Augmented Reality of the Middle Ear Combining Otoendoscopy and Temporal Bone Computed Tomography.

HYPOTHESIS: Augmented reality (AR) may enhance otologic procedures by providing sub-millimetric accuracy and allowing the unification of information in a single screen. BACKGROUND: Several issues related to otologic procedures can be addressed through an AR system by providing sub-millimetric precision, supplying a global view of the middle ear cleft, and advantageously unifying the information in a single screen. The AR system is obtained by combining otoendoscopy with temporal bone computer tomography (CT). METHODS: Four human temporal bone specimens were explored by high-resolution CT-scan and dynamic otoendoscopy with video recordings. The initialization of the system consisted of a semi-automatic registration between the otoendoscopic video and the 3D CT-scan reconstruction of the middle ear. Endoscope movements were estimated by several computer vision techniques (feature detectors/descriptors and optical flow) and used to warp the CT-scan to keep the correspondence with the otoendoscopic video. RESULTS: The system maintained synchronization between the CT-scan image and the otoendoscopic video in all experiments during slow and rapid (5-10 mm/s) endoscope movements. Among tested algorithms, two feature-based methods, scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT); and speeded up robust features (SURF), provided sub-millimeter mean tracking errors (0.38 ±â€Š0.53 mm and 0.20 ±â€Š0.16 mm, respectively) and an adequate image refresh rate (11 and 17 frames per second, respectively) after 2 minutes of procedure with continuous endoscope movements. CONCLUSION: A precise augmented reality combining video and 3D CT-scan data can be applied to otoendoscopy without the use of conventional neuronavigation tracking thanks to computer vision algorithms.