Delving into the bacterial diversity of spoiled green Manzanilla Spanish-style table olive fermentations.

ABSTRACT

This work applies metataxonomic, standard statistics, and compositional data (CoDa) techniques to study the bacterial diversity of spoiled and normal Spanish-style table olive fermentations, analysing a total of 10-tons of industrial fermentation containers from two processing yards. Forty percent were affected by butyric, sulfidic, or putrid spoilage, while 60% followed the ordinary fermentation course. The samples were obtained at 30 days of fermentation, determining their 16S rRNA gene Amplicon Sequence Variant compositions (ASVs). The butyric containers showed a bacterial profile strongly associated with the genera Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, and Atlantibacter, but also with Lactiplantibacillus and Melissococcus, and less confident to Raoultella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Celerinatantimonas. The sulfidic fermentation was linked to Alkalibacterium and, to a lesser extent, Marinilactibacillus and the absence of Lactiplantibacillus. Putrid spoilage was mainly related to Halolactibacillus and Alkalibacterium. Sulfidic/putrid (together) differed from butyric spoilage by the presence of Alkalibacterium/Marinilactibacillus as well as by Halomonas/Halanaerobium. Lactiplantibacillus dominated normal fermentations, but Vibrio was also frequently found (0-46%), apparently not causing any alteration. These results contribute to a better microbial characterisation of non-zapatera spoiled table olive fermentations. They also suggest using several statistical techniques to discriminate normal vs spoiled fermentations adequately.