Fuel-independent and membrane-less self-charging biosupercapacitor.

We present a fuel-independent self-charging biosupercapacitor comprising an oxygen reducing enzymatic biocathode and an opposing bioelectrode, in which the supercapacitive properties of immobilised protein were utilised. Our findings disclose a novel hybrid type of bioelectrochemical systems, which can potentially be employed as an autonomous power supplier under substrate-deficient conditions.