Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.

Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública / Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli , responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli , which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)

Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent “O” serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...](AU)

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent “O” serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...]

Presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil

Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)

Investigation of Salmonella spp. in backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and eggs sold in free markets in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará / Pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em galinhas criadas em fundo de quintal (Gallus gallus domesticus) e ovos comercializados nas feiras livres na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará

Poultry meat and byproducts are the main protein source for man. However, such foods are related tooutbreaks of food-borne infections around the world, caused mainly by Salmonella spp. Therefore, thepresent study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in material collected in properties ofbackyard chickens (eggs, ration, cloacal swab and drag swab) and to perform a survey of members ofthe Enterobacteriaceae family in eggs commercialized in the main free markets of Fortaleza. Individualcloacal swabs were collected from 405 backyard chickens from 18 houses and 10 eggs were alsocollected for analysis of eggshell and internal content from each sampled household, totaling 180 eggs.From the free markets, 90 eggs were collected. Once sampled, the ration, cloacal swab, drag swab, shelland internal contents of eggs were incubated in Peptone Water and aliquots were placed in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin. Following, aliquots of each broth werestreaked in plates Brilliant Green agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect colonies for Salmonella spp.were submitted to biochemical identification, with the temperature and incubation time standardizedin 37ºC/24h, respectively. Eggs collected from houses were broken in sterile beaker and maintained inbacteriological incubator at 37ºc/24h. After such period, aliquots collected were incubated in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin, following the same bacteriologicalprocedure mentioned previously for swabs. Eggs from free markets were analyzed with the samemethodology as the house eggs, minus the antibiotic Novobiocin in the Selenite-Cystin broth, andwith further biochemical tests used to identify the different members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.No Salmonella spp. were isolated from swab or egg samples.(AU)

A carne de aves e seus subprodutos são as principais fontes de proteína para o homem. No entanto estão implicadas em surtos de toxi-infecção em todo o mundo, causada principalmente por Salmonella spp. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Salmonella spp. em material coletado em propriedades criadoras de galinhas de fundo de quintal (ovos, ração, swab cloacal e de arrasto) e realizar um levantamento das enterobactérias encontradas nos ovos comercializados nas principais feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza. Foi realizado coleta de swab cloacal individual em 405 galinhas caipiras de 18 criatórios, e coletado dez ovos por propriedade para análise do conteúdo interno e da casca, totalizando 180 ovos. Amostras de swabs de arrastos e de ração também foram coletadas nas propriedades. Nas feiras livres, foram adquiridos 90 ovos. Após coletados, a ração, os swabs cloacais e de arrasto, casca e conteúdos interno dos ovos foram colocados em Água Peptonada (AP) e em seguida transferido uma alíquota para caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) e Seletino-Cistina contendo novobiocina (SCN). Seguidamente foi realizado plaqueamento em Ágar Verde Brilhante (AVB) e MacConkey (MC). As colônias suspeitas para Salmonella spp. foram submetidas à identificação bioquímica, sendo a temperatura e período de incubação padronizado em todas as etapas em 37C/24h, respectivamente.(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobactersp., Proteussp., and Enterobactersp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiellasp., Hafniasp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiellasp., Providenciasp. and Serratiasp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonellawas isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafniasp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.

Presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil

Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...

Survey of Salmonella sp in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in Fortaleza, Brazil

Background: The budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) are psittacine of the Psittacidae family which belongs in the Psittaciformes order. These birds do not belong in the free living fauna of Brazil, therefore almost all of these birds found in the home environment are derived from pet stores or free markets. The dissemination of Salmonella among psittacine and other birds, and men as well, is a theme of great scientific concern. Salmonellosis is a highly contagious disease and psittacine are susceptible, but may also act as reservoirs hosting Salmonella sp. in the intestines and presenting as a source of infection to humans and domestic animals. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, identify and to assess the dissemination of Salmonella in budgerigars in Fortaleza city. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was performed between January and September, 2011. Two hundred and sixty four samples of drag and cloacal swabs were collected from budgerigars found in pet stores and breeders, of which 198 were individual cloacal swabs, 58 were drag swabs and 8 intestine samples were also collected during necropsy performed in birds that died during the experiment. The microbiological procedure was performed according to the following steps: pre-enrichment step, using tubes containing peptone water broth; selective enrichment step, in which pre-enriched cultures were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and tubes containing Selenite-Cystine broth, added Novobiocin; and plating step, in which enriched samples were streaked in plates containing Brilliant Green agar and plates containing MacConkey agar. Based on the morphology and color, colonies were selected and inoculated in Triple-Sugar-Iron agar, Lysine-Iron agar and Sulphite-Indole-Motility agar for confirmation. Urease production was assessed to differentiate Proteus from Salmonella. A questionnaire was administered to fully comprehend the conditions in which the budgerigars were maintained and housed, comprising the following subjects: food type, antimicrobial use, cleaning products used and bird species housed per cage. No Salmonella sp. was detected in budgerigars commercialized and maintained in pet stores and commercial breeders in Fortaleza city, Brazil. The questionnaire results revealed that most establishments maintain the seeds provided for the budgerigars in sealed containers and also, feeders, drinkers, cages and facilities are cleaned once a day, though most use only water treated by the local company to do so. Discussion: The studies involving Salmonella sp. and budgerigars are scarce and show a low or absent prevalence of this pathogen in this bird. The results of the questionnaire administered to the bird owners also aided in understanding the absence of Salmonella sp. in the studied birds. In conclusion, according to the methodology applied, the budgerigars commercialized in Fortaleza city do not pose imminent risk of transmitting Salmonella to the local population. In spite the absence of positivity or low prevalence of Salmonella in budgerigars reported in this study as in other scientific literature consulted, it is still recommended that control measures should always be applied in order to avoid this pathogen, since important serotypes potentially harmful to human health have been previously identified in this avian species.

Investigation of Salmonella spp. in backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and eggs sold in free markets in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará / Pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em galinhas criadas em fundo de quintal (Gallus gallus domesticus) e ovos comercializados nas feiras livres na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará

Poultry meat and byproducts are the main protein source for man. However, such foods are related tooutbreaks of food-borne infections around the world, caused mainly by Salmonella spp. Therefore, thepresent study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in material collected in properties ofbackyard chickens (eggs, ration, cloacal swab and drag swab) and to perform a survey of members ofthe Enterobacteriaceae family in eggs commercialized in the main free markets of Fortaleza. Individualcloacal swabs were collected from 405 backyard chickens from 18 houses and 10 eggs were alsocollected for analysis of eggshell and internal content from each sampled household, totaling 180 eggs.From the free markets, 90 eggs were collected. Once sampled, the ration, cloacal swab, drag swab, shelland internal contents of eggs were incubated in Peptone Water and aliquots were placed in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin. Following, aliquots of each broth werestreaked in plates Brilliant Green agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect colonies for Salmonella spp.were submitted to biochemical identification, with the temperature and incubation time standardizedin 37ºC/24h, respectively. Eggs collected from houses were broken in sterile beaker and maintained inbacteriological incubator at 37ºc/24h. After such period, aliquots collected were incubated in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin, following the same bacteriologicalprocedure mentioned previously for swabs. Eggs from free markets were analyzed with the samemethodology as the house eggs, minus the antibiotic Novobiocin in the Selenite-Cystin broth, andwith further biochemical tests used to identify the different members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.No Salmonella spp. were isolated from swab or egg samples.

A carne de aves e seus subprodutos são as principais fontes de proteína para o homem. No entanto estão implicadas em surtos de toxi-infecção em todo o mundo, causada principalmente por Salmonella spp. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Salmonella spp. em material coletado em propriedades criadoras de galinhas de fundo de quintal (ovos, ração, swab cloacal e de arrasto) e realizar um levantamento das enterobactérias encontradas nos ovos comercializados nas principais feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza. Foi realizado coleta de swab cloacal individual em 405 galinhas caipiras de 18 criatórios, e coletado dez ovos por propriedade para análise do conteúdo interno e da casca, totalizando 180 ovos. Amostras de swabs de arrastos e de ração também foram coletadas nas propriedades. Nas feiras livres, foram adquiridos 90 ovos. Após coletados, a ração, os swabs cloacais e de arrasto, casca e conteúdos interno dos ovos foram colocados em Água Peptonada (AP) e em seguida transferido uma alíquota para caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) e Seletino-Cistina contendo novobiocina (SCN). Seguidamente foi realizado plaqueamento em Ágar Verde Brilhante (AVB) e MacConkey (MC). As colônias suspeitas para Salmonella spp. foram submetidas à identificação bioquímica, sendo a temperatura e período de incubação padronizado em todas as etapas em 37C/24h, respectivamente.