[Motor disorders in neurodevelopmental disorders. Tics and stereotypies]. / Trastornos motores en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Tics y estereotipias.

ABSTRACT

Tics are repetitive, sharp, rapid, non-rhythmic movements or utterances that are the result of sudden, abrupt and involuntary muscular contractions. Stereotypies are repetitive, apparently impulsive, rhythmic, purposeless movements that follow an individual repertoire that is specific to each individual and that occur under a variable time pattern, which may be either transient or persistent. Both are included in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), among the neurodevelopmental disorders, and together with coordination development disorder go to make up the group of motor disorders. For tics, the categories of 'Tourette's disorder', 'chronic motor or vocal tic disorder' and 'unspecified tic disorder' have been maintained, whereas the category 'transient tics' has disappeared and 'provisional tic disorder' and 'other specified tic disorders' have been incorporated. Within stereotypic movement disorder, the DSM-5 replaces 'non-functional' by 'apparently purposeless'; the thresholds of the need for medical care are withdrawn and replaced with the manual's standard involvement criterion; mental retardation is no longer mentioned and emphasis is placed on the severity of the stereotypic movement; and a criterion concerning the onset of symptoms and specifiers of the existence or not of self-injurious behaviours have been added, together with the association with genetic or general medical diseases or extrinsic factors. Moreover, a categorisation depending on severity has also been included.

RESUMEN

TITLE Trastornos motores en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Tics y estereotipias.Los tics son movimientos o vocalizaciones repetitivos, bruscos, rapidos y no ritmicos, resultantes de contracciones musculares subitas, abruptas e involuntarias. Las estereotipias son movimientos repetitivos, aparentemente impulsivos, ritmicos y carentes de propositividad, que siguen un repertorio individual propio de cada individuo y que se presentan bajo un patron temporal variable, bien transitorio o persistente. Ambos se incluyen en el Manual diagnostico y estadistico de los trastornos mentales, quinta edicion (DSM-5), en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo, y conforman, junto con el trastorno del desarrollo de la coordinacion, el grupo de trastornos motores. Para los tics se han mantenido las categorias de 'trastorno de Tourette', 'trastorno de tics motor o vocal cronico' y 'trastorno de tics no especificado'; desaparece la categoria de 'tics transitorios' y se incorporan el 'trastorno de tics provisional' y 'otros trastornos de tics especificados'. En el trastorno de movimientos estereotipado, el DSM-5 sustituye 'no funcional' por 'aparentemente carente de sentido', se retiran los umbrales de necesidad de atencion medica y se sustituyen por el criterio de afectacion estandar del manual, se omite la alusion al retraso mental para matizar la gravedad del movimiento estereotipado, y se añaden un criterio de inicio de sintomas y especificadores de existencia o no de comportamientos autolesivos, asi como de asociacion a enfermedades geneticas, medicas generales o factores extrinsecos. Se incluye, ademas, una categorizacion en funcion de la gravedad.