Family emotional climate in childhood and risk of PTSD in adult children of Australian Vietnam veterans.

ABSTRACT

The mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from parent to child are not yet known. We hypothesised that the mechanisms involved in trauma transmission may be dependent upon sex specific caregiver-child dyads and these dyads may have a differential impact on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A non-clinical sample of adult offspring (N = 306) of Australian Vietnam veterans was interviewed in-person to assess the relationship between family emotional climate and caregiver attachment with the offspring's adult experience of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Attachment to the veteran father was not associated with sons' PTSD, but was for daughters. Attachment to mother was associated with PTSD and depression for both sons and daughters, with positive and warm attachment related to reduced PTSD diagnosis and its symptom clusters. A less positive family emotional environment was related to increased PTSD symptoms in daughters, while for sons a negative relationship style with their mother was related to increased frequency and severity of numbing/avoidance behaviours and hyperarousal symptoms. The findings suggest that sex-related differences in caregiver-child dyads do have a differential impact on PTSD symptom domains and may be one environmental mechanism by which trauma is transmitted across generations.