Optimizing radiolabeling amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles using SarAr-NCS for applications in imaging and radiotherapy.

Silica nanoparticles functionalized with amine groups and in the size range of approximately 60-94 nm were produced by combining sol-gel processing and emulsion technology. Hexa-aza cage ligand SarAr-NCS was conjugated to the silica nanoparticles and subsequently radiolabeled with a solution of (57)Co(2+)-doped carrier Co(2+). The number of Co(2+) ions bound to the silica particles at pH 7 was used to determine the average number of available SarAr-NCS ligands conjugated to a silica particle. For organically modified silica particles of 94.0 and 59.5 nm diameter, the maximum number of metal binding sites was determined to be 11700 and 3270 sites per particle, respectively. For silica particles (63.5 nm peak diameter) produced using an water-in-oil emulsion, the calculated average was 4480 on the particle surface. The number of SarAr-NCS conjugated on the particles was easily controlled, potentially providing for a range of products for applications in the risk assessment of particles and theranostic imaging or radiotherapy when radiolabeled with a suitable radioisotope such as (64)Cu or (67)Cu.