods like MRI or angiography. The main objective of this review is to show the role of Doppler US in the study of superficial soft tissue vascular anomalies in children.

Malformaciones Vasculares / Vascular malformation

Las malformaciones vasculares son anomalías presentes siempre desde el nacimiento que, al contrario de los hemangiomas, nunca desaparecen; pueden crecer durante toda la vida por hipertrofia. Según la clasificación de la ISSVA, las malformaciones vasculares se dividen en función del vaso afectado en capilares o venulares, venosas, linfáticas, arterio-venosas y combinadas o complejas. Cada una de ellas, con unas peculiaridades clínicas y hemodinámicas definitorias.

Vascular malformations are anomalies always present at birth that, contrary to hemangiomas, never regress; and may hypertrophy during lifetime. According to the ISSVA classification, vascular malformations are divided, depending on the affected vessel, into capillary or venular, venous, lymphatic, arteriovenous and combined or complex; each with certain defining clinical and haemodynamic peculiarities.

Obstrucción ureteral parcial crónica por vena ovárica: Descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Chronic partial uretheral obstruction by the ovarian vein: A case report and literature review

Se presenta el caso de una paciente con dolor lumbar crónico secundario a obstrucción ureteral parcial por la vena ovárica en la que se corrobora la efectividad del tratamiento quirúrgico.

We present a female patient with chronic loin pain caused by partial obstruction of the urether secondary to ovarian vein crossing. We highlight the benefit derived from surgical treatment.

Anatomia das veias e troncos gastrocnêmios em cadáveres humanos adultos / The anatomy of the gastrocnemial veins and trunks in adults human cadavers

Objetivo: realizar, através de dissecção, um estudo anatômico das veias gastrocnêmias em cadáveres humanos adultos.Métodos: foram dissecadas 80 cabeças de músculo gastrocnêmio em 20 cadáveres do sexo masculino, fixados e mantidos em uma solução de formol a 10 por cento. Todas as veias gastrocnêmias foram dissecadas desde a emergência das cabeças do músculo gastrocnêmio até o seulocal de desembocadura. Para a tomada das medidas, foi utilizado um paquímetro digital. Foram obtidas estatísticas descritivas para as variáveis do estudo.Resultados: em 80 cabeças de músculos gastrocnêmios dissecadas, foram encontradas 438 veias gastrocnêmias, sendo 233 na perna direita e 205 na perna esquerda. Foram identificados 95 troncos gastrocnêmios principais, 51 na perna direita e 44 na esquerda. A extensão dos troncos variou de 0,5 cm a 7,8 cm, com uma amplitude expressiva no conjunto das observações de 7,3 cm. Do total de troncosgastrocnêmios principais, 83 desembocavam na veia poplítea e 12, em outras veias.Conclusão: a quantidade de veias e troncos gastrocnêmios foi maior na perna direita, e a extensão média do tronco gastrocnêmio principalfoi semelhante em ambas às pernas. A maioria desses troncos desembocava na veia poplítea.

Nerve repair by means of vein filled with muscle grafts I. Clinical results

Peripheral nerve lesions with a long segment defect need a grafiting conduit to heal. Although autogenous nerve grafting is still considered the best method for bridging nerve defects, several alternative types of conduits (biological and synthetic) have been studied. We have demonstrated in previous experimental research in rats that a graft made using a vein (providing a guide for nerve regeneration) filled with fresh skeletal muscle (to prevent vein collapse and support axon regeneration) gave similar results to traditional nerve grafts. On this basis, we decided to use the muscle-vein-combined grafts in clinical cases. From 1993 to 1997, this technique was applied for bridging both sensory and mixed nerve defects (21 cases). We report good results in 85% of our cases with a minimum follow-up of 14 months. These results, obtained on nerve defects ranging from 0.5 to 6 cm in length, seem to be superior to those report with other kinds of artificial or biological conduits

Sinus pericranii / Sinus pericanii

Se presenta un caso de paciente femenino con deformación y edema de tejidos blandos extracraneales de frente y nariz, que fue estudiada mediante TC y RM de cráneo, Angiorresonancia y Angiografía digital. Los hallazgos más relevantes revelan un sinus pericranii medial con drenaje predominante a las venas faciales. Se analizan los aspectos más salientes de esta rara entidad

Guía práctica del tratamiento médico del tromboembolismo pulmonar / Medical treatment of thrombolytic embolism practical guide

El embolismo pulmonar y las trombosis venosas de miembros inferiores son las enfermedades cardiovasculares más comunes en todo el mundo. Epidemiológicamente los datos estimados a través de los años no son halagadores ya que no se ha podido reducir la tasa de mortalidad e incidencia del embolismo pulmonar. Esto demuestra los grandes problemas existentes a la hora de enfrentar al paciente principalmente por la falta del desarrollo de criterios diagnósticos claros y por otro lado la prevención y tratamiento médico del embolismo pulmonar no han sido llevados a la práctica de una manera efectiva a pesar de haber demostrado que aplicaciones correctamente y a tiempo mejoran la calidad de vida, reducen la mortalidad y los gastos por enfermedad. En este artículo desarrollamos una guía práctica, organizando algunos criterios ya establecidos para el tratamiento del embolismo pulmonar y hacemos énfasis en la terapia trombolítica ya que creemos es un punto clave para el éxito del manejo del embolismo pulmonar

Factores que determinan flebitis asociados con la permanencia de cateteres endovenosos por más de 24 horas en pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital IESS-Riobamba, abril 1994

A través de éste trabajo nos proponemos investigar cuáles son los factores que determinan las flebitis en pacientes ingresados al Hospital IESS-Riobamba. El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo, transversal y analítico. el universo está constituido por los 70 pacientes qur recibieron tratamiento intravenoso por más de 24 horas en el mes de abril de 1994. Se utilizó la observación directa en el empleo de cuestionario aplicado tanto a los pacientes como al equipo de salud. Flebitis es la inflamación de las venas, causado por lesión directa, presión prolongada a infección. Los factores predisponentes para la aparición de flebitis son la técnica de aplicación, tanto en el lavado de manos como en la preparación de la zona de venopunción, el tiempo de permanencia del catéter, ciertos medicamentos, el calibre del cateter, no se detectó en los cultivos realizados el gérmen causal. Del personal de salud que insertó los catéteres intravenosos encontramos que de los 70 pacientes, 56 aplicó la enfermera, de los cuales 12,(63.1 por ciento) presentaron signos de flebitis mientras que el auxiliar de enfermería aplicó a 5 pacientes de los cuales todos presentaron signos de flebitis. Del estudio realizado se determina que el 27 por ciento de la población investigada evidenció signos de flebitis que posiblemente se deba a los factores mencionados anteriormente. En la utilización de la vena cefálica se encontró un porcentaje alto (42.10 por ciento) con signos de flebitis, esto posiblemente se deba a su localización (muñeca de la mano); sufre roces frecuentes las paredes de las venas causando las flebitis. Considerando que el presente trabajo ciertamente describe sólo una parte del problema, sugerimos se continúe con investigaciones de éste tipo a través de estudios dirigidos y con otras variables relacionadas con el problema, a fin de lograr un conocimiento más amplio y aplicar correctivos en bien del paciente y de la Institución.