Probabilistic analysis of risks to US drinking water intakes from 1,4-dioxane in domestic wastewater treatment plant effluents.
Integr Environ Assess Manag
; 9(4): 554-9, 2013 Oct.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-23713009
ABSTRACT
The risks of 1,4-dioxane (dioxane) concentrations in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, receiving primarily domestic wastewater, to downstream drinking water intakes was estimated using distributions of measured dioxane concentrations in effluents from 40 WWTPs and surface water dilution factors of 1323 drinking water intakes across the United States. Effluent samples were spiked with a d8 -1,4-dioxane internal standard in the field immediately after sample collection. Dioxane was extracted with ENVI-CARB-Plus solid phase columns and analyzed by GC/MS/MS, with a limit of quantification of 0.30 µg/L. Measured dioxane concentrations in domestic wastewater effluents ranged from <0.30 to 3.30 µg/L, with a mean concentration of 1.11 ± 0.60 µg/L. Dilution of upstream inputs of effluent were estimated for US drinking water intakes using the iSTREEM model at mean flow conditions, assuming no in-stream loss of dioxane. Dilution factors ranged from 2.6 to 48 113, with a mean of 875. The distributions of dilution factors and dioxane concentration in effluent were then combined using Monte Carlo analysis to estimate dioxane concentrations at drinking water intakes. This analysis showed the probability was negligible (p = 0.0031) that dioxane inputs from upstream WWTPs could result in intake concentrations exceeding the USEPA drinking water advisory concentration of 0.35 µg/L, before any treatment of the water for drinking use.
Palavras-chave
Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Contexto em Saúde:
2_ODS3
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Poluentes Químicos da Água
/
Água Potável
/
Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos
/
Dioxanos
/
Águas Residuárias
Tipo de estudo:
Etiology_studies
/
Prognostic_studies
/
Risk_factors_studies
País/Região como assunto:
America do norte
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Integr Environ Assess Manag
Ano de publicação:
2013
Tipo de documento:
Article