Traumatic Brain Injury in Underage Motorcycle Drivers: Clinical Outcomes and Sociocultural Attitudes from a Lower-Middle-Income Country.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Poor societal attitudes and inadequate law enforcement have greatly contributed to the increase in underage motorcycle driving in Pakistan. This study reports the burden of traumatic brain injury (TBI), clinical characteristics/outcomes, and reason for driving in underage motorcyclists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted throughout 2021. Demographics, mechanism of injury, helmet use, number of passengers, clinical outcomes, reason for driving and parental awareness/consent status, referral pathway, and transport duration were documented. RESULTS: Of a total of 1052 motorcyclists with TBI, 112 were underage drivers. The mean age was 14.7 years (range, 10-17 years); 98.2% were male and 17% wore protective helmets. The most common reason for driving was recreational, followed by for domestic chores. In 66 patients, there was parental awareness and 30 of these patients had active parental consent. These patients reported domestic chores as the reason for their journey, whereas recreational purposes were a more prevalent reason in patients without parental awareness/consent (P < 0.001). Most patients were brought by provincial ambulance service (response time 12.8 minutes). Some patients came from peripheral hospitals (26.8%) and private hospitals (14.3%) that lacked neurosurgical cover, and these were associated with severer baseline injuries (P < 0.001). The average stay was 6.5 days, and 75.9% of patients were discharged with a good Glasgow Outcome Scale score. CONCLUSIONS: Most underage patients with TBI resulting from motorcycle driving are adolescent boys who do not use helmets. Trauma prevention systems and involvement of multiple stakeholders are needed to reduce underage driving. Efficient referral systems must transport patients to appropriate neurosurgical cover, which is lacking outside major cities.