Protocolo anestésico em guaxinim submetido à colocefalectomia / Anesthesic protocol in a raccoon submitted to colocephalectomy

Em guaxinins, comumente se observa a presença de osteoartrites acometendo a articulação coxofemoral. Em carnívoros domésticos, o tratamento pode ser conservativo ou cirúrgico e, dentre as técnicas cirúrgicas, cita-se a colocefalectomia. Por ser um procedimento que provoca dor moderada a severa, um protocolo de anestesia balanceada se faz necessário, podendo associar a técnicas de bloqueio locorregional, como a epidural. Protocolos descritos para a espécie são limitados, porém comumente empregados para contenções químicas, avaliações físicas e exames de imagem. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a o protocolo anestésico realizado em guaxinim (Procyon cancrivorus) submetido à colocefalectomia. Foram utilizados dexmedetomidina (5µg/kg), cetamina (5mg/kg) e diazepam (0,3mg/kg) por via intramuscular como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com propofol e manutenção por anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Para execução da anestesia epidural, realizou-se uma abordagem na região lombossacral, sendo administrados bupivacaína (1mg/kg) e morfina (0,1mg/kg). Não houve intercorrências e os parâmetros fisiológicos mantiveram-se estáveis. Descartou-se a necessidade de resgate analgésico e a recuperação anestésica foi rápida. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o manejo anestésico proposto promoveu estabilidade hemodinâmica e recuperação satisfatórias para a espécie.

In raccoons, the presence of osteoarthritis affecting the hip joint is commonly observed. In domestic carnivores, the treatment can be conservative or surgical and, among the surgical techniques, colocephalectomy is mentioned. Since it is a procedure that causes moderate to severe pain, a balanced anesthesia protocol is necessary, which can be associated with locoregional block techniques such as the epidural. Protocols described for the species are limited, being commonly used for chemical restraints, physical assessments, and imaging exams. Therefore, this work aims to report the anesthetic protocol performed on a raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) submitted to colocephalectomy. Dexmedetomidine (5µg/kg), ketamine (5mg/kg), and diazepam (0.3mg/kg) were used intramuscularly as pre-anesthetic medication, in addition to induction with propofol, and the maintenance by inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane. For epidural anesthesia, an approach was performed in the lumbosacral region, with the administration of bupivacaine (1mg/kg) and morphine (0.1mg/kg). There were no complications and the physiological parameters remained stable. The need for analgesic rescue was ruled out and the anesthetic recovery was fast. Thus, it is concluded that the proposed anesthetic management promoted hemodynamic stability and a satisfactory recovery for the species.

Bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen em coelha submetida à mastectomia e ovariohisterectomia / Blockade of the transverse plane of the abdomen in a rabbit submitted to mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy

Os bloqueios locorregionais vêm sendo cada vez mais estudados na medicina veterinária, principalmente em pets não-convencionais e animais silvestres. O bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen (TAP block) é uma técnica de anestesia locorregional capaz de promover anestesia e analgesia em regiões da pele, musculatura e peritônio parietal, as quais fazem parte da estratégia de analgesia multimodal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o bloqueio do plano transverso em um coelho doméstico de quatro anos de idade submetido à mastectomia regional e ovariohisterectomia. Foram realizados dois pontos bilateralmente de bloqueio do espaço TAP guiado por ultrassom com 2mg/kg de bupivacaína a 0,25%, padronizando um volume total injetado de 2,4mL. Foram utilizados dexmedetomidina (5É¥g/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) por via intramuscular como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com isoflurano na máscara de oxigênio 100% e manutenção por anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Os parâmetros fisiológicos mantiveram-se estáveis, sem necessidade de resgate analgésico, com extubação rápida e despertar tranquilo. Desta forma, conclui-se que o TAP block foi eficaz na analgesia para mastectomia regional e ovariohisterectomia como protocolo multimodal, aumentando o índice de segurança, além de ser de fácil execução mesmo com transdutores de baixa frequência.

The locoregional blocks have been increasingly studied in veterinary medicine, especially in non-conventional pets and wild animals. The transverse abdominis plane block (TAP block) is a locoregional anesthesia technique capable of promoting anesthesia and analgesia in the skin, muscle, and parietal peritoneum regions, which are is part of the multimodal analgesia strategy. This study aims to report the transverse plane block in a four-year-old domestic rabbit submitted to regional mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy. Two ultrasound-guided TAP space blocks were performed bilaterally with 2mg/kg of bupivacaine 0.25%, standardizing a total injected volume of 2.4mL. Dexmedetomidine (5É¥g/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) were used intramuscularly as pre-anesthetic medication, induction with isoflurane in a 100% oxygen mask, and maintenance by inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane. Physiological parameters remained stable, with no need for analgesic rescue, rapid extubation, and peaceful awakening. Thus, it is concluded that the TAP block was effective in analgesia for regional mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy as a multimodal protocol, increasing the safety index. Moreover, it is easy to perform even with low-frequency transducers.

Histomoníase em pavão (Pavo cristatus) no semiárido potiguar / Histomoniasis in peacock (Pavo cristatus) in the Potiguar semiarid

Background: Histomoniasis is a disease caused by Histomonas meleagridis, a flagellated protozoan that can cause severenecrotizing hepatitis and typhlitis in several bird species. The disease has a cosmopolitan distribution. In experimentalinfection, peacocks (Pavo spp.) showed susceptibility to histomoniasis, however there are few reports on natural histomoniasis in this species. In northeastern Brazil, reports about its occurrence in avian species are scarce and nonexistent inpeacocks. Therefore, this report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of a histomoniasiscase in a peacock (Pavo cristatus) in the Brazilian semiarid region.Case: A 3-month-old male peacock with a history of apathy and anorexia was attended in the Veterinary Hospital of theUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The animal was raised extensively in a farmwithout basic sanitary measures, also with a history of living with animals of different species. After clinical examination, inwhich intense apathy and weight loss were confirmed, the bird was submitted to emergency therapeutic measures, howeverthere was no clinical improvement and the bird died. At necropsy, intense diffuse bilateral necrotizing typhlitis and multifocalto coalescent necrotizing hepatitis were observed. Fragments of the organs were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalinfor histopathological analysis and cecal content were collected for microbiological analysis. Histopathology of the cecumrevealed transmural necrotizing typhlitis associated with myriads of trophozoites morphologically compatible with Histomonasmeleagridis. The same microorganisms were observed in association with necrotizing hepatitis lesions, which allowed thediagnosis of histomoniasis. Also, the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans was isolated from the cecal content...(AU)

Histomoníase em pavão (Pavo cristatus) no semiárido potiguar / Histomoniasis in peacock (Pavo cristatus) in the Potiguar semiarid

Background: Histomoniasis is a disease caused by Histomonas meleagridis, a flagellated protozoan that can cause severenecrotizing hepatitis and typhlitis in several bird species. The disease has a cosmopolitan distribution. In experimentalinfection, peacocks (Pavo spp.) showed susceptibility to histomoniasis, however there are few reports on natural histomoniasis in this species. In northeastern Brazil, reports about its occurrence in avian species are scarce and nonexistent inpeacocks. Therefore, this report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of a histomoniasiscase in a peacock (Pavo cristatus) in the Brazilian semiarid region.Case: A 3-month-old male peacock with a history of apathy and anorexia was attended in the Veterinary Hospital of theUniversidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The animal was raised extensively in a farmwithout basic sanitary measures, also with a history of living with animals of different species. After clinical examination, inwhich intense apathy and weight loss were confirmed, the bird was submitted to emergency therapeutic measures, howeverthere was no clinical improvement and the bird died. At necropsy, intense diffuse bilateral necrotizing typhlitis and multifocalto coalescent necrotizing hepatitis were observed. Fragments of the organs were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalinfor histopathological analysis and cecal content were collected for microbiological analysis. Histopathology of the cecumrevealed transmural necrotizing typhlitis associated with myriads of trophozoites morphologically compatible with Histomonasmeleagridis. The same microorganisms were observed in association with necrotizing hepatitis lesions, which allowed thediagnosis of histomoniasis. Also, the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans was isolated from the cecal content...

The Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill: chemical and pharmacological activities of the latex and its extracts / A Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill: caracterização química e atividades farmacológicas do látex e seus extratos

The Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill is an autochthonous shrub native to Caatinga vegetation, which is found in much of the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast. It is used in popular culture for therapeutic purposes. The latex of Jatropha and its extracts were evaluated for chemical composition, identifying the main secondary metabolites and their pharmacological activities by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Its toxicity was investigated through the acute toxic dose in Wistar rats. The antioxidant action was investigated according to the photocolorimetric method of free radical DPPH. Their antibacterial action was investigated through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Phenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were detected in latex and other extracts, except the aqueous extract. Both latex and ethanolic extracts presented moderate antioxidant activity, as well as anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pyogenes, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative strains (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in various dilutions along with the hydroalcoholic extract. J. mollissima latex showed low acute toxicity in rats. Therefore, the results obtained in this research corroborate the popular use of J. mollissima and its therapeutic potential.

O pinhão-bravo (Jatropha mollissima Pohl Baill.) é um arbusto autóctone da vegetação de caatinga, encontrada em grande parte do semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, utilizado na cultura popular com fins terapêuticos. O látex do pinhão-bravo e os extratos dele derivados foram avaliados quanto à composição química, identificando os principais metabólitos secundários a partir de métodos qualitativos e quantitativo, e quanto as suas atividades farmacológicas. Foram pesquisadas toxicidade, através da dose tóxica aguda em ratos Wistar, ação antioxidante, de acordo com o método fotocolorimétrico do radical livre DPPH, e ação antibacteriana, através da concentração inibitória mínima e da concentração bactericida mínima. Foram detectados fenóis, taninos, flavonoides e saponinas no látex e demais extratos pesquisados, exceto o extrato aquoso. Tanto o látex quanto o extrato etanólico apresentaram moderada atividade antioxidante, como também evidenciaram atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis) e Gram-negativas (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium e Pseudomonas aeruginosa), em várias diluições, juntamente com o extrato hidroalcoólico. O látex do pinhão apresentou ainda baixa toxicidade aguda em ratos. Logo, os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa corroboram o uso popular da J. mollissima e seu potencial terapêutico.

The Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill: chemical and pharmacological activities of the latex and its extracts / A Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill: caracterização química e atividades farmacológicas do látex e seus extratos

The Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill is an autochthonous shrub native to Caatinga vegetation, which is found in much of the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast. It is used in popular culture for therapeutic purposes. The latex of Jatropha and its extracts were evaluated for chemical composition, identifying the main secondary metabolites and their pharmacological activities by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Its toxicity was investigated through the acute toxic dose in Wistar rats. The antioxidant action was investigated according to the photocolorimetric method of free radical DPPH. Their antibacterial action was investigated through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Phenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were detected in latex and other extracts, except the aqueous extract. Both latex and ethanolic extracts presented moderate antioxidant activity, as well as anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pyogenes, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative strains (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in various dilutions along with the hydroalcoholic extract. J. mollissima latex showed low acute toxicity in rats. Therefore, the results obtained in this research corroborate the popular use of J. mollissima and its therapeutic potential.(AU)

O pinhão-bravo (Jatropha mollissima Pohl Baill.) é um arbusto autóctone da vegetação de caatinga, encontrada em grande parte do semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, utilizado na cultura popular com fins terapêuticos. O látex do pinhão-bravo e os extratos dele derivados foram avaliados quanto à composição química, identificando os principais metabólitos secundários a partir de métodos qualitativos e quantitativo, e quanto as suas atividades farmacológicas. Foram pesquisadas toxicidade, através da dose tóxica aguda em ratos Wistar, ação antioxidante, de acordo com o método fotocolorimétrico do radical livre DPPH, e ação antibacteriana, através da concentração inibitória mínima e da concentração bactericida mínima. Foram detectados fenóis, taninos, flavonoides e saponinas no látex e demais extratos pesquisados, exceto o extrato aquoso. Tanto o látex quanto o extrato etanólico apresentaram moderada atividade antioxidante, como também evidenciaram atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis) e Gram-negativas (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium e Pseudomonas aeruginosa), em várias diluições, juntamente com o extrato hidroalcoólico. O látex do pinhão apresentou ainda baixa toxicidade aguda em ratos. Logo, os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa corroboram o uso popular da J. mollissima e seu potencial terapêutico.(AU)

Reproductive toxicity of neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) in male quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) / Toxicidade reprodutiva da semente de neem (Azadirachta indica ) em codorna macho (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Considering that neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) causes deleterious effects on fertility, the objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica Linnaeus, 1758) of 90 days old with neem seeds on seminal quality, biometric parameters, and testicular morphometrics, as an experimental model. After the 30 day adaptation period to the experimental conditions, birds were randomly distributed in five treatments of neem seeds incorporated into feed, with 10 replicates: T1 (0%), T2 (5%), T3 (10%), T4 (20%) and T5 (40%). After 60 days of receiving experimental rations, their semen was collected to evaluate the sperm quality, the birds were euthanized, and testes were submitted to biometric, histological, and histomorphometric evaluation. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance and later by Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. The mean values of testicle weight, length, and width significantly decreased in T4 and T5, due degeneration of germinal epithelial cells. In these treatments, it occurred a significant increase (P>0.05) in the average values of the tunica albuginea thickness and a significant reduction in the values of the seminiferous tubule diameter and the height of the germinal epithelium. In addition, the mean values of seminal volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, vigor, and sperm viability were significantly reduced. Thus, the use of neem in bird feeding, as well as the use for therapeutic purposes, is questionable, considering its negative impact on reproduction.

Considerando que o neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) causa efeitos deletérios na fertilidade, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da alimentação com sementes de neem sobre a qualidade seminal, parâmetros biométricos e morfometria testicular com codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica Linnaeus, 1758) com 90 dias de idade, como modelo experimental. Após o período de adaptação de 30 dias às condições experimentais, as aves foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco tratamentos de sementes de neem incorporadas na ração, com 10 repetições: T1 (0%), T2 (5%), T3 (10%), T4 (20%) e T5 (40%). Após 60 dias de receber rações experimentais, seu sêmen foi coletado para avaliar a qualidade espermática, as aves foram sacrificadas e os testículos foram submetidos à avaliação biométrica, histológica e histomorfométrica. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância e mais tarde pelo teste de Tukey com um nível de significância de 5%. Os valores médios do peso, comprimento e largura do testículo diminuíram significativamente em T4 e T5, devido à degeneração de células epiteliais germinativas. Nestes tratamentos, ocorreu um aumento significativo (P>0,05) nos valores médios da espessura da túnica albugínea e uma redução significativa nos valores do diâmetro do túbulo seminífero e a altura do epitélio germinal. Além disso, os valores médios do volume seminal, concentração de esperma, motilidade espermática, vigor e viabilidade espermática foram significativamente reduzidos. Assim, o uso de neem na alimentação de aves, bem como o uso para fins terapêuticos, são questionáveis, considerando seu impacto negativo na reprodução.

Reproductive toxicity of neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) in male quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) / Toxicidade reprodutiva da semente de neem (Azadirachta indica ) em codorna macho (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Considering that neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) causes deleterious effects on fertility, the objective was to evaluate the effect of feeding quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica Linnaeus, 1758) of 90 days old with neem seeds on seminal quality, biometric parameters, and testicular morphometrics, as an experimental model. After the 30 day adaptation period to the experimental conditions, birds were randomly distributed in five treatments of neem seeds incorporated into feed, with 10 replicates: T1 (0%), T2 (5%), T3 (10%), T4 (20%) and T5 (40%). After 60 days of receiving experimental rations, their semen was collected to evaluate the sperm quality, the birds were euthanized, and testes were submitted to biometric, histological, and histomorphometric evaluation. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance and later by Tukey test with a significance level of 5%. The mean values of testicle weight, length, and width significantly decreased in T4 and T5, due degeneration of germinal epithelial cells. In these treatments, it occurred a significant increase (P>0.05) in the average values of the tunica albuginea thickness and a significant reduction in the values of the seminiferous tubule diameter and the height of the germinal epithelium. In addition, the mean values of seminal volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, vigor, and sperm viability were significantly reduced. Thus, the use of neem in bird feeding, as well as the use for therapeutic purposes, is questionable, considering its negative impact on reproduction.(AU)

Considerando que o neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) causa efeitos deletérios na fertilidade, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da alimentação com sementes de neem sobre a qualidade seminal, parâmetros biométricos e morfometria testicular com codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica Linnaeus, 1758) com 90 dias de idade, como modelo experimental. Após o período de adaptação de 30 dias às condições experimentais, as aves foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco tratamentos de sementes de neem incorporadas na ração, com 10 repetições: T1 (0%), T2 (5%), T3 (10%), T4 (20%) e T5 (40%). Após 60 dias de receber rações experimentais, seu sêmen foi coletado para avaliar a qualidade espermática, as aves foram sacrificadas e os testículos foram submetidos à avaliação biométrica, histológica e histomorfométrica. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de variância e mais tarde pelo teste de Tukey com um nível de significância de 5%. Os valores médios do peso, comprimento e largura do testículo diminuíram significativamente em T4 e T5, devido à degeneração de células epiteliais germinativas. Nestes tratamentos, ocorreu um aumento significativo (P>0,05) nos valores médios da espessura da túnica albugínea e uma redução significativa nos valores do diâmetro do túbulo seminífero e a altura do epitélio germinal. Além disso, os valores médios do volume seminal, concentração de esperma, motilidade espermática, vigor e viabilidade espermática foram significativamente reduzidos. Assim, o uso de neem na alimentação de aves, bem como o uso para fins terapêuticos, são questionáveis, considerando seu impacto negativo na reprodução.(AU)

Anatomia macroscópica e vascularização do encéfalo de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Macroscopic anatomy and brain vascularization in the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries,[...](AU)

Artérias colaterais do arco aórtico do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) / Collateral arteries of the aortic arch in mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus)

Background: Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are rodents belonging to the Muridae family. Recently, breeding of this species as pets has increased significantly. Animal models are being investigated to study diseases related to the human aortic arch. Despite the importance of the aortic arch in maintaining homeostasis, there is limited data available regarding its morphology in gerbils. This study was performed with the objective of describing the collateral branches of the aortic arch in this animal to establish a standard model and thus contribute to future research on cardiovascular diseases in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: This study used 20 male specimens from previous studies that were frozen and stored at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. After thawing the animals, the thoracic cavity was opened for aortic cannulation. The vascular system was washed using saline solution and Neoprene latex stained with red pigment was injected. Subsequently, the animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and were dissected and analyzed 72 h later. The arrangement of the collateral branches of the aortic arch in gerbils was analyzed in all animals. The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery were observed to originate as collateral branches. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcated into the right common carotid and the right subclavian arteries. The right and the left subclavian arteries branched into the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the superficial cervical artery, the costocervical trunk, and the axillary artery.[...](AU)

Anatomia macroscópica e vascularização do encéfalo de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Macroscopic anatomy and brain vascularization in the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries,[...]

Artérias colaterais do arco aórtico do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) / Collateral arteries of the aortic arch in mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus)

Background: Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are rodents belonging to the Muridae family. Recently, breeding of this species as pets has increased significantly. Animal models are being investigated to study diseases related to the human aortic arch. Despite the importance of the aortic arch in maintaining homeostasis, there is limited data available regarding its morphology in gerbils. This study was performed with the objective of describing the collateral branches of the aortic arch in this animal to establish a standard model and thus contribute to future research on cardiovascular diseases in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: This study used 20 male specimens from previous studies that were frozen and stored at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. After thawing the animals, the thoracic cavity was opened for aortic cannulation. The vascular system was washed using saline solution and Neoprene latex stained with red pigment was injected. Subsequently, the animals were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and were dissected and analyzed 72 h later. The arrangement of the collateral branches of the aortic arch in gerbils was analyzed in all animals. The brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery were observed to originate as collateral branches. The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcated into the right common carotid and the right subclavian arteries. The right and the left subclavian arteries branched into the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the superficial cervical artery, the costocervical trunk, and the axillary artery.[...]

Risk factors for trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax in cattle raised in Rio Grande do Norte state / Fatores de risco para tripanossomose por Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos criados no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti Trypanosoma vivax antibodies and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in cattle in Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, through a cross-sectional epidemiological study, with non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A total of 467 cattle's serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. Forty-two samples tested positive for Trypanosoma vivax IgG antibodies, corresponding to the prevalence of 9%. Risk factors influencing the occurrence of trypanosomiasis were milk exploration, raising of European breeds, productivity category: lactation cow, purchase of new cattle, foraging habits near ponds and rivers, and the presence of mechanical vectors. So, high prevalence in beef animals (59.5%), females (95.2%), European breed (88.1%), lactating cows (85.7%), pasture at banks of dams and rivers (95.2%), in addition to the presence of mechanical vectors (81%) and acquisition of animals (88.1%), indicates the expansion of trypanosomiasis in Northeastern semi-arid region, and the information obtained may explain the epidemiological factors that determine the occurrence of trypanosomiasis by T. vivax in this region.(AU)

Objetivando determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Trypanosoma vivax e os possíveis fatores de risco associados à infecção em bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, nordeste do Brasil, o trabalho consistiu em um estudo epidemiológico transversal, com amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, no qual foram analisadas, por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta, 467 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos. Das amostras testadas, 42 foram reagentes para anticorpos IgG anti-Trypanosoma vivax, o que correspondeu à prevalência de 9,0%. Os fatores de risco que influenciaram a ocorrência da tripanossomose foram: exploração com finalidade do tipo leite, criação de bovinos de raça europeia, categoria animal vaca em lactação, aquisição de animais, forrageamento das margens de açudes e rios, além da presença de vetores mecânicos. A alta prevalência encontrada em animais de corte (59,5%), fêmeas (95,2%), raça europeia (88,1%), vacas em lactação (85,7%), pastagem a margens de açudes e rios (95,2%), além da presença de vetores mecânicos (81%) e aquisição de animais (88,1%), indica a expansão da tripanossomose no semiárido do Nordeste, e as informações obtidas poderão esclarecer os fatores epidemiológicos que determinam a ocorrência da tripanossomose por T. vivax na região.(AU)

Risk factors for trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax in cattle raised in Rio Grande do Norte state / Fatores de risco para tripanossomose por Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos criados no estado do Rio Grande do Norte

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti Trypanosoma vivax antibodies and the possible risk factors associated with the infection in cattle in Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, through a cross-sectional epidemiological study, with non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A total of 467 cattle's serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. Forty-two samples tested positive for Trypanosoma vivax IgG antibodies, corresponding to the prevalence of 9%. Risk factors influencing the occurrence of trypanosomiasis were milk exploration, raising of European breeds, productivity category: lactation cow, purchase of new cattle, foraging habits near ponds and rivers, and the presence of mechanical vectors. So, high prevalence in beef animals (59.5%), females (95.2%), European breed (88.1%), lactating cows (85.7%), pasture at banks of dams and rivers (95.2%), in addition to the presence of mechanical vectors (81%) and acquisition of animals (88.1%), indicates the expansion of trypanosomiasis in Northeastern semi-arid region, and the information obtained may explain the epidemiological factors that determine the occurrence of trypanosomiasis by T. vivax in this region.(AU)

Objetivando determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Trypanosoma vivax e os possíveis fatores de risco associados à infecção em bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, nordeste do Brasil, o trabalho consistiu em um estudo epidemiológico transversal, com amostragem não probabilística por conveniência, no qual foram analisadas, por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta, 467 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos. Das amostras testadas, 42 foram reagentes para anticorpos IgG anti-Trypanosoma vivax, o que correspondeu à prevalência de 9,0%. Os fatores de risco que influenciaram a ocorrência da tripanossomose foram: exploração com finalidade do tipo leite, criação de bovinos de raça europeia, categoria animal vaca em lactação, aquisição de animais, forrageamento das margens de açudes e rios, além da presença de vetores mecânicos. A alta prevalência encontrada em animais de corte (59,5%), fêmeas (95,2%), raça europeia (88,1%), vacas em lactação (85,7%), pastagem a margens de açudes e rios (95,2%), além da presença de vetores mecânicos (81%) e aquisição de animais (88,1%), indica a expansão da tripanossomose no semiárido do Nordeste, e as informações obtidas poderão esclarecer os fatores epidemiológicos que determinam a ocorrência da tripanossomose por T. vivax na região.(AU)

Origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca em preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Origin and distribution of the celiac artery in yellow-toothed cavies (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

Para o estudo foram utilizados 20 animais, que estavam em freezer no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram descongelados, a cavidade abdominal aberta e a aorta torácica canulada no sentido caudal para injeção de solução de látex Neoprene 650 corado de vermelho e, em seguida, fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%, por um período mínimo de 48 horas, para que pudessem ser dissecados, fotografados e os resultados analisados. A artéria celíaca originou-se da aorta abdominal e emitiu as artérias gástrica esquerda, lienal e esplênica. A artéria gástrica esquerda emitiu de dois a três ramos à região da curvatura menor do estômago. A artéria lienal emitiu quatro ramos ao parênquima do baço, de seis a doze ramos pancreáticos e a artéria gastroepiplóica esquerda. A artéria hepática emitiu de um a dois ramos pancreáticos e bifurcou-se em um curto tronco formado pelas artérias gástrica direita e hepática própria e ainda na artéria gastroduodenal, que originava a pancreaticoduodenal cranial e gastroepiplóica direita. O comportamento de trifurcação da artéria celíaca do preá assemelha-se ao encontrado em roedores, como o nutria, a cutia, o hamster e os ratos, o que sugere que este seja o padrão para a ordem.

For this study we used 20 animals that were in the freezer at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were thawed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the thoracic aorta cannulated caudally for the injection of red-stained latex Neoprene 650, and then fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, for a minimum of 48 hours. Then the animals were dissected, photographed, and the results analyzed. The celiac artery originated from the abdominal aorta and issued the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery issued two to three branches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery emitted four branches to the parenchyma of the spleen, six to twelve pancreatic branches and the left gastroepiploic artery. The hepatic artery emitted from one to two pancreatic branches and forked in a short trunk formed by right gastric and own hepatic arteries and in the gastroduodenal artery, which originated the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic. The trifurcation behavior of the celiac artery of the yellow-toothed cavy is similar to that found in rodents such as nutria, agouti, hamsters and mice, suggesting that this is the standard for the order.

Origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca em preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Origin and distribution of the celiac artery in yellow-toothed cavies (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

Para o estudo foram utilizados 20 animais, que estavam em freezer no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram descongelados, a cavidade abdominal aberta e a aorta torácica canulada no sentido caudal para injeção de solução de látex Neoprene 650 corado de vermelho e, em seguida, fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%, por um período mínimo de 48 horas, para que pudessem ser dissecados, fotografados e os resultados analisados. A artéria celíaca originou-se da aorta abdominal e emitiu as artérias gástrica esquerda, lienal e esplênica. A artéria gástrica esquerda emitiu de dois a três ramos à região da curvatura menor do estômago. A artéria lienal emitiu quatro ramos ao parênquima do baço, de seis a doze ramos pancreáticos e a artéria gastroepiplóica esquerda. A artéria hepática emitiu de um a dois ramos pancreáticos e bifurcou-se em um curto tronco formado pelas artérias gástrica direita e hepática própria e ainda na artéria gastroduodenal, que originava a pancreaticoduodenal cranial e gastroepiplóica direita. O comportamento de trifurcação da artéria celíaca do preá assemelha-se ao encontrado em roedores, como o nutria, a cutia, o hamster e os ratos, o que sugere que este seja o padrão para a ordem.(AU)

For this study we used 20 animals that were in the freezer at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were thawed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the thoracic aorta cannulated caudally for the injection of red-stained latex Neoprene 650, and then fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, for a minimum of 48 hours. Then the animals were dissected, photographed, and the results analyzed. The celiac artery originated from the abdominal aorta and issued the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery issued two to three branches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery emitted four branches to the parenchyma of the spleen, six to twelve pancreatic branches and the left gastroepiploic artery. The hepatic artery emitted from one to two pancreatic branches and forked in a short trunk formed by right gastric and own hepatic arteries and in the gastroduodenal artery, which originated the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic. The trifurcation behavior of the celiac artery of the yellow-toothed cavy is similar to that found in rodents such as nutria, agouti, hamsters and mice, suggesting that this is the standard for the order.(AU)

ORIGEM E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA ARTÉRIA CELÍACA EM PREÁS (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

Abstract For this study we used 20 animals that were in the freezer at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were thawed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the thoracic aorta cannulated caudally for the injection of red-stained latex Neoprene 650, and then fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, for a minimum of 48 hours. Then the animals were dissected, photographed, and the results analyzed. The celiac artery originated from the abdominal aorta and issued the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery issued two to three branches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery emitted four branches to the parenchyma of the spleen, six to twelve pancreatic branches and the left gastroepiploic artery. The hepatic artery emitted from one to two pancreatic branches and forked in a short trunk formed by right gastric and own hepatic arteries and in the gastroduodenal artery, which originated the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic. The trifurcation behavior of the celiac artery of the yellow-toothed cavy is similar to that found in rodents such as nutria, agouti, hamsters and mice, suggesting that this is the standard for the order.

Resumo Para o estudo foram utilizados 20 animais, que estavam em freezer no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram descongelados, a cavidade abdominal aberta e a aorta torácica canulada no sentido caudal para injeção de solução de látex Neoprene 650 corado de vermelho e, em seguida, fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%, por um período mínimo de 48 horas, para que pudessem ser dissecados, fotografados e os resultados analisados. A artéria celíaca originou-se da aorta abdominal e emitiu as artérias gástrica esquerda, lienal e esplênica. A artéria gástrica esquerda emitiu de dois a três ramos à região da curvatura menor do estômago. A artéria lienal emitiu quatro ramos ao parênquima do baço, de seis a doze ramos pancreáticos e a artéria gastroepiplóica esquerda. A artéria hepática emitiu de um a dois ramos pancreáticos e bifurcou-se em um curto tronco formado pelas artérias gástrica direita e hepática própria e ainda na artéria gastroduodenal, que originava a pancreaticoduodenal cranial e gastroepiplóica direita. O comportamento de trifurcação da artéria celíaca do preá assemelha-se ao encontrado em roedores, como o nutria, a cutia, o hamster e os ratos, o que sugere que este seja o padrão para a ordem.

Vascularização arterial da base do encéfalo do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) / Arterial vascularization of the base of the cerebrum of mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867)

Objetivou-se descrever e sistematizar as artérias da base do encéfalo. Foram utilizados dez gerbils que se encontravamarmazenados em freezer no laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal Aplicada da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido. Osanimais foram descongelados, incisados na linha mediana para identificação do ventrículo esquerdo, o qual foi perfurado einjetados 3ml de Látex Neoprene 650 na concentração de 20% e no pigmento vermelho. Posteriormente aguardou-se cerca de 1minuto em virtude da polimerização do Látex e logo após foram fixados por imersão em solução aquosa de Formaldeído a 3,7% eapós 72 horas, tiveram os encéfalos removidos da calota craniana para análise de sua superfície ventral. Foi visto que o sistemavertebrobasilar e carótico estiveram presentes em todos os animais analisados, mostrando-se responsável pela vascularizaçãodo encéfalo caudal e rostral, respectivamente. As principais artérias observadas no modelo padrão incluem as ímpares: basilar,espinhal ventral, ramo medial da artéria cerebral rostral e as pares: vertebral, cerebelar caudal, cerebelar média, trigeminal,cerebelar rostral, ramo terminal da basilar, carótida interna, cerebral caudal, hipofisária, cerebral média, cerebral rostral, lateral dobulbo olfatório e etmoidal interna. Conclui-se com base nos resultados que a irrigação da superfície ventral encefálica do gerbilfoi suprida pelos sistemas vertebro-basilar e carótico de forma equivalente, pertencendo assim ao modelo do tipo II. O circuitoarterioso apresentou-se aberto caudalmente e fechado rostralmente, fato que difere do relatado em roedores como capivara,cutia, preá, chinchila e nutria.(AU)

The objective was to describe and systematize the arteries of the base of the brain. Ten gerbils were used, which were stored in afreezer in the Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology of the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University. The animals were thawed,incised in the midline to identify the left ventricle, which was punctured and injected 3 ml of Latex Neoprene 650 at a concentrationof 20% and red pigment. After about one minute the polymerization of the Latex was delayed and afterwards fixed by immersionin 3.7% aqueous Formaldehyde solution and after 72 hours the brain was removed from the skull cap for analysis of its ventralsurface. It was observed that the vertebro-basilar and carotid system were present in all animals analyzed, being responsible forthe vascularization of the caudal and rostral encephalon, respectively. The main arteries observed in the standard model includethe odd: basilar, ventral spinal, medial branch of the rostral cerebral artery and, the pairs: vertebral, cerebellar caudal, cerebellarmedial, trigeminal, cerebellar rostral, terminal branch of the basilar, internal carotid, caudal cerebral, Pituitary, middle cerebral, rostral,lateral, olfactory and internal ethmoidal. Based on the results, the irrigation of the ventral brain surface of the gerbil was suppliedby the vertebro-basilar and carotic systems in an equivalent way, thus belonging to the type II model. The arterial circuit was opencaudally and closed rostrally, a fact that differs from that reported in rodents such as capybara, agouti, cavy, chinchilla and nutria.(AU)

The lumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae) / Plexo lombossacral da cutia (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae)

The red-rumped agouti, a small, wild rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family, has greatzootechnical potential and adapts well to captivity. In order to contribute to the knowledge regarding the neuroanatomy of the species, the aim of this study was to describe the origin of the nerves forming the lumbosacral plexus by evaluating 12 animals (six males and six females) that had been used in previous experiments. Animals were fixed in a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution and eviscerated after 72 hours. Major and minor psoas muscles were then retracted to expose the nerves forming the plexus, and the plexus was bleached via cotton soaked in 20-volume hydrogen peroxide for 12 hours for subsequent dissection. Topographical relations of the lumbosacral plexus were grouped into tables and arranged in terms of simple percentages. In seven cases (58.34%), the lumbosacral plexus in the red-rumped agouti stemmed from the ventral roots of the last four lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves (Type I: L4-S3). In four animals (33.33%), the lumbosacral plexus stemmed from L5-S3 (Type II), and in one case (8.33%) it stemmed from L5-S4 (Type III). Together, our observations demonstrated that thelumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti comprised the lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, femoral, obturator, sciatic, cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, and pudendal nerves. Finally, the origin of the lumbosacral plexus and its constituent spinal nerves was similar to what has been described in other rodents, including the rock cavy, lowland paca, and Spix’s yellow-toothed cavy.

A cutia é um roedor silvestre, de pequeno porte pertencente à família Dasyproctidae, com grandepotencial zootécnico e que se adapta bem ao cativeiro. De forma a contribuir acerca da biologia daespécie, objetivou-se descrever a origem dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral. Foram utilizados 12 animais (6 machos e 6 fêmeas), provenientes de experimentos anteriores. Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e após 72 horas, eviscerados. Em seguida os músculos psoas maior e menor foram rebatidos, expondo-se os nervos que formavam o plexo. Sobre estes nervos foi colocado algodão embebido com peróxido de hidrogênio a 20 volumes, permanecendo por 12 horas seguidas para clareamento e consequente dissecação. As relações topográficas do plexo lombossacral agrupadas em tabelas em forma de porcentagem simples. O plexo lombossacral da cutia originou-se em sete casos (58,34%) a partir das raízes ventrais dos quatro últimos nervos lombares e três primeiros nervos sacrais (Tipo I - L4-S3), em quatro animais (33,33%) a partir de L5-S3 (Tipo II) e um caso (8,33%) a partir de L5-S4 (Tipo III). Os nervos que participaram do plexo lombossacral da cutia foram: cutâneo femoral lateral, genitofemoral, femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, glúteo caudal e nervo pudendo. A origem do plexo lombossacral e os nervos espinhais constituintes deste plexo em cutias foram semelhantes ao descrito em alguns roedores como mocó, paca e preá.

The lumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae) / Plexo lombossacral da cutia (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758) (Rodentia: Caviidae)

The red-rumped agouti, a small, wild rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family, has greatzootechnical potential and adapts well to captivity. In order to contribute to the knowledge regarding the neuroanatomy of the species, the aim of this study was to describe the origin of the nerves forming the lumbosacral plexus by evaluating 12 animals (six males and six females) that had been used in previous experiments. Animals were fixed in a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution and eviscerated after 72 hours. Major and minor psoas muscles were then retracted to expose the nerves forming the plexus, and the plexus was bleached via cotton soaked in 20-volume hydrogen peroxide for 12 hours for subsequent dissection. Topographical relations of the lumbosacral plexus were grouped into tables and arranged in terms of simple percentages. In seven cases (58.34%), the lumbosacral plexus in the red-rumped agouti stemmed from the ventral roots of the last four lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves (Type I: L4-S3). In four animals (33.33%), the lumbosacral plexus stemmed from L5-S3 (Type II), and in one case (8.33%) it stemmed from L5-S4 (Type III). Together, our observations demonstrated that thelumbosacral plexus of the red-rumped agouti comprised the lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, femoral, obturator, sciatic, cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, and pudendal nerves. Finally, the origin of the lumbosacral plexus and its constituent spinal nerves was similar to what has been described in other rodents, including the rock cavy, lowland paca, and Spixs yellow-toothed cavy.(AU)

A cutia é um roedor silvestre, de pequeno porte pertencente à família Dasyproctidae, com grandepotencial zootécnico e que se adapta bem ao cativeiro. De forma a contribuir acerca da biologia daespécie, objetivou-se descrever a origem dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral. Foram utilizados 12 animais (6 machos e 6 fêmeas), provenientes de experimentos anteriores. Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e após 72 horas, eviscerados. Em seguida os músculos psoas maior e menor foram rebatidos, expondo-se os nervos que formavam o plexo. Sobre estes nervos foi colocado algodão embebido com peróxido de hidrogênio a 20 volumes, permanecendo por 12 horas seguidas para clareamento e consequente dissecação. As relações topográficas do plexo lombossacral agrupadas em tabelas em forma de porcentagem simples. O plexo lombossacral da cutia originou-se em sete casos (58,34%) a partir das raízes ventrais dos quatro últimos nervos lombares e três primeiros nervos sacrais (Tipo I - L4-S3), em quatro animais (33,33%) a partir de L5-S3 (Tipo II) e um caso (8,33%) a partir de L5-S4 (Tipo III). Os nervos que participaram do plexo lombossacral da cutia foram: cutâneo femoral lateral, genitofemoral, femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, glúteo caudal e nervo pudendo. A origem do plexo lombossacral e os nervos espinhais constituintes deste plexo em cutias foram semelhantes ao descrito em alguns roedores como mocó, paca e preá.(AU)