RESUMO
The pathophysiological significance of a toxic fraction (GF-VI DEAE-II) isolated from Russell's viper venom (RVV) is characterized. GF-VI DEAE-II represents 1.6% of the total RVV protein and it comprises of a 27.6kDa minor component (RP-I) (0.04%, w/w) and a major 6.6kDa non-enzymatic peptide (1.11%, w/w), named Rusvitoxin. The LC-MS/MS analysis of RP-I showed its identity to snake venom serine proteases, whereas Rusvitoxin demonstrated its close identity with snake venom three finger toxins, cytotoxins and cardiotoxins particularly from Naja sp. GF-VI DEAE-II was found to be non-cytotoxic to the tested mammalian cancer cells and non-hemolytic; nevertheless, it demonstrated α-fibrin(ogen)ase activity and in vivo toxicity in BALB/c mice with an LD50 (i.p.) of 2.3mg/kg. GF-VI DEAE-II induced lethargy and hind-leg paralysis in mice within 10min of i.p. injection. GF-VI DEAE-II induced hyperfibrinogenomia, and significantly altered (p<0.05) the plasma levels of factor X, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines viz. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 in treated mice. Histological observations of tissues and biochemical properties of serum from GF-VI DEAE-II-treated mice suggested multiple organ dysfunctions. Conversely, Rusvitoxin at a dose of 5mg/kg did not induce toxicity in BALB/c mice. At 1:15 (antigen: antivenom, w/w) ratio, commercially polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms neutralized more than 80% of the fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities of GF-VI DEAE-II. The present study suggests the significant role of GF-VI DEAE-II in RVV-induced pathogenesis in victim/prey.
Assuntos
Citotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Daboia/metabolismo , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversos , Venenos de Moluscos/farmacologia , Venenos de Víboras/efeitos adversos , Venenos de Víboras/farmacologia , Animais , Anticoagulantes/metabolismo , Antivenenos/farmacologia , Fibrinolíticos/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Attempts were made to identify the toxin in the gastropod Zeuxis samiplicutus that was responsible for the recent food poisoning incidents in southern Zhejiang, Mainland China. Symptoms associated with the poisonings included paralysis, coma, vomiting, and aphasia. The remaining specimens of gastropod were assayed for tetrodotoxin toxicity (TTX). The range of specimen toxicity was found to be 4 - 186 mouse units (MU), and the average toxicity was 111 +/- 45 MU. The toxin was partially purified from the methanol extract of the gastropod by ultrafitration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. Cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis, TLC, and HPLC analyses demonstrated that the toxin contained TTX. It was concluded that the causative agent of the above food poisoning was TTX.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Venenos de Moluscos/isolamento & purificação , Caramujos , Tetrodotoxina/isolamento & purificação , Animais , China , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversos , Venenos de Moluscos/química , Tetrodotoxina/efeitos adversos , Tetrodotoxina/química , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
We have studied the death response induced by yessotoxin (YTX) in cultured HeLa cells, and have compared it to that triggered by okadaic acid (OA) in the same experimental system. Sub-nanomolar concentrations of YTX were found to induce HeLa cell death after a 48-96-h incubation. YTX caused loss of intact poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) in HeLa cells, and detection of the 85kDa fragment, which is indicative of proteolytic attack by caspases. Measurements of caspase activities using extracts prepared from YTX-treated cells and substrates of the caspase-3/7 and caspase-2 isoforms, showed that the relative proteolysis of caspase-3/7 substrate was about eight-fold higher than that of caspase-2, the levels of which were about twice those measured with extracts from control cells. These findings were matched by Western blot analyses of caspase-2, -3 and -7 in HeLa cell extracts, which showed that the levels of pro-caspase-2 were not greatly affected by YTX treatment, whereas pro-caspase-3 and -7 were activated in YTX-treated cells. Taken together, these data complement others previously obtained with OA, and support the notion that caspase isoforms involved in cell death induced by OA and YTX are cell- and toxin-specific.
Assuntos
Caspases/farmacologia , Morte Celular , Inibidores Enzimáticos/efeitos adversos , Éteres Cíclicos/efeitos adversos , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversos , Ácido Okadáico/efeitos adversos , Oxocinas/efeitos adversos , Western Blotting , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HeLa , Humanos , IsomerismoAssuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite Ocupacional/etiologia , Dermatoses da Mão/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Octopodiformes , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Animais , Mergulho , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Sea-biological basic knowledge for divers is offered only in special lessons for advanced scuba divers. According to statistics, however, five per cent of the deadly diving accidents are caused by underwater organisms. This number could be reduced to a fraction, by correct behaviour during the dive and after an accident. The most frequent accidents with sea animals during water sports are not by unprovoked shark attacks, which cause six deaths world-wide per year on the average, but turn out with usually well camouflaged sea inhabitants, that do not attack humans, rather by their inadvertence coincidentally get in contact with it. The various defense instruments of the often small, inconspicuous organisms reach from teeth over poison stings, pricks, spines, scalpelles, nettle injections and chemical weapons up to poison arrows. Due to that variety of the maritime life, the most important representatives of its type are explained including severity level of the caused injury or contamination. Both, diagnostic position and therapy possibility are described as follows: 1. Porifera (sponge), 2. Hydrozoa (white weed, yellow flower head), Actinaria (sea anemones), 3. Conidae (cone shells), Tridocna (giant clam), octopoda (octopus), 4. Acanthaster planci (crown of thorns), Echinodea (sea urchins), Holothurioidea (sea cucumber), 5. Selachoidei (shark), Batoidei (Ray), Muraenidae (moray), Plotosidae (barbel eels), Synanciidae (stonefish), Scorpaenidae (scorpionfish), Pterois (lion fish), Sphyraena Spec. (barracuda), Balistidae (triggerfish), Ostracionidae (puffer).
Assuntos
Animais Peçonhentos , Mordeduras e Picadas , Mordeduras e Picadas/terapia , Mergulho/lesões , Biologia Marinha , Animais , Mordeduras e Picadas/mortalidade , Venenos de Cnidários/efeitos adversos , Equinodermos , Peixes Venenosos , Humanos , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
This article reviews the dangers related to marine animal envenomations in Florida. Venomous marine animals exhibit diverse mechanisms of injury and toxicity. Information regarding the morphology, behavior, and health hazards of these dangerous organisms is presented to help medical personnel recognize, diagnose and treat marine envenomations. Hazardous marine animals discussed in this review include both invertebrates and vertebrates. Stinging invertebrate animals include sponges, coelenterates (jellyfish, hydroids, corals, and sea anemones), echinoderms (sea urchins, starfish and sea cucumbers), annelid worms (bristleworm), and mollusks (cone shells, octopi and nudibranches). Stinging vertebrates discussed include stingrays, catfish, scorpionfish, and leatherjacks.
Assuntos
Anelídeos , Comportamento Animal , Mordeduras e Picadas/etiologia , Cnidários , Equinodermos , Peixes , Moluscos , Animais , Anelídeos/anatomia & histologia , Anelídeos/fisiologia , Mordeduras e Picadas/terapia , Cnidários/anatomia & histologia , Cnidários/fisiologia , Venenos de Cnidários/efeitos adversos , Equinodermos/anatomia & histologia , Equinodermos/fisiologia , Venenos de Peixe/efeitos adversos , Peixes/anatomia & histologia , Peixes/fisiologia , Humanos , Moluscos/anatomia & histologia , Moluscos/fisiologia , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversos , Peçonhas/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Animais , Neurotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Neurotoxinas/metabolismo , Neurotoxinas/intoxicação , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública , Saúde Pública/tendências , Saxitoxina/efeitos adversos , Saxitoxina/metabolismo , Saxitoxina/intoxicação , Brasil , Crustáceos/metabolismo , Venenos de Peixe/efeitos adversos , Venenos de Peixe/metabolismo , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversos , Venenos de Moluscos/metabolismoRESUMO
Our superb coastline attracts local tourists and overseas visitors seeking recreation. There is increasing contact with marine life. The unwary and unprepared holiday-maker can be at risk of serious injury from a number of common sea creatures.
Assuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas , Venenos Elapídicos/efeitos adversos , Toxinas Marinhas/efeitos adversos , Austrália , Mordeduras e Picadas/etiologia , Mordeduras e Picadas/terapia , Venenos de Peixe/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The authors present some eatable benthic Invertebrates like Muricidae and chiefly Mytilidae which could become poisonous under the action of biological et physical and chemical factors of the environment. The symptoms caused by poisonings due to ingestion of contaminated shells are described and therapeutic and prophylactic methods are proposed.
Assuntos
Antivenenos/uso terapêutico , Venenos de Moluscos/efeitos adversos , Frutos do Mar/efeitos adversos , Animais , Humanos , Especificidade da Espécie , TunísiaRESUMO
The potential adverse effects of North American marine organisms are presented herein. It is stressed that water sports enthusiasts should be aware of possible dangers when in unfamiliar waters.