Effect of zein additive on perfume evaporation.

OBJECTIVE: Zein is known to have filmogen properties. We wanted to show if a zein film containing eugenol (eugenol as model) would retain the fragrances, slow their evaporation and therefore produce a long-lasting perception of perfume. METHODS: We added corn zein to eugenol in a hydro-alcoholic solution to form a film in vitro and at the surface of the human skin. We have studied the trapping and release of eugenol from zein film by GC/MS. Also we labelled eugenol with deuterium to image specifically its distribution in the zein film using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry technique (NanoSIMS 50). Finally, we applied the zein/D-eugenol formulation onto skin to image the eugenol location on and in skin by SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry). RESULTS: We showed that eugenol evaporation from zein film can be divided in three periods. The first period (≤2 h) corresponds to the simultaneous solvent and eugenol evaporation occurring during film formation. The second period corresponds to the continuous and slow eugenol evaporation during a few hours (about 10 h) but not to its completion. The third period (at least up to 48 h) results from the trapping of eugenol in zein film. After 24 or 48 h, trapped eugenol can be released and evaporated under mechanical deformations of the film. Moreover we showed that zein addition does not favour the eugenol penetration into viable epidermis which may cause allergenic cutaneous reaction. CONCLUSION: The zein additive is safe to use, does not impact the olfactory perception, allows a better perception of the fragrance (long-lasting effect) in a more protective way and can be used in perfume.

Green self-assembly of zein-conjugated ZnO/Cd(OH)Cl hierarchical nanocomposites with high cytotoxicity and immune organs targeting.

Inorganic nanomedicines in the fight against cancer have progressed rapidly during recent years, with the synergistic advantages of multifunctional nanosystems compared to single component. Herein, a drug-combination opinion was introduced into "nanomedicine" based on the understanding of Trojan horse-anti-tumor mechanism of inorganic nano-medicines. Moreover, we reported the green and facile synthesis route of mono-dispersed and rod-like zein-conjugated ZnO/Cd(OH)Cl hierarchical nanocomposites. We found that the nanocomposites exhibited high-efficiency killing ability to tumor cells through lipid peroxidation mediated-membrane disintegration route. The safety studies in BALB/c mice didn't detect injection anaphylaxis, hemolysis and cytotoxicity. More interestingly, the nano-composites could specially accumulate in liver and kidney, which will be helpful for targeting cure to these regional cancers.

Sclerotherapy for lymphatic malformations in children: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: This scoping review assesses the literature and summarizes the current evidence on sclerotherapy for the treatment of lymphatic malformations in pediatric patients. METHODS: A comprehensive search of published and unpublished literature was conducted using multiple databases. Title, abstract, and full-text screening was conducted by 2 independent clinicians. All discrepancies were resolved during consensus meetings. RESULTS: A total of 182 articles were retrieved. Forty-four articles were removed as duplicates, and 11 articles were added after reviewing prominent studies. After full-text abstraction, 44 articles and 2 conference proceedings (N = 882 patients) were included in the final results. Twelve articles were classified as level II and 34 articles as level IV evidence. Picibanil (OK-432) was the primary agent used in most included studies. Postinjection symptoms with OK-432 were primarily fever, swelling, and erythema at the site. Life-threatening complications were uncommon and involved postinjection swelling of cervical lesions causing airway compromise. CONCLUSIONS: The literature regarding sclerotherapy for lymphatic malformations is of a low level of evidence and suffers from a lack of standardization. Randomized clinical trials focused on OK-432, bleomycin, or alcoholic solution of zein; standardized dosing protocols; and consistent and reliable outcome reporting will be necessary for further development of treatment guidelines.

The dangers of intraosseous fibrosing agent injection in the treatment of bone cysts. The origin of major complications shown in a rabbit model.

Direct intraosseous injection of fibrosing agent is widely used in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consequences of fibrosing agent penetrating the medulla of bones. This may be the case when, by mistake, the fibrosing agent is administered into the medulla or when the wall of the cyst ruptures and fibrosing agent is able to drift into the medulla. Twelve rabbits were injected transcutaneously with a fibrosing agent directly into the proximal metaphysis of the tibia. Prior to injection 0.5 ml of liquid-like, bloody, intraosseal tissue was aspirated, then 0.5 ml of fibrosing agent was administered. Fibrosing agent was introduced slowly (20 s) to avoid overpressure. Nine rabbits (75%) died within minutes after the introduction of fibrosing agent. A full body roentgenogram was taken of each rabbit and the animals that died underwent autopsy to find the exact cause of death. Roentgenograms of the chest showed massive multiple pulmonary emboli confirmed in all lethal cases by the autopsy. This animal model was created to draw attention to the dangers of any leakage of the fibrosing agent into the medulla of bones.

Aneurysmal bone cysts in children: complications of fibrosing agent injection.

PURPOSE: To report complications of direct fibrosing agent injection in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed all cases of ABCs treated with direct fibrosing agent injection (Ethibloc; Ethnor Laboratories, Ethicon, Noderstedt, Germany) at Robert Debré Hospital since 1994. Histologic diagnosis was assigned by means of surgical biopsy findings prior to treatment. Treatment responses were categorized. Injection was administered with general anesthesia, computed tomographic guidance, and use of a 14- to 16-gauge needle. Contrast material was injected to determine presence of intracystic septa and verify absence of venous opacification. Amount of fibrosing agent injected corresponded to amount of contrast material necessary to fully opacify the cyst. Intraosseous needle track was obliterated with histoacryl injection. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were treated. Mean follow-up was 80 months; no patient was lost to follow-up. One patient experienced pulmonary embolus that necessitated a 7-day intensive care unit stay. Four patients experienced early aseptic fistulization after the first injection, which led to surgical débridement and curettage. Five patients had transient inflammatory reaction with mild 38 degrees C fever, which was controlled with analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs. Eleven patients did not require surgery, and results at latest follow-up were considered to indicate complete healing (type 1 results) in nine and incomplete healing (type 2 results) in two. For type 1 results: Six patients received one injection, two received two injections, and one received three injections. For type 2 results: one patient received one injection, and one received three injections. CONCLUSION: A high rate of major local and general complications was encountered with use of direct fibrosing agent injection; the technique has been abandoned for treatment of ABCs.

Fatal ethibloc embolization of vertebrobasilar system following percutaneous injection into aneurysmal bone cyst of the second cervical vertebra.

A 4-year-old boy developed progressive neck pain and an expansile osteogenic lesion of C2; the diagnosis was an aneurysmal bone cyst. An image-guided biopsy with 3D CT planning was performed followed by Ethibloc injection into the aneurysmal bone cyst. Subsequent CT and MR images demonstrated embolization material in the vertebrobasilar system, and the patient died of brain stem and cerebellar infarction 23 hours after the intervention. The course of events and technical considerations are discussed.

Intralesional Ethibloc injections in primary aneurysmal bone cysts: an efficient and safe treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Ethibloc is a fibrogenic and thrombogenic agent recently proposed for the treatment of bone cysts. The purpose of this study is to report the results of direct Ethibloc injection in primary aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) in children. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Seventeen patients, aged from 2 to 18 years (mean 8 years), were treated with either a single injection (14 patients) or supplementary injections (3 patients) of Ethibloc. The histological diagnosis was assessed following surgical biopsy and was retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up was 5 years (range 18 months to 11 years). RESULTS: At 5 year follow-up, 14 of 17 patients demonstrated complete healing manifest by increased cortical and septal thickening. Surgical excision was required in three patients, in two of whom the ABC increased rapidly in size despite the injection, and in one of whom the healing was incomplete. We observed inflammatory reactions in 16 of 17 patients with local pain and fever. Three patients developed a small cutaneous fistula which resolved spontaneously in a few weeks. No major complications such as deep infection, pulmonary embolism, epiphyseal necrosis or malignant degeneration were observed. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous direct Ethibloc injection is a safe, efficient and noninvasive treatment for ABC. The authors highlight the frequent local reactions.

[Treatment of low-pressure vascular malformations by injection of Ethibloc. Study of 19 cases and analysis of complications]. / Traitement des malformations vasculaires à bas débit par injection d'Ethibloc. Etude de 19 cas et analyse des complications.

We retrospectively studied the cases of 19 patients suffering from low flow vascular malformations who were treated with Ethibloc sclerotherapy. Out of 10 venous angiomas, 5 entirely disappeared, 3 considerably decreased and 2 remained unaltered. Out of 7 cystic lymphangiomas, 7 were completely cured and in the 2 other cases, outcome was quite good. Post-treatment complications consisted in a local inflammatory reaction. This reaction occurred immediately and disappeared within a few days without after-effects. It materialized as an Ethibloc exteriorization among 5 patients suffering from venous angiomas and 3 patients suffering from lymphangiomas and as an inflammatory lump for 2 venous angiomas carriers and for 4 lymphangiomas carriers. This lump was located at the puncture point of the product and it was due to some Ethibloc residue. Fourteen of these local reactions spontaneously decreased; 5 of them required a surgical operation but in all cases, after-effects were minor. These satisfactory results (volume decreasing in 90% of the malformations) as well as the mildness of the side effects encourage to use Ethibloc in the treatment of low flow vascular malformations. In our experience, Ethibloc is particularly appropriate for the treatment of large lymphangiomas.

Lymphangiomas in children: percutaneous sclerotherapy with an alcoholic solution of zein.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of percutaneous sclerotherapy with an alcoholic solution of zein in lymphangiomas in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with macrocystic and mixed lymphangiomas were treated with use of Ethibloc as a sclerosing agent. The procedure was performed with ultrasonographic and/or fluoroscopic guidance. Follow-up clinical and sequential computed tomographic examinations were performed to evaluate regression of the lesion. RESULTS: Regression was excellent in nine (64%) of the 14 lesions: Regression was complete in four lymphangiomas and was to less than 5% of the initial volume in five. Satisfactory results were obtained in the remaining five (36%) of 14 lesions. The most frequent complication was leakage of Ethibloc without important sequelae in 10 of the 14 lymphangiomas. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous sclerotherapy with Ethibloc was a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of macrocystic and mixed lymphangiomas.

[Evaluation of the treatment of cystic lymphangioma by percutaneous injection of Ethibloc in 20 patients]. / Evaluation du traitement des lymphangiomes kystiques par injection percutanée d'Ethibloc chez 20 patients.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of cystic lymphangioma (CL) is so often followed by local and general complications that non invasive treatment must be considered. POPULATION AND METHODS: Between 1987 and 1993, 20 patients with a superficial macrocystic lymphangioma were treated by percutaneous injection of Ethibloc in order to reduce the volume of the CL, with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Fourteen CL were cervico-facial and six were located in the upper half of the body. The size of the lesion was determined by echography: three CL were less than 5 cm in diameter, 12 between 5 and 10 cm, five more than 10 cm. Two to 5 mL of Ethibloc were injected during one (15 cases) or several sessions (five cases). RESULTS: Reduction in volume was excellent in 12 patients after one session and in four patients after several sessions. Four patients had a poor result. All the patients suffered from an important inflammatory reaction for 2 or 3 days followed by exteriorisation of the Ethibloc in seven patients, with a discrete final scar. CONCLUSION: These fair results suggest that intracystic injection of Ethibloc represents an effective alternative to surgery.