Patient-reported outcomes in diabetes-related foot conditions: Is patient experience influenced by ethnicity? A mixed-methods systematic review.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Research in diabetes-related foot conditions (DRFC) often focuses on ulcer-related care, whilst the patient experience and influence of sociodemographic factors are under-researched. This systematic review investigated patient-reported outcomes and experience in people with DRFC. METHODS: Multiple databases were searched from inception to 16 August 2023. All original articles that assessed any patient-reported outcome or experience in DRFC and reported participant ethnicity were included. Data were synthesized using a sequential contingent approach. Study quality was assessed using study design-specific tools. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies were included (11 qualitative, 11 quantitative and one mixed-methods). DRFC had a largely negative impact on various life dimensions, including social and daily life, work, emotional and psychological well-being, necessitating dependence on others in the form of emotional, social and/or religious support, which were experienced differently by different groups. Patient DRFC knowledge and self-care habits were typically suboptimal, and levels of hope and feeling of control over their condition varied between groups. Outcomes varied slightly between ethnicities across studies, with some ethnicity-specific themes identified such as beliefs about disease cause and footwear habits. Quantitative and qualitative findings were mostly congruent. CONCLUSIONS: DRFC profoundly and negatively impacts patient-reported outcomes and experience, with limited evidence suggesting an influence of ethnicity.