TGFß1 induces hypertrophic change and expression of angiogenic factors in human chondrocytes.

The transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1) plays an important role in cartilage development. However, whether TGFß1 stimulates chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) remains elusive, especially in the context of different treatment and tissue environments. In the present study, we investigated the role of TGFß1 in human chondrocyte culture in vitro, focusing on the morphological change of chondrocytes and the expression of angiogenic factors upon TGFß1 stimulation. We found increased expression of biomarkers indicating chondrocyte hypertrophy and the chondrocytes aggregated to form networks when they were treated with TGFß1. DNA microarray analysis revealed significantly increased expression of genes related to blood vessel formation in TGFß1 treatment group compared to control group. Matrigel assay further demonstrated that chondrocytes had the potential to form network-like structure. These results suggested that TGFß1 induces the hypertrophic change of chondrocytes culture in vitro and induce expression of angiogenic biomarkers. Therefore, application of TGFß1 for chondrocyte culture in practice should be considered prudentially and targeting TGFß1 or relevant receptors to block the signaling pathway might be a strategy to prevent or alleviate progression of osteoarthritis.