Procyanidins and sensory nutrition; do procyanidins modulate homeostasis via astringent taste receptors?

Long-term intake of procyanidins has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, dementia, and sensory function decline associated with aging. However, most of the ingested procyanidins are not absorbed and are excreted in the feces, so the mechanism of their beneficial impact is unknown. Procyanidins are the components of astringency in plant foods and their stimulation appears to be directly transmitted to the central nervous system via sensory nerves. Recent attention has been focused on the taste receptors expressed in the extra-oral gastrointestinal tract may regulate homeostasis via the neuroendocrine system. In this paper, we have reviewed recent findings on the relationship between the astringency of procyanidins and their bioregulatory effects.