Toddler development in the family: impact of father involvement and parenting characteristics.

ABSTRACT

The family context of toddler development was explored with 75 20-month-olds and their parents. To determine the impact of quantitative and qualitative aspects of fathering, relationships between father involvement in child rearing, parenting characteristics (attitudes and behavior), and child adaptation were investigated. Child characteristics included security of toddler-father and toddler-mother attachment assessed in the strange situation, and toddler affect and task orientation in a problem-solving task. Parental attitudes and father involvement were assessed with questionnaires. Analyses examining associations among father involvement, parenting characteristics, and toddler development demonstrated significant relationships. Extent of father involvement was related to toddler development with both fathers and mothers. However, results highlighted the salience of qualitative characteristics (attitudes, behavioral sensitivity) rather than quantitative characteristics (amount of father's time with child) of parenting for toddler development.