The clinical predictive factors and postoperative histopathological parameters associated with upgrading after radical prostatectomy: A contemporary analysis with grade groups.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Upgrading after radical prostatectomy (RP) is an ongoing problem since first description of Gleason score. In this retrospective study, our aim is to investigate upgrading after RP in grade groups (GG) and clinical predictive, and postoperative histopathological factors associated with GG upgrading (GGU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 753 patients undergoing RP between January 2006 and June 2019 at our institution were investigated. Overall cohort were divided into two groups according to GGU status after RP as nonupgrading and upgrading. Retrospectively documented preoperative clinical and postoperative histopathological parameters were compared between two groups. Furthermore, we investigated a subgroup of institutional cohort (n = 398) whose prostate biopsy (Pbx) and RP were performed in our institution and we also divided this cohort into two groups according to GGU status. χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for comparative analyses. The independent preoperative predictive and postoperative histopathological factors associated with GGU were investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The total GGU was 55.8% in overall cohort and 45.2% in institutional cohort. The GGU was found as the most common in bioptic GG1 group in both overall (64.0%), and institutional (54.5%) cohorts. In multivariate analyses, the noninstitutional Pbx (odds ratio [OR] = 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.86-3.51; P < .001), tumor positive core numbers in Pbx (OR = 1.11; 95%CI 1.04-1.19; P = .003), increased prostate specific antigen (PSA) density (OR = 3.59; 95%CI 1.03-12.52, P = .045) and age (OR = 1.03; 95%CI 1.00-1.05, P = .046) were independent clinical predictors of GGU in overall cohort whereas only increased PSA density (OR = 5.94; 95%CI 1.28-27.50; P = .023) was independent predictor in institutional cohort. Among postoperative histopathological factors, perineural invasion (OR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.70-3.87; P < .001 and OR = 2.53; 95%CI 1.46-4.40; P = .001, respectively), increased maximum tumor diameter (OR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.23-1.73; P < .001 and OR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.07-1.66; P = .010, respectively), and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) existence at tumor surrounding tissue (OR = 1.96; 95%CI 1.32-2.90; P = .001 and OR = 1.87; 95%CI 1.10-3.21; P = .022, respectively) were independently associated with GGU after RP, in both of overall and institutional cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Noninstitutional prostate biopsy, increased PSA density, higher tumor positive cores in Pbx and older age are the clinical predictors of upgrading after RP in contemporary GG. Perineural invasion, increased maximum tumor diameter, and HGPIN existence at tumor surrounding tissue are postoperative histopathological factors associated with GGU.