AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in a neurodevelopmental disorder.

ABSTRACT

AGAP1 is an Arf1 GAP that regulates endolysosomal trafficking. Damaging variants have been linked to cerebral palsy and autism. We report 3 new individuals with microdeletion variants in AGAP1 . Affected individuals have intellectual disability (3/3), autism (3/3), dystonia with axial hypotonia (1/3), abnormalities of brain maturation (1/3), growth impairment (2/3) and facial dysmorphism (2/3). We investigated mechanisms potentially underlying AGAP1 neurodevelopmental impairments using the Drosophila ortholog, CenG1a . We discovered reduced axon terminal size, increased neuronal endosome abundance, and elevated autophagy at baseline. Given potential incomplete penetrance, we assessed gene-environment interactions. We found basal elevation in phosphorylation of the integrated stress-response protein eIF2α and inability to further increase eIF2α-P with subsequent cytotoxic stressors. CenG1a -mutant flies have increased lethality from exposure to environmental insults. We propose a model wherein disruption of AGAP1 function impairs endolysosomal trafficking, chronically activating the integrated stress response, and leaving AGAP1-deficient cells susceptible to a variety of second hit cytotoxic stressors. This model may have broader applicability beyond AGAP1 in instances where both genetic and environmental insults co-occur in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary statement We describe 3 additional patients with heterozygous AGAP1 deletion variants and use a loss of function Drosophila model to identify defects in synaptic morphology with increased endosomal sequestration, chronic autophagy induction, basal activation of eIF2α-P, and sensitivity to environmental stressors.