In vitro evaluation of Neosetophomone B inducing apoptosis in cutaneous T cell lymphoma by targeting the FOXM1 signaling pathway.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a T cell-derived non-Hodgkin lymphoma primarily affecting the skin, with treatment posing a significant challenge and low survival rates. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer potential of Neosetophomone B (NSP-B), a fungal-derived secondary metabolite, on CTCL cell lines H9 and HH. METHODS: Cell viability was measured using Cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assays. Apoptosis was measured by annexin V/PI dual staining. Immunoblotting was performed to examine the expression of proteins. Applied Biosystems' high-resolution Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 was used to examine gene expression. RESULTS: NSP-B induced apoptosis in CTCL cells by activating mitochondrial signaling pathways and caspases. We observed downregulated expression of BUB1B, Aurora Kinases A and B, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6, and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in NSP-B treated cells, which was further corroborated by Western blot analysis. Notably, higher expression levels of these genes showed reduced overall and progression-free survival in the CTCL patient cohort. FOXM1 and BUB1B expression exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in NSP-B-treated CTCL cells.FOXM1 silencing decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis via BUB1B downregulation. Moreover, NSP-B suppressed FOXM1-regulated genes, such as Aurora Kinases A and B, CDKs 4 and 6, and PLK1. The combined treatment of Bortezomib and NSP-B showed greater efficacy in reducing CTCL cell viability and promoting apoptosis compared to either treatment alone. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that targeting the FOXM1 pathway may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for CTCL management, with NSP-B offering significant potential as a novel treatment option.