Decreased functional connectivity in salience network is associated with symptom severity in betel quid-dependent chewers.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Betel quid (BQ) is the fourth most popular psychoactive agent worldwide. Neuroimaging studies have showed that substance-addicted individuals including alcohol, heroin, nicotine and other addictive substance exhibit altered activity patterns of the salience network (SN). However, no study has yet investigated the neural correlates of the resting-state SN and BQ dependence (BQD)-related physiopathological characteristics. METHODS: Thirty-two BQ-dependent (BQD) chewers and 32 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this study. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were analysed by independent component analysis (ICA). RESULTS: BQD chewers exhibited decreased functional connectivity in bilateral insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial superior frontal gyrus (MSFG) and inferior orbital frontal gyrus (IOFG) [false discovery rate (FDR) correction, p < 0.05]. In the BQD group, the decreased functional connectivity in left ACC correlated negatively with BQDS (BQD Scale) and the duration of BQ. CONCLUSIONS: We reported decreased functional connectivity in resting-state SN of BQD individuals. The decreased functional connectivity in left ACC correlated negatively with BQDS and the duration of BQ. Our findings provided evidence for the importance of the SN in the pathophysiology of BQD and indicated that the SN dysfunction might provide a potential mechanism in BQD development.