Evolutionary and dietary relationships of wild mammals based on the gut microbiome.

ABSTRACT

Gut microbiome influence the health and evolution of mammals and multiple factors modulate the structure and function of gut microbiome. However, the specific changes of the diets and phylogeny on the gut microbiome were unclear. Here, we compared the gut microbiome of 16 rare wild mammals. All data (>200G 16S rRNA gene sequences) were generated using a high-throughput sequencing platform. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most predominant phyla in all mammals. However, Proteobacteria was an additionally dominant phylum specifically detected in the microbiome of carnivores and omnivores. Moreover, the dominant phyla in canids were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on the gut microbiome and mitochondrial genome of these mammals were similar. The impact of the host on the microbiome community composition was most evident when considering conspecific and congeneric relationships. Similarity clustering showed that the gut microbiome of herbivores was clustered together, and the other clade comprised both omnivores and carnivores. Collectively, these results revealed that phylogenetic relationships and diet have an important impact on the gut microbiome, and thus the gut microbiome community composition may reflect both the phylogenetic relationships and diets. This study provides valuable basic data to facilitate future efforts related to animal conservation and health.