Determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins (azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and okadaic acid group) and domoic acid in mussels by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

ABSTRACT

An accurate and efficient method was developed for the determination of azaspiracid shellfish toxins (azaspiracids-1, -2, and -3), neurotoxic shellfish toxins (brevetoxins-2 and -3), diarrhetic shellfish toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins-1 and -2), and the amnesic shellfish toxin (domoic acid) in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Lipophilic marine biotoxins (azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and okadaic acid group) were extracted with 0.5 % acetic acid in methanol under heating at 60°C to improve the extraction efficiency of okadaic acid group toxins and then cleaned up with a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Domoic acid was extracted with 50 % aqueous methanol and then cleaned up with a graphitized carbon solid-phase extraction cartridge. Lipophilic marine biotoxins and domoic acid were quantified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method had insignificant matrix effects for the nine analytes and good recoveries in the range of 79.0 % to 97.6 % at three spiking levels for all analytes except brevetoxin-2 (43.8-49.8 %). The developed method was further validated by analyzing mussel tissue certified reference materials, and good agreement was observed between certified and determined values.