The Gloss Retention of Esthetic Restorations Following Simulated Brushing with Charcoal Oral Products: An In-Vitro Study.

AIM: To assess the gloss and gloss retention of two esthetic restorative materials after brushing with a charcoal-infused toothbrush and activated charcoal toothpaste compared to their standard counterparts in all possible combinations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study,104 disc-shaped specimens were prepared, 52 from each of the two materials: Beautifil II LS composite resin (Giomer) and Fuji II LC resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). Specimens of each material were divided into 4 groups (n = 13) according to the tested brushing procedure: group A-standard toothbrush + standard non-whitening toothpaste (S-S), group B-standard toothbrush + activated charcoal toothpaste (S-CH), group C-charcoal-infused toothbrush + standard non-whitening toothpaste (CH-S), and group D-charcoal-infused toothbrush + activated-charcoal toothpaste (CH-CH). Gloss was recorded using a gloss meter initially and after each brushing protocol. The data were statistically analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD post hoc tests using SPSS® v.27 software at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Beautifil II LS showed the highest gloss values after brushing in group D (44 ± 3.9), which was not significantly different from its initial value (46.1 ± 1.8), followed by groups A (32.2 ± 4), B (23.2 ± 3.6), and C (22.7 ± 3.9), while Fuji II LC showed its highest gloss values after brushing in groups D (16.6 ± 3.7) and a (15.4 ± 8.7), followed by groups C (10.9 ± 6) and B (4.4 ± 2.5), all were significantly lower than their respective initial gloss values. CONCLUSION: The gloss of Giomer and RMGI reduced significantly following the brushing with the tested brushing procedures except for the Giomer group brushed with a combination of charcoal-infused toothbrush and activated-charcoal toothpaste. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The brushing using a combination of charcoal-infused toothbrush and activated-charcoal toothpaste is recommended for the gloss retention of Beautifil II LS restorations. However, the gloss of the Fuji II LC cannot be retained after any of the brushing procedures. How to cite this article: Farghal NS, Awadalkreem F, Abouelhonoud NA, et al. The Gloss Retention of Esthetic Restorations Following Simulated Brushing with Charcoal Oral Products: An In-Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(5):473-479.

Current landscape of research on whitening toothpastes and their effects on dental hard tissue.

PURPOSE: To explore the latest trends in research on whitening toothpaste and to present the issues and future perspectives of these studies. METHODS: An initial PubMed search was performed, followed by a meticulous manual review. A total of 543 papers were initially retrieved, and 54 final research papers were selected and analyzed through a manual review. RESULTS: The number of studies on whitening toothpastes has significantly increased, and while initial studies primarily focused on the efficacy of various whitening toothpastes, recent studies have shifted towards investigating the potential effects on dental hard tissues such as enamel and dentin. Common active ingredients used in these whitening toothpastes include hydrogen peroxide, activated charcoal, and blue covarine. Most studies have used commercial toothpastes with fixed ingredients rather than experimentally manufactured toothpaste, and it was noted that toothpastes from specific major manufacturers were frequently used. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Whitening toothpastes should be treated as separate entities based on their active ingredients, and more standardized experimental designs are required for better comparisons. Accurate analysis and labeling of other components of toothpaste are also essential.

Effectiveness of Oral Rinse as an Adjunct to Toothbrushing: A 6-Week Clinical Trial Management of Plaque and Gingivitis With Daily Oral Rinsing.

A common condition found in many patients, gingival inflammation results from irritation from dental plaque and the bacteria contained in plaque. Although effective management of dental plaque and the resulting gingivitis through daily homecare continues to be heavily emphasized, the high prevalence of oral diseases globally suggests that most individuals do not achieve sufficient plaque removal with their manual toothbrushing routine. To help enhance a patient's homecare regimen, daily oral rinsing has been shown to improve oral hygiene. The simple use of mouthwash after toothbrushing optimizes plaque removal while leading to an improvement in gingival health. This article reviews a single-center, randomized, controlled, single-blind, 6-week study designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a professional chlorhexidine alternative oral care mouthrinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing with sodium fluoride toothpaste with regard to plaque removal and gingivitis reduction.

The effectiveness of Bio-Min toothpaste in the management of white spot lesions: a randomised control trial.

BACKGROUND: White spot lesions (WSL) are common side effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, in which the surface layer of enamel is demineralised. Thus, remineralisation, that is a partial or complete reversal, of these lesions can occur as they affect the surface enamel. Remineralisation with low-dose fluoride, in addition to optimal oral hygiene and diet, has been recommended to manage WSL. The aim of the planned trial is to assess the effectiveness of a fluoride-containing bioactive glass toothpaste (BioMin™) in its ability to remineralise post-orthodontic demineralised WSL. METHODS: A single-centre, double-blind randomised clinical trial to assess intervention with Bio-Min toothpaste on WSL forming on the teeth of young people completing orthodontic treatment. DISCUSSION: Remineralisation of WSL can vary depending on the individual and the site of the lesion. There is a range of oral fluoride delivery methods which include toothpastes, oral rinses, and gel preparations, which can aid remineralisation of these lesions. Identifying effective methods of remineralisation to manage this common and unsightly complication of fixed appliance therapy can improve the health and aesthetics of dentition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN.com International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number (ISRCTN) 14479893 . Registered on 14 May 2020.

Synergistic effects of arginine and fluoride on human dental biofilm control.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to quantitatively and comprehensively investigate the combined effects of arginine and fluoride on the suppression of pathogenicity using an in situ biofilm model and next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHODS: Using the in situ model, dental biofilms were formed and the viable bacterial counts and arginine activity in the arginine- and fluoride-containing dentifrice and control groups were measured. We also compared their effects on the bacterial microbiota and predictive functional factors in the control, arginine (arg), and arginine + fluoride (argF) groups using NGS analysis. RESULTS: Compared to the control treatment, the use of 8 % arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste resulted in significantly high oral NH4+ concentrations without affecting the number of viable bacteria (P < 0.05). NGS analysis revealed that the oral microbiota of the control, arg, and argF groups were significantly different. Heat map analysis of the predicted functional factors revealed that the arg group had different properties from the other groups and activated specific substrate metabolic pathways; contrastingly, argF treatment inhibited the activity of these pathways and prevented an increase in the abundance of bacterial genera that utilize substrates such as sucrose, suggesting the synergistic effect of arginine and fluoride. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the combination of arginine and fluoride has a synergistic effect on the bacterial microbiota and pathogenicity of dental biofilms compared with arginine alone. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that the combination of arginine and fluoride could be used as an effective prebiotic and may inhibit the growth of bacteria associated with dental diseases.

Influence of using different toothpaste during bleaching with violet LED light (405 nm) on the colour and roughness of dental enamel: an in vitro study.

This in vitro study aimed to investigate potential changes in the color and roughness of dental enamel resulting from the use of different toothpaste formulations during bleaching with violet LED light (405 nm). Sixty specimens of bovine incisors, each measuring 6 × 6 × 3 mm, were segregated into six distinct experimental groups based on their respective treatments (n = 10): C + VL: Brushing with Colgate® Total 12 + bleaching with violet LED; LB + VL: Brushing with Colgate® Luminous White Brilliant + bleaching with violet LED; LI + VL: Brushing with Colgate® Luminous White Instant + violet LED bleaching; C: Brushing with Colgate® Total 12; LB: Brushing with Colgate® Luminous White Brilliant; LI: Brushing with Colgate® Luminous White Instant. The examined variables included alterations in color (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆Eab, and ∆E00), surface roughness (Ra), and scanning electron microscopy observations. No statistically significant distinctions emerged in total color variations (∆E00 and ∆E) among the groups under scrutiny. Notably, the groups that employed Colgate® Luminous White Instant displayed elevated roughness values, irrespective of their association with violet LED, as corroborated by scanning electron microscopy examinations. It can be concluded that whitening toothpastes associated to violet LED do not influence the color change of dental enamel in fifteen days of treatment. Toothpastes with a higher number of abrasive particles showed greater changes in enamel roughness, regardless of the use of violet LED.

Experimental toothpastes containing ß-TCP nanoparticles functionalized with fluoride and tin to prevent Erosive Tooth Wear.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to synthesize toothpastes containing Beta- TriCalcium Phosphate (ß-TCP) nanoparticles, functionalized with fluoride and tin, and test their ability to reduce erosive tooth wear (ETW). METHODS: Toothpastes were synthesized with the following active ingredients: 1100 ppm of fluoride (as sodium fluoride, F-), 3500 ppm of tin (as stannous chloride, Sn2+), and 800 ppm of ß-TCP (Sizes a - 20 nm; and b - 100 nm). Enamel specimens were randomly assigned into the following groups (n = 10): 1. Commercial toothpaste; 2. Placebo; 3 F-; 4. F- + ß-TCPa; 5. F- + ß-TCPb; 6. F- + Sn2+; 7. F- + Sn2+ + ß-TCPa and 8. F- + Sn2+ + ß-TCPb. Specimens were subjected to erosion-abrasion cycling. Surface loss (in µm) was measured by optical profilometry. Toothpastes pH and available F- were also assessed. RESULTS: Brushing with placebo toothpaste resulted in higher surface loss than brushing with F- (p = 0.005) and F- + ß-TCPb (p = 0.007); however, there was no difference between F- and F- + ß-TCPb (p = 1.00). Commercial toothpaste showed no difference from Placebo (p = 0.279). The groups F-, F- + ß-TCPa, F- + ß-TCPb, F- + Sn2+, F- + Sn2+ + ß-TCPa and F- + Sn2+ + ß-TCPb were not different from the commercial toothpaste (p > 0.05). Overall, the addition of ß-TCP reduced the amount of available fluoride in the experimental toothpastes. The pH of toothpastes ranged from 4.97 to 6.49. CONCLUSIONS: Although toothpaste containing ß-TCP nanoparticles protected enamel against dental erosion-abrasion, this effect was not superior to the standard fluoride toothpaste (commercial). In addition, the functionalization of ß-TCP nanoparticles with fluoride and tin did not enhance their protective effect. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although ß-TCP nanoparticles have some potential to control Erosive Tooth Wear, their incorporation into an experimental toothpaste appears to have a protective effect that is similar to a commercial fluoride toothpaste.

A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of personalised oral hygiene advice delivered via video technology.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether video-technology oral hygiene advice (OHA) improved clinical plaque and bleeding on probing (BOP) scores in individuals diagnosed with gingivitis, compared to conventional OHA after 3-months. METHODS: This parallel, randomised 2-arm treatment, single-centre study, assessed Turesky Plaque Index (TPI) and BOP at baseline and 3-months in adult participants with mild-moderate gingivitis. Eligible participants with smartphones were randomised at baseline to intervention (tailored video OHA), or control (conventional OHA). Oral hygiene (OH) habits/attitudes were recorded with a questionnaire. All participants used a manual toothbrush with anti-gingivitis toothpaste twice daily. RESULTS: 57 participants completed the study. Both groups had improved gingival health (BOP) after 3-months, change from baseline being significantly greater in the intervention group (12.21% vs 6.80 %, p < 0.05). TPI scores decreased more in the intervention than control group, but the difference did not reach significance (1.15 vs 0.92, p = 0.079). OH habits and attitudes were similar at baseline and few differences between the groups were observed after 3-months, however frequency of interdental brush use was significantly increased, while self-rated oral health was significantly decreased in the intervention as compared to control group at this timepoint (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of an individually tailored instructional video with appropriate toothbrushing using anti-gingivitis toothpaste and interdental brush, significantly improved participants' gingival health over 3-months compared to brushing with an anti-gingivitis toothpaste with conventional OHA as delivered in the general dental services. This study demonstrates the benefit of changing OH behaviour and delivering OHA using an individually tailored approach with contemporary methodology. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: OHA is usually verbally delivered over short time periods. This study demonstrates video technology with individualised OHA improves OH adherence and empowers individuals, the recipient receiving personal visual cues with ability to replay advice and technique reiteration. This real-world technology could be better utilised in general dental practice.

Whitening toothpastes with hydrogen peroxide concentrations vs. at-home bleaching.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of whitening toothpastes with different hydrogen peroxide (HP) concentrations on HP permeability, color change, and physicochemical properties, compared to at-home bleaching treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine premolars were randomized into seven groups (n = 7): untreated (control); at-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide gel (AH; 10% CP) with 14 and 28 applications of 180 min each (AH [14 × 180 min] and AH [28 × 180 min]); three whitening toothpastes (3% HP; 4% HP and 5% HP) and 10% CP brushed 28 times for 90 s each (TB [28 × 90 s]). HP permeability was measured using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and color change by a digital spectrophotometer (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID). Initial concentration, pH, and viscosity were measured through titration, digital pH meter, and rheometer, respectively. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Dunnett's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: 4% HP group showed acidic pH, the lowest viscosity and the highest HP concentration into the pulp chamber (p < 0.05). The 10% CP groups had lower HP in the pulp chamber and greater color change than other groups (p < 0.05), except the 5% HP group in ΔEab and ΔE00. For ΔWID, the 10% CP AH groups showed greater whitening than other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Whitening toothpaste with up to 5% HP resulted in higher HP permeability and less color change compared to 10% CP. Higher HP commercial concentrations in toothpaste increased whitening effect; however, acidic pH toothpastes exhibited greater HP permeability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Whitening toothpastes with high hydrogen peroxide concentrations were less effective than at-home bleaching, resulting in less color change and greater permeability of hydrogen peroxide, potentially increasing the risk of tooth sensitivity.

Effectiveness of desensitizing toothpastes in reducing tooth sensitivity after tooth bleaching: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of desensitizing toothpastes in reducing post-bleaching tooth sensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Electronic searches were conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Embase databases, using the following terms: (dentifrices OR toothpaste) AND (sensitive OR sensitivity OR dental sensitivity) AND (dental bleaching OR tooth bleaching OR dental whitening OR tooth whitening). RESULTS: Five studies involving 387 individuals undergoing in-office or at-home teeth bleaching were reviewed. Desensitizing toothpastes reduced sensitivity effectively after home bleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide and single-session in-office bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide. However, they were ineffective for home bleaching with 16% carbamide peroxide and in-office bleaching across two sessions with 35% or 38% hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSION: Desensitizing toothpastes are effective for home bleaching with high concentration carbamide peroxide and single-session in-office bleaching with highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide, but ineffective for home bleaching with low concentration carbamide peroxide and two-session in-office bleaching with concentrated hydrogen peroxide.

The effect of whitening toothpastes on the color stability and surface roughness of stained resin composite.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of whitening toothpastes on the color stability and surface roughness of resin composites stained with coffee and cigarette smoke. METHODS: Seventy-two disk-shaped specimens (6 × 2 mm) of suprananohybrid resin composite were randomly divided into two groups and exposed to coffee and cigarette smoke (n = 36). After staining, the samples randomly divided into four groups according to whitening toothpastes and were brushed for 4 min: Opalescence Whitening (OW); Colgate Optic White (COW); Curaprox Black is White (CPX) and, distilled water (control) (n = 9). Color was measured with spectrophotometer at the initial, after staining, and after brushing, and surface roughness was measured with profilometer at the initial and after brushing. A surface morphology analysis was examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Cigarette smoke caused a significantly higher color change than coffee in the resin composite (p < 0.05). Brushing with hydrogen peroxide and silica-containing whitening toothpaste showed significant differences in color change (p < 0.05). The lowest whitening effect was found in activated charcoal-containing toothpaste. While all toothpastes increased the degree of surface roughness of resin composites, the highest roughness was caused by whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal. (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The color stability and surface properties of resin composites can be affected by brushing them with whitening toothpaste. The utilization of whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide can be considered a safe method for increasing the whiteness of discolored resin composites.

Effect of Biomin F toothpaste and Diode laser on remineralization of white spot lesions (in vitro study).

BACKGROUND: White-spot lesions are considered an initial carious stage characterized by an outer enamel layer with significantly reduced mineralization. This study was conducted to assess the combined effect of Biomin F toothpaste and Diode laser on remineralization of white spot lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An invitro study conducted on a total of 30 premolars divided into three groups; Group A (Biomin F Tooth paste), Group B (Biomin F with laser application for 30 sec), Group C (Negative control). The three groups were submitted to three stages; stage 1:Baseline,stage 2:After demineralization ,and stage 3:After remineralization. In each stage, elemental analysis(calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride)was measured quantitatively using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and qualitatively by micrographs using scanning electron microscope. The data were tested to find significant difference between mineral changes during stages by using (ANOVA) test and Bonferroni test. RESULTS: Calcium, phosphorus and fluoride ions decreased in all groups after demineralization. In stage 3, after application of remineralizing agents, Calcium ions increased significantly in groups A and B where p<.05. As regards to the phosphorus ions, a significant increase was observed in all groups with group A showed the highest gain as phosphorus level percentage change (%mass) was 56.52±18.02 . Fluoride ions increased significantly in groups A and B (p<0.05) but decreased significantly in group C. There was no statistical significant difference between group A and B (p ≥.05) in calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride level after remineralization. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of the present study, we concluded that Biomin F toothpaste is promising in the repairing of white spot lesions on the surface of the demineralized enamel. Diode laser did not affect the remineralizing ability of Biomin F toothpaste.

Effectiveness of herbal oral care products in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis: an overview of systematic reviews.

Introduction: Numerous clinical trials and systematic reviews have investigated the effectiveness of both herbal and conventional oral care approaches to reducing plaque and gingivitis. However, their findings vary and are inconsistent. Thus, the objective of this umbrella review is to compile data from systematic reviews and provide an overview of the effects of herbal oral care products on tooth plaque and gingivitis. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was performed in 6 databases for systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses, published up to 30 May 2023, without any language restrictions. Only clinical trials comparing herbal oral care products (in the form of mouthrinse or toothpaste) against standard oral care products or placebo were considered. Results: Some herbal oral care products, particularly in the form of mouthrinses, have a similar level of positive effect on plaque and gingivitis reduction and, thus, can be used as an adjunct to traditional dentifrices. However, the shorter duration of trials (<4 weeks) and reported publication bias in the clinical trials mean that these findings must be interpreted with caution. Conclusion: To accurately determine the impact of various herbal extracts on periodontal health, well-designed, long-term, and controlled trials that adhere to standardized protocols must be carried out.

Introduction: On a étudié l'efficacité d'approches de soins buccodentaires classiques et à base de plantes pour lutter contre la plaque dentaire et la gingivite dans le cadre de nombreux essais cliniques et revues systématiques. Toutefois, leurs conclusions ont été variables et incohérentes. Cette revue générale vise donc à compiler des données issues de revues systématiques et de présenter un aperçu des effets des produits de soins buccodentaires à base de plantes sur la plaque dentaire et la gingivite. Méthodes: On a procédé à une recherche documentaire exhaustive dans 6 bases de données pour effectuer des revues systématiques, avec ou sans méta-analyses, sans aucune restriction relative à la langue de l'étude, publiées avant le 30 mai 2023. Seuls des essais cliniques comparant des produits de soins buccodentaires à base de plantes (sous forme de rincebouche ou de dentifrice) à des produits de soins buccodentaires classiques ou à des placebos ont été envisagés. Résultats: Quelques produits de soins buccodentaires à base de plantes, en particulier les rince-bouches de ce type, ont des effets positifs comparables en matière de réduction de la plaque et de la gingivite et peuvent donc être utilisés en complément des dentifrices ordinaires. Toutefois, ces résultats doivent être interprétés avec prudence du fait de la durée relativement courte des essais (moins de 4 semaines) et du biais de publication signalé dans les essais cliniques. Conclusion: Pour déterminer avec précision les effets de divers extraits de plantes sur la santé parodontale, il est nécessaire d'avoir recours à des essais bien conçus, à long terme et contrôlés, qui respectent des protocoles normalisés.

Recommendations on Topical Fluoride Usage for Caries Management in East Asia.

Dental caries is a widespread oral health issue in Asia, affecting an estimated 30% to 90% of children and adults. Many caries cases remain untreated, resulting in pain and infection. In response, the Asian Academy of Preventive Dentistry (AAPD) emphasises comprehensive caries management and organised a fluoride workshop at the 15th International Conference of the AAPD in 2023. The AAPD invited a group of experts to form a fluoride working group to review existing literature and develop fluoride recommendations for stakeholders across Asian countries and regions. The working group assessed caries risk and identified commonly used topical fluoride products for home care, professional, and community settings in Asia. The working group concluded that fluoride is a safe and highly effective strategy to reduce caries prevalence and incidence. The working group provided key recommendations based on successful regional caries management practices: (1) use topical fluoride for prevention and control of dental caries; (2) encourage the use of fluoride toothpaste with a concentration of at least 1,000 ppm for effective caries reduction; (3) advise a 0.05% fluoride mouth rinse as soon as children can spit it out to prevent early childhood caries; (4) deliver professionally administered fluoride, such as 5% sodium fluoride varnish, 2% fluoride gel, or 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride preparations, to decrease dental caries in at-risk individuals; and (5) apply 38% silver diamine fluoride to arrest cavitated caries. These recommendations aim to help practitioners, health care providers, and parents/caregivers make informed decisions about fluoride use as part of comprehensive oral health care in the region.

Pilot, open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating 4 oral hygiene regimens using a manual toothbrush, toothpaste, and mouthwash.

In this prospective pilot study, 84 patients with a history of poor oral hygiene were enrolled in an open-label, interventional, randomized controlled clinical trial. The aim was to provide preliminary clinical data on a new line of oral hygiene products containing a prebiotic and a paraprobiotic based on Lactobacillus plantarum. The recruitment rate and patient satisfaction were analyzed to estimate resources for the future primary study, and descriptive data on rebalancing of the oral microbiota were collected. The population was divided into 5 groups based on the products assigned to the patients: 1, delicate mint toothpaste (n = 20); 2, mint toothpaste (n = 12); 3, mint mouthwash (n = 20); 4, delicate mint toothpaste, mint mouthwash, and an antimicrobial toothbrush (n = 20); and 5, continued use of their usual oral care products and routine (control group; n = 12). The study duration was 28 days. All patients tolerated the products well, and there were no adverse events. The recruitment capability and procedures allowed for a realistic estimation for the future main trial. The products did not cause any changes in tooth color. The participants in group 4, who completed the treatment consisting of delicate mint toothpaste, mint mouthwash, and an antimicrobial toothbrush, reported the greatest reduction in gingival sensitivity (P ≤ 0.000; Wilcoxon signed rank test). Analysis with the Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed that all products induced a statistically significant decrease in plaque (P ≤ 0.002) and a reduction in gingival sensitivity (delicate mint toothpaste, P ≤ 0.005; mint toothpaste, P ≤ 0.015; and mint mouthwash, P ≤ 0.015). All products were effective in stabilizing the oral microbiota. The tested products showed an optimal safety profile and a statistically significant efficacy in reducing gingival sensitivity and plaque. They also stabilized the biodiversity of the oral microbiota, making it less susceptible to microbial fluctuations than the control group. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05999175).

Potential of microbial-derived biosurfactants for oral applications-a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds produced by various microorganisms. Current research evaluates diverse types of biosurfactants against a range of oral pathogens. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to explore the potential of microbial-derived biosurfactants for oral applications. METHODOLOGY: A systematic literature search was performed utilizing PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with designated keywords. The results were registered in the PROSPERO database and conducted following the PRISMA checklist. Criteria for eligibility, guided by the PICOS framework, were established for both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The QUIN tool was used to assess the bias risk for in vitro dentistry studies. RESULTS: Among the initial 357 findings, ten studies were selected for further analysis. The outcomes of this systematic review reveal that both crude and purified forms of biosurfactants exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against various oral pathogens. Noteworthy applications of biosurfactants in oral products include mouthwash, toothpaste, and implant coating. CONCLUSION: Biosurfactants have garnered considerable interest and demonstrated their potential for application in oral health. This is attributed to their surface-active properties, antiadhesive activity, biodegradability, and antimicrobial effectiveness against a variety of oral microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi.

A supramolecular fluorescence sensor array for the differentiation of multiple anions and prediction of iodine in artificial urine using machine learning.

The simultaneous discrimination and detection of multiple anions in an aqueous solution has been a major challenge due to their structural similarity and low charge radii. In this study, we have constructed a supramolecular fluorescence sensor array based on three host-guest complexes to distinguish five anions (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, and ClO-) in an aqueous solution using anionic-induced fluorescence quenching combined with linear discriminant analysis. Due to the different affinities of the three host-guest complexes for each anion the anion quenching efficiency for each host-guest complex was likewise different, and the five anions were well recognized. The fluorescence sensor array not only distinguished anions at different concentrations (0.5, 10, and 50 µM) with 100% accuracy but also showed good linearity within a certain concentration range. The limit of detection (LOD) was < 0.5 µM. Our interference study showed that the developed sensor array had good anti-interference ability. The practicability of the developed sensor array was also verified by the identification and differentiation of toothpaste brands with different fluoride content and the prediction of the iodine concentration in urine combined with machine learning.

Knowledge and practices of Iranian students (13-16 age) regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste.

INTRODUCTION: Fluoride is the main factor in reducing the prevalence of caries worldwide. However, there is insufficient knowledge about whether people in different age groups are aware of the benefits of fluoride toothpaste, as well as about people's daily oral care habits and whether they use fluoride. The purpose of this research is to investigate the knowledge and performance of Iranian students regarding the use of toothpaste containing fluoride. METHOD: This study was conducted on the first- and second-year high school students of Kerman city. Questionnaires containing personal questions, general questions, and questions related to students' knowledge and performance regarding the use of fluoride toothpaste were provided to them and then they were asked to complete and submit it. The results obtained from the survey were analyzed by T-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Chi-Square test in SPSS Version 24. The significance level in data analysis was P < 0.05. RESULTS: In this research, 681 forms including 252 boys and 429 girls were examined. The average age of the participants was 14.1 ± 0.4. 91.2% declared that they use toothpaste and 77.8% of them used toothpaste containing fluoride. 521 people stated that the price of toothpaste is important in using the type of toothpaste. 621 people used regular toothbrush and 609 people evaluated their oral health as good. 621 of the participants stated that toothpaste makes the mouth healthy. The average knowledge score was 16.7 ± 2.1 out of 24, which indicates the average knowledge of students in this field. CONCLUSION: This study showed that students' knowledge and performance about using fluoride-containing toothpaste is average. There was no significant relationship between performance and knowledge with age and gender. There was also a positive correlation between knowledge and performance indicating that increasing knowledge leads to an increase in behavioral changes. Also, there was a positive correlation between knowledge and performance, and a correlation coefficient of 0.731 was obtained between knowledge and performance. It shows that increasing knowledge leads to increasing behavioral changes.

Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children.

BACKGROUND: This is an update of a review first published in 2010. Use of topical fluoride has become more common over time. Excessive fluoride consumption from topical fluorides in young children could potentially lead to dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationship between the use of topical fluorides in young children and the risk of developing dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. SEARCH METHODS: We carried out electronic searches of the Cochrane Oral Health Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases, and two trials registers. We searched the reference lists of relevant articles. The latest search date was 28 July 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional surveys comparing fluoride toothpaste, mouth rinses, gels, foams, paint-on solutions, and varnishes to a different fluoride therapy, placebo, or no intervention. Upon the introduction of topical fluorides, the target population was children under six years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane and used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. The primary outcome measure was the percentage prevalence of fluorosis in the permanent teeth. Two authors extracted data from all included studies. In cases where both adjusted and unadjusted risk ratios or odds ratios were reported, we used the adjusted value in the meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS: We included 43 studies: three RCTs, four cohort studies, 10 case-control studies, and 26 cross-sectional surveys. We judged all three RCTs, one cohort study, one case-control study, and six cross-sectional studies to have some concerns for risk of bias. We judged all other observational studies to be at high risk of bias. We grouped the studies into five comparisons. Comparison 1. Age at which children started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste Two cohort studies (260 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children starting to use fluoride toothpaste for brushing at or before 12 months versus after 12 months and the development of fluorosis (risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.18; very low-certainty evidence). Similarly, evidence from one cohort study (3939 children) and two cross-sectional studies (1484 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children starting to use fluoride toothpaste for brushing before or after the age of 24 months (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.13; very low-certainty evidence) or before or after four years (odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95% CI 0.77 to 3.35; very low-certainty evidence), respectively. Comparison 2. Frequency of toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste Two case-control studies (258 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children brushing less than twice per day versus twice or more per day and the development of fluorosis (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.28; very low-certainty evidence). Two cross-sectional surveys (1693 children) demonstrated that brushing less than once per day versus once or more per day may be associated with a decrease in the development of fluorosis in children (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.74; low-certainty evidence). Comparison 3. Amount of fluoride toothpaste used for toothbrushing Two case-control studies (258 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between children using less than half a brush of toothpaste, versus half or more of the brush, and the development of fluorosis (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.46; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence from cross-sectional surveys was also very uncertain (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.28; 3 studies, 2037 children; very low-certainty evidence). Comparison 4. Fluoride concentration in toothpaste There was evidence from two RCTs (1968 children) that lower fluoride concentration in the toothpaste used by children under six years of age likely reduces the risk of developing fluorosis: 550 parts per million (ppm) fluoride versus 1000 ppm (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.99; moderate-certainty evidence); 440 ppm fluoride versus 1450 ppm (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.89; moderate-certainty evidence). The age at which the toothbrushing commenced was 24 months and 12 months, respectively. Two case-control studies (258 children) provided very uncertain evidence regarding the association between fluoride concentrations under 1000 ppm, versus concentrations of 1000 ppm or above, and the development of fluorosis (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.52; very low-certainty evidence). Comparison 5. Age at which topical fluoride varnish was applied There was evidence from one RCT (123 children) that there may be little to no difference between a fluoride varnish application before four years, versus no application, and the development of fluorosis (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.31; low-certainty evidence). There was low-certainty evidence from two cross-sectional surveys (982 children) that the application of topical fluoride varnish before four years of age may be associated with the development of fluorosis in children (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.46 to 3.25). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Most evidence identified mild fluorosis as a potential adverse outcome of using topical fluoride at an early age. There is low- to very low-certainty and inconclusive evidence on the risk of having fluorosis in permanent teeth for: when a child starts receiving topical fluoride varnish application; toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste; the amount of toothpaste used by the child; and the frequency of toothbrushing. Moderate-certainty evidence from RCTs showed that children who brushed with 1000 ppm or more fluoride toothpaste from one to two years of age until five to six years of age probably had an increased chance of developing dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. It is unethical to propose new RCTs to assess the development of dental fluorosis. However, future RCTs focusing on dental caries prevention could record children's exposure to topical fluoride sources in early life and evaluate the dental fluorosis in their permanent teeth as a long-term outcome. In the absence of these studies and methods, further research in this area will come from observational studies. Attention needs to be given to the choice of study design, bearing in mind that prospective controlled studies will be less susceptible to bias than retrospective and uncontrolled studies.