(3D), three-dimensional; (AF), annular fibers; (AFSC), AF stem cells; (APNP), acellular hydrogel descendent from porcine NP; (DAF-G), decellularized AF hydrogel; (DAPI), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; (DCM), decellularized matrix; (DET), detergent-enzymatic treatment; (DWJM), Wharton's jelly matrix; (ECM), extracellular matrix; (EVs), extracellular vesicles; (Exos), exosome; (IDD), intervertebral disc degeneration; (IVD), intervertebral disc; (LBP), Low back pain; (NP), nucleus pulposus; (NPCS), NP-based cell delivery system; (PEGDA/DAFM), polyethylene glycol diacrylate/decellularized AF matrix; (SD), sodium deoxycholate; (SDS), sodium dodecyl sulfate; (SIS), small intestinal submucosa; (TGF), transforming growth factor; (bFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor; (hADSCs), human adipose-derived stem cells; (hDF), human dermal fibroblast; (iAF), inner annular fibers; (oAF), outer annular fibers; (sGAG), sulfated glycosaminoglycan; Decellularized matrix; Intervertebral disc degeneration; Regenerative medicine; Tissue engineering