CXCR4 Targeting Nanoplatform for Transcriptional Activation of Latent HIV-1 Infected T Cells.

Antiretroviral drugs are limited in their ability to target latent retroviral reservoirs in CD4+ T cells, highlighting the need for a T cell-targeted drug delivery system that activates the transcription of inactivated viral DNA in infected cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) disrupt chromatin-mediated silencing of the viral genome and are explored in HIV latency reversal. But single drug formulations of HDACi are insufficient to elicit therapeutic efficacy, warranting combination therapy. Furthermore, protein kinase C activators (PKC) have shown latency reversal activity in HIV by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Combining HDACi (SAHA) with PKC (PMA) activators enhances HIV reservoir activation by promoting chromatin decondensation and subsequent transcriptional activation. In this study, we developed a mixed nanomicelle (PD-CR4) drug delivery system for simultaneous targeting of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells with two drugs, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). SAHA is a HDACi that promotes chromatin decondensation, while PMA is a PKC agonist that enhances transcriptional activation. The physicochemical properties of the formulated PD-CR4 nanoparticles were characterized by NMR, CMC, DLS, and TEM analyses. Further, we investigated in vitro safety profiles, targeting efficacy, and transcriptional activation of inactivated HIV reservoir cells. Our results suggest that we successfully prepared a targeted PD system with dual drug loading. We have compared latency reversal efficacy of a single drug nanoformulation and combination drug nanoformulation. Final PD-SP-CR4 successfully activated infected CD4+ T cell reservoirs and showed enhanced antigen release from HIV reservoir T cells, compared with the single drug treatment group as expected. To summarize, our data shows PD-SP-CR4 has potential T cell targeting efficiency and efficiently activated dormant CD4+ T cells. Our data indicate that a dual drug-loaded particle has better therapeutic efficacy than a single loaded particle as expected. Hence, PD-CR4 can be further explored for HIV therapeutic drug delivery studies.