Occurrence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. in goats and sheep from an indigenous village in Pernambuco, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos IgG contra Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Leptospira spp. em caprinos e ovinos de uma aldeia indígena em Pernambuco, Brasil

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. antibodies in sheep and goats raised in villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous community, Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 180 serum samples from sheep and 108 serum samples from goats of both sexes and different ages were analyzed. For antibody research, indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) were used for the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum, and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for Leptospira spp., with a cutoff titer of 1:64, 1:50 and 1:100, respectively. The frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 16.6% (30/180) for sheep and 11.1% (12/108) for goats. The frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 10.55% (19/180) for sheep, and 20.37% (22/108) for goats, while for Leptospira spp., 2.2% (4/180) of sheep and 1.85% (2/108) of goats reacted positively. The results obtained in this study are unprecedented in indigenous communities in the country and serve as an alert for monitoring goats and sheep from the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous village regarding the occurrence and productive impact of infections by T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp., in addition to the occurrence of the zoonosis toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in the indigenous community.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Leptospira spp., em ovinos e caprinos criados em aldeias da comunidade indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram analisadas 180 amostras de soro de ovinos e 108 amostras de soro de caprinos de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos foi utilizada a técnica de Reação de Imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), para os protozoários T. gondii e N. caninum e Aglutinação Microscópica (MAT) para Leptospira spp., com ponto de corte de 1:64, 1:50 e 1:100, respectivamente. A frequência de anticorpos anti-T gondii foi de 16,6% (30/180) em ovinos e 11,1% (12/108) em caprinos. A frequência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum foi de 10,55% (19/180) para ovinos e 20,37% (22/108) para caprinos, enquanto para Leptospira spp., 2,2% (4/180) dos ovinos e 1,85% (2/108) dos caprinos reagiram positivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo são inéditos em comunidades indígenas do país e alertam para o monitoramento de caprinos e ovinos da aldeia indígena Xukuru do Ororubá, quanto à ocorrência e impacto produtivo de infecções por T. gondii, N. caninum e Leptospira spp., além da ocorrência de zoonoses como a toxoplasmose e leptospirose na comunidade indígena.(AU)

Insights on seroprevalence of leptospirosis in dogs and cats from people with animal hoarding disorder profile in a semiarid region of Brazil / Percepções sobre a soroprevalência de leptospirose em cães e gatos de pessoas com perfil de acumuladores de animais em uma região semiárida do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Animal hoarding disorder, especially dogs and cats, is a complex issue that occurs in almost all communities, and it is necessary to collect data that contribute to the understanding of leptospirosis within the One Health initiative. In order to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospirasp., 71 dogs and 39 cats from 33 people with animal hoarding profile in the municipality of Patos, state of Paraíba, semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil were evaluated by using the microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT) as diagnostic test. Thirty-eight animals (34.5%; 95% CI = 25.7 - 43.4%) were seroreactive, with 46.5% in dogs and 12.8% in cats (P < 0.01), with the highest frequency of the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup in both species. The high seroprevalence reported suggests the need for public policies for this vulnerable population in order to prevent the transmission of zoonoses.

RESUMO: O transtorno de acumulação de animais, principalmente de cães e gatos, é uma questão complexa que ocorre em quase todas as comunidades, sendo necessário o levantamento de dados que contribuam para a compreensão da leptospirose dentro da iniciativa Saúde Única. Com o objetivo de determinar a soroprevalência deLeptospirasp. em cães e gatos provenientes de acumuladores de animais foram utilizados 71 cães e 39 gatos de 33 acumuladores do município de Patos, estado da Paraíba, semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, utilizando-se o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) como teste de diagnóstico. Trinta e oito animais (34,5%; IC 95% = 25,7 - 43,4%) foram sororreativos, sendo 46,5% em cães e 12,8% em gatos (P < 0,01), com maior frequência do sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae em ambas as espécies. A alta soroprevalência encontrada sugere a necessidade de políticas públicas para esta população vulnerável no sentido de prevenir a transmissão de zoonoses.

Herd-level based seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii in cows in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil / Soroprevalência em nível de rebanho e fatores associados para Toxoplasma gondii em vacas no estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥ 24 months (n = 1,895) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cutoff of 64. Of the 434 farms investigated, 197 had at least one seropositive cow (prevalence of 49.0%; 95% CI = 44.3%-53.8%), and the prevalence at animal level was 18.0% (95% CI = 5.3%-21.1%). The antibody titers ranged from 64 to 1024, with the most frequent titers being 64 (10.8%) and 128 (3.7%). The risk factors identified were property located in Sertão region (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07), property located in Agreste/Zona da Mata regions (OR = 2.00), animal purchasing (OR = 2.68), herd size of 34-111 animals (OR = 2.91) and herd size > 111 animals (OR = 6.97). The results suggest the wide distribution of T. gondii infections in cattle throughout the state of Paraíba, and the risk factors identified are not possible to correct.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a soroprevalência do rebanhos e de animais e os fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Rebanhos (n = 434) e vacas com idade ≥ 24 meses (n = 1.895) foram selecionados aleatoriamente, e as amostras de soro foram testadas com o teste de imunofluorescência (RIFI), usando-se como ponto de corte 64. Das 434 fazendas investigadas, 197 tiveram pelo menos uma vaca soropositiva (prevalência de 49%; IC 95% = 44,3%-53,8%), e a prevalência em nível de animais foi de 18% (IC 95% = 5,3%-21,1%). Os títulos de anticorpos variaram de 64 a 1024, sendo os títulos mais frequentes 64 (10,8%) e 128 (3,7%). Os fatores de risco identificados foram na propriedade localizada na região do Sertão ("odds ratio" [OR] = 3,07), na propriedade localizada na região do Agreste/Zona da Mata (OR = 2,00), na compra de animais (OR = 2,68), no tamanho do rebanho de 34-111 animais (OR = 2,91) e no tamanho do rebanho > 111 animais (OR = 6,97). Os resultados sugerem a ampla distribuição de infecções por T. gondii em bovinos em todo o estado da Paraíba, e os fatores de risco identificados não são passíveis de correção.(AU)

Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies and risk factors in domiciliated dogs of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum e fatores de risco em cães domiciliados de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

The presence of antibodies anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum have been described in dogs from virtually all Brazilian states, however in the state of Amazonas, there are few studies on these coccidia. In this study the occurrence of antibodies against T. gondii and N. caninum and risk factors were determined in domiciliated dogs of Manaus, AM. Blood samples were collected from 154 dogs and, during the harvest, a questionnaire was applied with questions related to the animals. The samples were analyzed, for the presence of anti-T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies, by indirect fluorescence antibody test, with cutoff of 16 and 50, respectively. Associations between the variables studied and the presence of antibodies were made by chi-square test, fisher's exact test or G test (p<0.05). Of the 154 samples, 19 (12.3% 95% CI = 7.1% - 17.5%) were reagents to T. gondii, and association (p <0.05) was observed between the presence of antibodies and contact with other dogs. The occurrence of dogs reactive to N. caninum was 1.9% (95% CI = 0.4% - 5.6%) with 3 of the 154 dogs positives, and no association (p>0.05) was observed between the presence of N. caninum antibodies, and the variables studied.(AU)

A ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum já foram descritos em cães de praticamente todos os estados brasileiros, entretanto, no estado do Amazonas, há poucos estudos sobre esses coccídios. Neste estudo, a ocorrência de cães domiciliados de Manaus, reagentes a T. gondii e N. caninum, e os fatores de risco para a infecção foram avaliados. Amostras de sangue de 154 cães foram obtidas, e um questionário foi aplicado aos tutores com informações sobre os animais. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii e N. caninum, pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta, ponto de corte 16 e 50, respectivamente. Associações entre as variáveis estudadas e a presença de anticorpos contra os coccídios foram feitas pelo teste de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher ou G (p<0,05). Das 154 amostras, 19 (12,3%; IC 95% = 7,1% - 17,5%) foram reagentes a T. gondii, e a associação (p <0,05) foi observada entre a presença de anticorpos e contato com outros cães. A ocorrência de cães reagentes a N. caninum foi de 1,9% (IC 95% = 0,4% - 5,6%) com 3 dos 154 cães positivos. Nenhuma associação (p>0,05) foi observada entre a presença de anticorpos anti-N. caninum e as variáveis estudadas.(AU)

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte state, Northeastern Brazil - spatial analysis

Background: Human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) is a potentially fatal disease with a worldwide distribution, being endemic in 12 countries in the Americas. The main reservoir in the urban environment is the dog, whose cases precede the disease in humans. For the control of HVL, the Ministry of Health of Brazil recommends efficiency in the notification of human cases, control of sandflies, elimination of reservoirs and health education, in addition to the interruption in the transmission of the disease by the intensification of surveillance and control of priority areas based on identification by spatial analysis. The objective of the study was to investigate the spatial distribution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, determining areas of risk by identifying spatial clusters, with a view to monitoring and implementing preventive actions. Materials, Methods & Results: Secondary data from sample and/or routine serological surveys for serological diagnosis of LVC in the period from 2011 to 2018 were used. The inclusion of animals in the routine diagnosis per municipality resulted from demands of veterinarians, veterinary clinics, dog tutors, zoonoses control centers and environmental surveillance. The spatial statistical analysis was performed with SatScan software version 9.6 for the detection of spatial clusters, based on using the statistical scan method. Of the total of 231,123 dogs tested in the period, 24,642 (10.6%) were seroreactive for CVL. During the study, the municipalities with the highest number of cases were Natal and Mossoró, with 9,671 and 4,514 cases, respectively. During the years 2011 to 2018, 38 significant clusters (P < 0.05) were identified that included one or more municipalities. Discussion: The state of Rio Grande do Norte has an urban environment susceptible to the occurrence of CVL, with climate and topography that favor the proliferation of the vector and housing in precarious socio-sanitary conditions. The high number of CVL cases in Natal can be explained by the fact that the city is considered endemic for CVL, characterized as an area of intense transmission of the disease, according to the Ministry of Health. In addition, public infrastructure in some locations is deficient and living conditions are unfavorable, so that there is a need to invest in effective protection measures for vector control, as well as a focus on health education, whose HVL control measures in the municipality need to be readjusted. The high rate of cases and the constant presence of clusters in the municipality of Açu can be explained by the increasing degradation of the Caatinga biome, evidenced by the removal of firewood for use in the ceramist pole, whose activity is concentrated on a large scale in the use of raw material and energy, through the production of charcoal, for agricultural and livestock fronts, putting species of fauna and flora at risk. It is also noteworthy that this fact contributes to the destruction of wild ecotopes, resulting in the search for the vector for other sources of human and animal food, allowing an increase in the number of cases of the disease. It's concluded that canine visceral leishmaniasis is distributed in a large part of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The underreporting and/or deficiency in the disclosure of data by some municipalities represents a challenge in complying with the actions of the Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program, and attention should be paid to the monitoring and inspection of the execution actions of municipal managers, as well as how to train professionals who are part of the service.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in goat milk in the semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast - molecular characterization

Background: Goat farming has been on the rise in Brazil in recent years. Overall, 93% of the national herd is concentrated in the Northeast, with the state of Paraíba being the largest goat milk producer in the country. Considering Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) as a sanitary issue for the development of animal farming with risks for human health and that is a notifiable disease, this research was structured with the objective of confirming the presence and performing a molecular characterization of MAP in goat milk destined for processing plants in the semiarid region of the Brazilian Northeast. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples from 179 production units and 5 collective bulk tanks and 4 samples of pasteurized goat milk were analyzed through Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Genetic material (DNA) for MAP was found in the goat milk sample from 1 production unit (1/179). From this positive sample, 9 lactating goats were identified in the original property, 7 of which showed MAP DNA in milk samples (77.77%). The characterization of the nucleotide sequence detected in the positive sample has 99% identity with KJ173784. Discussion: One sample (1/179), from the production units, had MAP genetic material (DNA) detected using the molecular test. Samples from these production units represent the milk from all lactating goats from each producer. Therefore, it was possible to identify from which farm the samples originated, allowing individual animals to then be tested, with milk samples collected from 9 goats and MAP DNA detected in 7 of them (77.77%) via PCR. Control and/or prevention programs need this type of surveillance in reason that it allows the tracking of possible foci from milk samples collected from dairy products or cooling stations. The use of PCR to detect MAP foci via goat milk is thus advantageous because samples are obtained in a non-invasive manner, with faster results when compared to the culture technique. The low detection via PCR in goat milk may be related to factors such as the small amount of MAP eliminated and the intermittent excretion in asymptomatic animals, as also false-positive samples. Samples from the collective bulk tanks was negative. It is possible that the combination of milk from all the properties diluted the amount of MAP. This suggests that the sensitivity of the PCR can be improved if the samples are obtained from the pooled milk from the same property. In some regions of Brazil, for example, showed the frequency of Zona da Mata region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, found 1.94% of positive samples (9/464) and 9.76% (4/41) of properties with at least 1 positive sample for MAP. Different results to what were found in the semiarid region of Paraíba, where climate and production characteristics are different. Goats are susceptible to 3 strains: type "S" (Sheep), "Bison type" and type "C" (Cattle). Previous contact with this species may explain the similarity between the strain found in goat milk and those detected from bovine samples. This must also be taken into consideration during diagnosis and upon implementation of control measures for paratuberculosis in goats. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was recorded for the first time in goat milk in the semiarid region, which may reveal a potential biological risk to humans and suggests the need for active surveillance of the agent.

Leptospira spp. of the urinary tract of female carrier goats in semi-arid conditions

Background: Leptospirosis is an important infectious disease in goat farming, with a worldwide distribution. It is usually transmitted by rodents and the genital route, may cause reproductive losses, negatively impacting goat farming. The diagnosis lies on serological, molecular and isolation techniques. Considering the importance of this disease for small ruminants, this work aimed to evaluate the serological, molecular findings and isolation of pathogenic leptospires in the urinary tract (kidney and bladder tissues) of goats. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-four adult goats were used for slaughter. Renal samples (n = 34), bladder (n = 34), were collected for isolation of the agent and molecular detection of Leptospira sp. and blood samples (n = 34) for serological testing. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used as a molecular test and the microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT) was used as a serological test. Samples with DNA amplification were subjected to genetic sequencing. The presence of Leptospira DNA was found in the tissues of 8 (23.4%) goats, and of these, only 2 were positive in PCR and MAT. There was a slight agreement between the PCR and MAT techniques (k = 0.150; P = 0.436). In 6 (17.6%) samples of renal tissue and 2 (5.8%) bladder samples, Leptospira DNA was detected. The genes in a kidney tissue sample were sequenced and demonstrated 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. Anti-Leptospira sp. were detected in 6 (17.6%) of the animals tested. Discussion: Serology identified 3 predominant serogroups: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Tarassovi and Autumnalis, serogroups that are related to the presence of rodents that coexist in rural environments. Autumnalis has been reported in small ruminants, raising the hypothesis that goats are adapted, becoming chronic carriers and possible maintenance hosts. The frequency obtained (17.6%) may be the result of the mixed breed pattern and rustic characteristics inherent to the goat species. Given the characteristics of the semi-arid region, such as low rainfall and high solar incidence, it is essential to use an adapted methodology, with a lower cut-off point (1:50), as the serological titer is an established relationship between the animal species, the level of exposure throughout its evolution and the region studied. Molecular findings and bacterial isolation reveal the agent's ability to colonize the urinary tract of goats. These data show the importance that urine has in the epidemiological chain, being able to transmit the agent through direct contact with this product or through contamination of soil and water. There was no statistical agreement between the diagnostic techniques used in this study, in this case, an association between PCR and MAT is recommended to obtain data with high sensitivity and specificity. A bladder sample was sequenced and showed 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. In the semiarid region, the most common form of leptospirosis spread is through the sale of animals in business fairs for breeding, rearing or slaughter, as well as sharing the same property with several breeders. The introduction of chronic and asymptomatic carriers on the properties represents a serious risk for the spread of the disease. The results show the presence of Leptospira spp. in semi-arid goat herds, having as risk factors the presence of rodents and intercropping. The association of MAT and PCR is necessary for a better diagnosis of the disease.

Bacteria isolated from free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs sold in semiarid conditions and its one health impact

Background: Food contamination is an important and growing public health concern due to the risk of foodborne illnesses.In this context, the egg, consumed all over the world, stands out. This food has been pointed out as a carrier of severalbacteria, causing outbreaks of food toxinfection. The production of free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs hasbeen an alternative for generating income for producers in Brazil; however, there is no monitoring of the sanitary qualityof this product. The objective of this study was to identify microorganisms in 128 free-range chicken eggs sold in openmarkets in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at commercial fairs in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Braziliansemiarid region. The minimum number of eggs to be used was determined by the formula for simple random samples considering the following parameters: expected frequency of positive eggs of 50% (for sample maximization), 95% confidencelevel and sampling error of 10%. The minimum number of eggs to be sampled was 97; however, 128 eggs were obtained inthe period from August 2018 to April 2019. The internal content of the eggs was subjected to bacteriological culture usingan adapted methodology, and for the in vitro susceptibility assessment the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hintonagarwasused. In addition to biochemical tests, Gram-negative bacteria were subjected to microbiological diagnosis using theMALDI-TOF (Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight) technique. Bacterial growth was found in40 (31.3%) eggs. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus spp. (27.5%), Bacillus spp. (15%) andEnterobacter cloacae (25%). There was bacterial growth in albumens [n = 10; 7.8%] and in egg yolks [n=38; 29.7%] (P< 0.001). The antimicrobials that showed highest resistance rates were ampicillin...(AU)

Vertical transmission and kinetic of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum in naturally infected lambs in the semiarid region of Brazil / Transmissão vertical e cinética de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em cordeiros naturalmente infectados na região Semiárida do Brasil

Abstract Aimed with this study to evaluate vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in naturally infected sheep and to monitor the kinetics of antibodies against this protozoon in their lambs. Therefore, 48 pregnant ewes, from five herds, were divided into two groups: G1 - positive for anti-N. caninum antibodies, with 19 animals; and G2 - seronegative, with 29 animals. Blood samples were taken from the ewes and their lambs, immediately after birth, before ingesting colostrum, and 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after birth. Analysis on serum antibodies was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Among the 19 seropositive mothers, six (31.6%) gave birth to lambs seropositive before ingesting colostrum and it was found that these lambs remained positive until the end of the study (56 days). Only one of the lambs, from a ewe that presented an antibody titer of 200, seroconverted after ingestion of colostrum. All the lambs that had been born from negative mothers remained negative throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that transplacental transmission was an important form of diffusion of N. caninum in the herds studied and that seropositive lambs maintained circulating antibodies during the period analyzed.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência da transmissão vertical de Neospora caninum em ovelhas naturalmente infectadas e monitorar a cinética de anticorpos para esse protozoário nos cordeiros. Portanto, foram selecionadas 48 matrizes prenhes, provenientes de cinco propriedades, e estas foram divididas em dois grupos: G1- 19 matrizes positivas para anticorpos anti-N. caninum antes da prenhez; e G2 - 29 matrizes soronegativas. Foram realizadas colheitas sanguíneas nas mães e cordeiros, no G1 e G2, imediatamente após a parição, antes da ingestão do colostro. Também foi possível realizar colheitas de sangue com 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias após o nascimento. A pesquisa de anticorpos séricos foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Das 19 matrizes soropositivas, seis (31,6%) pariram cordeiros soropositivos antes da ingestão do colostro, os quais mantiveram-se positivos até o final do experimento (56 dias). Apenas um dos cordeiros, filho de uma ovelha com título de anticorpos 200, soroconverteu após ingestão do colostro. Todos os cordeiros, filhos de mães negativas, mantiveram-se negativos durante todo o período experimental. Conclui-se que a transmissão transplacentária é uma importante forma de difusão do N. caninum nos rebanhos estudados e que os descendentes infectados, durante a gestação, mantiveram anticorpos circulantes durante o período analisado.

Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in donkeys and mules under semiarid conditions in Brazil / Detecção molecular de Leishmania infantum em asininos e muares sob condições semiáridas

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic zoonosis that mainly affects poorest and most vulnerable populations, and domestic dogs are considered to be the main source of infection to the vector and therefore humans. However, several studies have investigated the role of other vertebrate hosts in the disease cycle. In this context, the aim of the present study was to conduct a survey of Leishmania infantum infection in donkeys and mules living in a semiarid region of Brazil. Whole blood sampled from 72 equids (65 donkeys and 7 mules) was used to perform molecular diagnosis using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. A total of 25% of the samples (18/72) were positive through qPCR, but there were no significant differences between the species (donkeys or mules), sex (male or female) and abandonment situation of the animals (yes or no). Donkeys and mules living under semiarid conditions have high frequency of L. infantum infection. It is therefore worth assigning importance to these species in the epidemiological cycle of visceral leishmaniasis, either as potential reservoirs or just as an abundant food source for vectors.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose parasitária que afeta principalmente populações mais pobres e vulneráveis, e os cães domésticos são considerados as principais fontes de infecção para o vetor e, portanto, para os humanos. Porém diversos estudos têm pesquisado o papel de outros hospedeiros vertebrados no ciclo da doença. Neste contexto, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento da infecção por Leishmania infantum em asininos e muares, vivendo em região semiárida do Brasil. Foi utilizado sangue total de 72 equídeos (65 asininos e 7 muares) para a realização de diagnóstico molecular por meio da técnica de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase em Tempo Real (qPCR). Um total de 25% das amostras (18/72) resultaram positivas na qPCR, porém não houve diferença significativa entre as espécies (asininos e muares), sexo (macho e fêmea) e situação de abandono dos animais (sim ou não). Asininos e muares, vivendo em condições semiáridas, apresentam alta frequência de infecção por L. infantum, sendo válido atribuir importância a essas espécies no ciclo epidemiológico da leishmaniose visceral, seja como um reservatório em potencial, seja apenas como uma fonte alimentar abundante para os vetores.

Bacteria isolated from free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs sold in semiarid conditions and its one health impact

Background: Food contamination is an important and growing public health concern due to the risk of foodborne illnesses.In this context, the egg, consumed all over the world, stands out. This food has been pointed out as a carrier of severalbacteria, causing outbreaks of food toxinfection. The production of free-range chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs hasbeen an alternative for generating income for producers in Brazil; however, there is no monitoring of the sanitary qualityof this product. The objective of this study was to identify microorganisms in 128 free-range chicken eggs sold in openmarkets in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at commercial fairs in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Braziliansemiarid region. The minimum number of eggs to be used was determined by the formula for simple random samples considering the following parameters: expected frequency of positive eggs of 50% (for sample maximization), 95% confidencelevel and sampling error of 10%. The minimum number of eggs to be sampled was 97; however, 128 eggs were obtained inthe period from August 2018 to April 2019. The internal content of the eggs was subjected to bacteriological culture usingan adapted methodology, and for the in vitro susceptibility assessment the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hintonagarwasused. In addition to biochemical tests, Gram-negative bacteria were subjected to microbiological diagnosis using theMALDI-TOF (Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization - Time of Flight) technique. Bacterial growth was found in40 (31.3%) eggs. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus spp. (27.5%), Bacillus spp. (15%) andEnterobacter cloacae (25%). There was bacterial growth in albumens [n = 10; 7.8%] and in egg yolks [n=38; 29.7%] (P< 0.001). The antimicrobials that showed highest resistance rates were ampicillin...

Detection of mycobacteria in coalho cheese sold in Northeastern Brazil / Detecção de micobactérias em queijo de coalho comercializado no Nordeste do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to detect and identify Mycobaterium spp. in 50 samples of coalho cheese sold in the Northeast region of Brazil. Of the 50 analyzed samples, 35 were produced by the artisanal process, using raw milk, and 15 originated from industrialized establishments that pasteurize milk. Conventional and real-time nested PCR for the rv2807 gene of the M. tuberculosis complex was performed directly from the 50 analyzed samples. Samples of coalho cheese were grown simultaneously in Stonebrink medium, and conventional PCR was performed from the bacterial isolates with primers that flank differentiation region 4 (DR4), specific to M. bovis, mb400F. Bacterial isolates negative by PCR for RD4 were subjected to PCR for hsp65 of Mycobacterium spp., with subsequent DNA sequencing. The cultures were negative for the M. tuberculosis complex, but two samples (4%) from the artisanal process (with raw milk) exhibited identity with hsp65 of Mycobacterium lehmanii (Sequence ID: KY933786.1, identities: 312/363 [86%]); and Mycobacterium rutilum (sequence ID: LT629971.1, identities: 331/371 [89%]), showing to be indicative environmental contamination. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are emergent and ubiquitous microorganisms; therefore, they deserve greater attention in the cheese production chain, both in terms of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar e identificar Mycobaterium spp. em 50 amostras de queijo de coalho comercializados na região Nordeste do Brasil. Das 50 amostras analisadas, 35 foram produzidas pelo processo artesanal, com leite cru e 15 provenientes de estabelecimentos industrializados que realizam a pasteurização do leite. Nested-PCR convencional e em tempo real para o gene rv2807 do Complexo M. tuberculosis foi realizada diretamente das cinquenta amostras analisadas. Paralelamente, as amostras de queijo de coalho foram cultivadas em meio de Stonebrink e dos isolados bacterianos foi realizada PCR convencional com iniciadores que flanqueiam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4), específica de M. bovis, mb400F. Os isolados bacterianos negativos na PCR para RD4 foram submetidos à PCR para hsp65 de Mycobacterium spp., com posterior sequenciamento do DNA. As culturas mostraram-se negativas para o Complexo M. tuberculosis, porém duas amostras oriundas do processo artesanal (com leite cru) (4%) apresentaram identidade com hsp65 de Mycobacterium lehmanii (ID da sequência: KY933786.1, identidades: 312/363 [86%]); e Mycobacterium rutilum (ID da sequência: LT629971.1, identidades: 331/371 [89%]), apontando-se como indicativos de contaminação ambiental. As micobactérias-não-tuberculosas (MNT) são microrganismos emergentes e de natureza ubíqua. Devido a essas características merecem maior atenção na cadeia produtiva de queijos, tanto nas boas práticas agropecuárias (BPAs) quanto nas boas práticas de fabricação de alimentos (BPFs).(AU)

Vertical transmission and kinetic of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum in naturally infected lambs in the semiarid region of Brazil / Transmissão vertical e cinética de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em cordeiros naturalmente infectados na região Semiárida do Brasil

Aimed with this study to evaluate vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in naturally infected sheep and to monitor the kinetics of antibodies against this protozoon in their lambs. Therefore, 48 pregnant ewes, from five herds, were divided into two groups: G1 - positive for anti-N. caninum antibodies, with 19 animals; and G2 - seronegative, with 29 animals. Blood samples were taken from the ewes and their lambs, immediately after birth, before ingesting colostrum, and 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days after birth. Analysis on serum antibodies was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Among the 19 seropositive mothers, six (31.6%) gave birth to lambs seropositive before ingesting colostrum and it was found that these lambs remained positive until the end of the study (56 days). Only one of the lambs, from a ewe that presented an antibody titer of 200, seroconverted after ingestion of colostrum. All the lambs that had been born from negative mothers remained negative throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that transplacental transmission was an important form of diffusion of N. caninum in the herds studied and that seropositive lambs maintained circulating antibodies during the period analyzed.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência da transmissão vertical de Neospora caninum em ovelhas naturalmente infectadas e monitorar a cinética de anticorpos para esse protozoário nos cordeiros. Portanto, foram selecionadas 48 matrizes prenhes, provenientes de cinco propriedades, e estas foram divididas em dois grupos: G1- 19 matrizes positivas para anticorpos anti-N. caninum antes da prenhez; e G2 29 matrizes soronegativas. Foram realizadas colheitas sanguíneas nas mães e cordeiros, no G1 e G2, imediatamente após a parição, antes da ingestão do colostro. Também foi possível realizar colheitas de sangue com 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias após o nascimento. A pesquisa de anticorpos séricos foi realizada por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Das 19 matrizes soropositivas, seis (31,6%) pariram cordeiros soropositivos antes da ingestão do colostro, os quais mantiveram-se positivos até o final do experimento (56 dias). Apenas um dos cordeiros, filho de uma ovelha com título de anticorpos 200, soroconverteu após ingestão do colostro. Todos os cordeiros, filhos de mães negativas, mantiveram-se negativos durante todo o período experimental. Conclui-se que a transmissão transplacentária é uma importante forma de difusão do N. caninum nos rebanhos estudados e que os descendentes infectados, durante a gestação, mantiveram anticorpos circulantes durante o período analisado.(AU)

Detection of mycobacteria in coalho cheese sold in Northeastern Brazil / Detecção de micobactérias em queijo de coalho comercializado no Nordeste do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to detect and identify Mycobaterium spp. in 50 samples of coalho cheese sold in the Northeast region of Brazil. Of the 50 analyzed samples, 35 were produced by the artisanal process, using raw milk, and 15 originated from industrialized establishments that pasteurize milk. Conventional and real-time nested PCR for the rv2807 gene of the M. tuberculosis complex was performed directly from the 50 analyzed samples. Samples of coalho cheese were grown simultaneously in Stonebrink medium, and conventional PCR was performed from the bacterial isolates with primers that flank differentiation region 4 (DR4), specific to M. bovis, mb400F. Bacterial isolates negative by PCR for RD4 were subjected to PCR for hsp65 of Mycobacterium spp., with subsequent DNA sequencing. The cultures were negative for the M. tuberculosis complex, but two samples (4%) from the artisanal process (with raw milk) exhibited identity with hsp65 of Mycobacterium lehmanii (Sequence ID: KY933786.1, identities: 312/363 [86%]); and Mycobacterium rutilum (sequence ID: LT629971.1, identities: 331/371 [89%]), showing to be indicative environmental contamination. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are emergent and ubiquitous microorganisms; therefore, they deserve greater attention in the cheese production chain, both in terms of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar e identificar Mycobaterium spp. em 50 amostras de queijo de coalho comercializados na região Nordeste do Brasil. Das 50 amostras analisadas, 35 foram produzidas pelo processo artesanal, com leite cru e 15 provenientes de estabelecimentos industrializados que realizam a pasteurização do leite. Nested-PCR convencional e em tempo real para o gene rv2807 do Complexo M. tuberculosis foi realizada diretamente das cinquenta amostras analisadas. Paralelamente, as amostras de queijo de coalho foram cultivadas em meio de Stonebrink e dos isolados bacterianos foi realizada PCR convencional com iniciadores que flanqueiam a região de diferenciação 4 (RD4), específica de M. bovis, mb400F. Os isolados bacterianos negativos na PCR para RD4 foram submetidos à PCR para hsp65 de Mycobacterium spp., com posterior sequenciamento do DNA. As culturas mostraram-se negativas para o Complexo M. tuberculosis, porém duas amostras oriundas do processo artesanal (com leite cru) (4%) apresentaram identidade com hsp65 de Mycobacterium lehmanii (ID da sequência: KY933786.1, identidades: 312/363 [86%]); e Mycobacterium rutilum (ID da sequência: LT629971.1, identidades: 331/371 [89%]), apontando-se como indicativos de contaminação ambiental. As micobactérias-não-tuberculosas (MNT) são microrganismos emergentes e de natureza ubíqua. Devido a essas características merecem maior atenção na cadeia produtiva de queijos, tanto nas boas práticas agropecuárias (BPAs) quanto nas boas práticas de fabricação de alimentos (BPFs).

Zoonotic smooth and rough Brucella in dogs: seroprevalence and associated factors in an Atlantic Rainforest area of the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil / Brucella zoonóticalisa e rugosa em cães: soroprevalência e fatores associados em área de Mata Atlântica do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste brasileiro

Canine brucellosisis an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, with world wide distribution and zoonotic impact, and in humans and animals is a neglected disease. In the present study, the sero prevalence of B. canis and B. abortus were determined in a probabilistic sample of housed dogs from the Atlantic Rainforest area of the state of Paraíba, Brazil, and the factors associated with sero positivity. A total of 386 dogs over three months of age were used. For the search for anti-B.canis antibodies the agar gel immune diffusion test (IDGA) was used as a screening and IDGA+2ME as confirmatory test, and to search for anti-B. abortus antibodies the Rose Bengal test (RBT) test was used. Apparent and real prevalences were calculated, and robust Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with prevalence. The real prevalence fB. Canis was 12.6% and of B. abortus was 22.8%. The factors associated with sero positivity for B. canis were age greater than 10 years (prevalence ratio; PR = 6.38; P = 0.024) and dogs reared in they ard (PR = 5.20; P = 0.035) and for B. abortus was no treplacement of water of animals everyday (PR = 1.48; P = 0.033). It can be concluded that the prevalence of B. canis and B. Abortus in the region is high, which warns to the adopting of control and prevention measures, as well as greater care in the management of animals, especially for elderly dogs.(AU)

A brucelose canina é uma doença infecciosa causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella, com distribuição mundial e de caráter zoonótico, e em humanos e animais é uma doença negligenciada. No presente estudo foram determinados as soroprevalências de B. canis e B. abortusem uma amostra probabilística de cães domiciliados da área urbana de oito municípios localizados na região da Mata Atlântica do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil, e os fatores associados com a soropositividade. Foram utilizados 386 cães com mais de três meses de idade. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-B. canis foi utilizado o teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) como triagem e IDGA+2ME como confirmatório, e para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-B. abortusfoi utilizado o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT). Foram calculadas as prevalências aparente e real, e para a identificação de fatores associados com a prevalência foi empregada regressão robusta de Poisson. A prevalência real de B. canis foi de 12,6% e de B. abortusfoi 22,8%. Os fatores associados com a soropositividade para B. canis foram idade maior que 10 anos (razão de prevalência; RP = 6,38; P = 0,024) e cães criados presos no quintal (RP = 5,20; P = 0,035) e para B. abortus foi não trocar a água dos animais todos os dias (RP = 1,48; P = 0,033). Conclui-se que a prevalência de B. canis e B. abortusem cães da região é alta, o que alerta para a necessidade de adoção de medidas de controle e prevenção, bem como são sugeridos maiores cuidados no manejo dos animais, sobretudo cães idosos.(AU)

Spatial distribution of serologically reactive sheep to Leptospira spp. in the northeast region of Brazil

Considering the importance of leptospirosis in sheep farming and public health and the significance of identifying which serogroups circulate in sheep within each region, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and spatial distribution of the most frequent serogroups causing infection by Leptospira sp. in ovine herds in the Northeast region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 4197 sheep from 229 herds in 7 Northeastern States. Sera were analyzed via microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The frequency of seroreactive sheep for Leptospira sp. was 14.06%. The states of Alagoas, Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, located in the Caatinga biome, had the highest frequencies of serologically reactive sheep, and Maranhão, in the Cerrado biome, had the lowest frequency. The most frequent serogroups were Autumnalis (19.49%), Australis (15.76%) and Serjoe (14.41%). In the states of Ceará, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe, 100% of their municipalities had at least one seroreactive animal. The highest frequencies of seropositive animals were found in the municipalities of União (50%), Passagem (49.06%), Canindé (48.89%), Igaci (28.95%), Gararu (31.2%), Pirapemas (17.5%), and Angicos (16%) located in the states of Piauí, Paraíba, Ceará, Alagoas, Sergipe, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte, respectively. The animal-level prevalence (14.06%) obtained in the present study is significant, especially considering the rustic nature of the species and the adverse conditions of the region for the infectious agent. In semi-arid conditions, it has been suggested that perhaps sheep do not seroconvert detectable titers on MAT with a cut-off point of 1:100. It is important to highlight that the ovine population in the Northeast region of Brazil is composed of mixed animals, which have been considered more resistant to infection by Leptospira spp. Also, environmental factors hostile to the survival of the infectious agent in the studied region should be taken into consideration, since they may have influenced the seropositive animal-level prevalence. A noteworthy variation was observed in agglutinin titers, which ranged from 100 to 1,600, where 80.2% of the positive samples had titers ≤ 200. It is important to highlight that more elevated titers (≥ 400) were obtained in all seven states, which may suggest an acute infection caused by a non-adapted serovar, indicating that preventive and control measures focused on possible infection sources for sheep should be adopted. Although some states showed the same serogroups as the most frequent, a variety of serogroups was observed in municipalities, which may indicate different sources of infection, whether interspecies, intraspecies, or via alternative routes of transmission in semi-arid conditions, such as venereal. This indicates that even though sheep are more resistant to infection, they become exposed due to the environment or management conditions. As such, identification, isolation, and treatment of the affected animals are alternative measures recommended for prevention and control of leptospirosis in sheep in the semi-arid region. It is evident that despite the lack of rain observed in the last decade in the Northeast region of Brazil, which prevented the formation of favorable environments for the presence of Leptospira, the infectious agent remains among the sheep, as well as other production and wild animals in the region. Some factors may be contributing to this scenario, such as the fact that sheep farming in the region is = characterized mainly by subsistence systems, where veterinary assistance and adequate sanitary management are absent, thus increasing the possibility of contact with Leptospira. (AU)

True prevalence and spatial distribution of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in horses from northeast region of Brazil

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a viral infection, caused by a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family, Orthoretrovirinael subfamily and its occurrence generates significant economic losses due to culling of positive animals as a measure of infection control. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of horses positive for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and to identify the occurrence of areas with higher densities of cases in the states of Paraíba (PB), Pernambuco (PE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and Ceará (CE), Northeast region of Brazil, during the rainy (May and June) and dry (October and November) periods of 2017 and 2018. Serum samples from 6,566 horses from the states of PB, PE, RN and CE, Brazil, provided by the Laboratório Veterinária Diagnóstico - Ltda., were used. Serological diagnosis of EIA was performed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a screening test and agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) as a confirmatory test. The apparent prevalence was obtained by dividing the number of seroreactive animals by the total number of animals, while the true prevalence was estimated by adjusting the apparent prevalence, considering the sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.6%) of the diagnostic protocol used. For the construction of Kernel estimates, the Quartic function was used. In the dry season, of the 1,564 animals sampled, 28 were serologically positive, of which 19 belonged to the state of Ceará, 7 to Paraíba and 2 to Rio Grande do Norte. In 2018, it was observed that, during the rainy season, 26 of the 1,635 horses were seroreactive, with 19 cases resulting from Ceará, 4 from Paraíba and 3 from Pernambuco. In the dry season, 32 of the 1,526 animals were seroreactive to EIAV, of which 26 were from Ceará, 3 from Paraíba, 1 from Rio Grande do Norte and 2 from Pernambuco. In the dry period of 2017, the CE had a real prevalence of 1.22% (95% CI = 0.05 - 2.99%). In 2018, during the rainy season, prevalences of 0.03% (95% CI = 0 - 1.18%) were identified in CE and 1.69% (95% CI = 0 - 8.38%) in PE. Regarding the 2018 dry period, a prevalence of 1.32% (95% CI = 0.26 - 2.84%) was found in the state of CE. In both dry and rainy periods of 2017, the presence of spatial clusters of animals positive for EIA was observed, mainly in the border areas among the states of CE, PE, PB and RN. In 2018, there was a variation in the distribution of areas with higher densities of cases between the rainy and dry periods. The state of CE had the highest prevalence of positive animals and the presence of areas with higher densities of EIA cases in both climatic periods, in the years 2017 and 2018. In some municipalities of the CE, important sporting events of agglomeration of animals take place, which can favor the transmission of EIAV by facilitating the contact of infected and susceptible animals. Population density may be a factor associated with the higher prevalence observed in this region, as it has the second largest herd among the states studied. Higher densities indirectly contribute to the occurrence of infectious diseases, as they favor the contact of infected and susceptible animals. The occurrence of higher densities of cases in the border areas of the states of PE, RN, CE, and PB may be related to the greater movement of animals in these regions, favoring the indirect contact of infected horses with susceptible ones. The observed results demonstrate the circulation of the EIAV in four states in the Northeast region of Brazil.(AU)

Rickettsial infection in equids, opossums and ticks in the municipality of Monte Mor, state of São Paulo, Brazil / Infecção por Rickettsia spp. em equídeos, gambás e carrapatos do município de Monte Mor, estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate rickettsial infection in equids, opossums and ticks in the municipality of Monte Mor, a place where a Brazilian spotted fever case occurred in 2005. In addition, characteristics possibly associated with seropositivity in horses were analyzed. Serum samples from horses, mules and opossums (Didelphis albiventris) were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) against Rickettsia rickettsii. The ticks collected from the animals were identified and Amblyomma sculptum ticks from the equids were tested using PCR for Rickettsia spp. Anti-R. rickettsii antibodies were detected in 22.6% (14/62) of the horses, none of the mules and 21.7% (5/23) of the opossums. Among the variables analyzed, only age > 12 years showed a statistically significant association with seropositivity among horses. All of the 166 A. sculptum ticks tested using PCR were negative. The results showed that rickettsiae of the spotted fever group was circulating in the municipality of Monte Mor when the samples were collected and indicate a need for surveillance of Brazilian spotted fever in this region.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou pesquisar a infecção por Rickettsia spp. em equídeos, gambás e carrapatos, do município de Monte Mor, local que teve um caso de febre maculosa brasileira, em 2005. Além disso, características possivelmente associadas com a soropositividade nos equinos foram analisadas. Soros de equinos, muares e gambás Didelphis albiventris foram submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) contra Rickettsia rickettsii. Os carrapatos coletados dos animais foram identificados e os carrapatos Amblyomma sculptum dos equídeos foram testados pela PCR para Rickettsia spp. Anticorpos anti-R. rickettsii foram detectados em 22,6% (14/62) equinos, zero muares e 21,7% (5/23) gambás. Entre as variáveis analisadas, apenas a idade maior que 12 anos mostrou associação estatisticamente significante com a soropositividade em equinos. De 166 carrapatos A. sculptum testados pela PCR, todos foram negativos. Os resultados mostram que riquétsias do grupo da febre maculosa estavam circulando no município de Monte Mor, quando as amostras foram coletadas, e apontam para a necessidade de vigilância para a febre maculosa brasileira nessa região.(AU)

Cross-sectional survey for toxoplasmosis in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from the Atlantic Forest area in Alagoas state, Northeastern Brazil / Estudo transversal para toxoplasmose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) de área de Mata Atlântica do estado de Alagoas, Nordeste do Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease, which is prevalent across the world and has a strong environmental component in its transmission chain. The present study determined the seroprevalence and factors related to Toxoplasma gondii infection among free-range chickens from an Atlantic Forest area in Northeastern Brazil. A total of 550 free-range chickens were tested for T. gondii antibodies usingthe indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, cut-off point 1:16), and 269 (48.9%; 95% CI = 44.7-53.1%) were positive. Among the 61 properties 57 (93.4%) had at least one seropositive animal. The robust Poisson regression model showed that the variables/categories associated with the seroprevalence of T. gondii were: region of origin of the animals/urban area (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.346; P 0.001), management system/use of cages (PR = 1.591; P = 0.019), presence of rodents/yes (PR = 1.295; P = 0.035), and the type of food/use of food scraps (PR = 1.603; P = 0.009). The high prevalence found suggest that this scenario demands careful management, mainly regarding the use of scraps of undercooked or raw food, adequate environmental hygiene and frequent rodentcontrol.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma doença parasitária mundial com um forte componente ambiental em sua cadeia de transmissão. Nesta pesquisa, foram determinados a soroprevalência e os fatores associados em galinhas caipiras de uma área de Mata Atlântica no Nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 550 galinhas caipiras foi testado para anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii pela reação de imunfluorescência indireta (RIFI) com ponto de corte de 1:16, e 269 (48,9%; IC95% = 44,7- 53,1%) foram positivas. Das 61 propriedades visitadas, 57 (93,4%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal positivo. O modelo de regressão de Poisson robusta mostrou que as variáveis/categorias associadas à soroprevalência de T. gondii foram: origem dos animais/área urbana (razão de prevalência - RP = 2,346; P 0,001), sistema de manejo/uso de gaiolas (RP = 1,591; P = 0,019), presença de roedores/sim (RP = 1,295; P = 0,035), e tipo de alimento/uso de sobras de alimentos (RP = 1,603; P = 0,009). A alta prevalência sugereque este cenário demanda cuidados de manejo, principalmente no que se refere ao fornecimento de sobras de alimentos mal cozidos ou crus, higiene adequada do meio ambiente e controle frequente de roedores.(AU)

Assessment of caseous lymphadenitis in goats in a slaughterhouse in the Brazilian semi-arid region and estimates of economic losses due to carcass condemnation / Avaliação da linfadenite caseosa em caprinos em um abatedouro na região do semiárido brasileiro e estimativas de perdas econômicas por condenação de carcaças

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by the pathogenic bacterium, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, results in economic loss in goat farming. Its prevalence in Brazilian herds varies from 5 to 50%, generating expenses with treatment, loss in production, carcass and organ condemnation, and reduced price of the hide. This study aimed to describe the distribution of lesions and quantify the loss associated with CLA in goat breeding due to condemnation in a slaughterhouse located in a semiarid region. The study was conducted at the municipal slaughterhouse of the city of Patos, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, where goats from this intermediate geographical region are slaughtered. In 2017, 3,662 animals were slaughtered, an average of 305 per month. During the study period, from March to August 2017, 304 goats of both sexes and different ages of undefined breed were assessed. In the ante-mortem examination, inspection and palpation of the superficial lymph nodes was done; in the post-mortem examination, organ and viscera were assessed. The caseous material collected was sent for microbiological analysis. Of the 304 individuals, 227 [74.67% (95% CI: 69.50-79.23)] did not have any lesions, while 77 [25.33% (95% CI: 20.77-30.50)] showed abscesses suggestive of CLA, which was confirmed in 65 goats [84.41% (95% CI: 76.30-92.50)]. Sex (P = 0.044) and age (P = 0.002) were associated with infection. While the sex of the animals affected carcass and viscera weights and carcass yield, their age affected live weight, carcass, organ, and viscera weights; conversely, the incidence of CLA did not affect these variables. The average price in Real (R$) of a kilogram (kg) of goat meat cuts and “offal” was used to calculate the economic loss. Considering the average carcass weight (11,485 kg), organ weight (1,085 kg), and viscera weight (2,013 kg), 4,433.232 kg of meat was produced, resulting in R$ 72,945.43. The condemnations resulted in the loss of 269.894 kg, which is equivalent to R$ 4,540.33. CLA is responsible for a negative impact of 6.09% on production. Implementing control measures for this disease is important to increase the financial return in goat farming.(AU)

Linfadenite Caseosa (LC) causada pela bactéria patogênica Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis resulta em perda econômica na caprinocultura. No rebanho brasileiro sua prevalência varia de 5 a 50%, gerando gastos com tratamento, queda de produção, condenação de carcaça e órgãos, e desvalorização da pele. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a perda associada à LC na caprinocultura de corte por condenação em abatedouro do semiárido, bem como caracterizar a distribuição das lesões. O trabalho foi realizado no Abatedouro Municipal da cidade de Patos, Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, onde ocorre abate de caprinos provenientes desta região geográfica intermediária. No ano de 2017 foram abatidos 3.662 animais, uma média de 305 por mês. Durante o período de estudo, março a agosto do mesmo ano, avaliou-se 304 caprinos sem padrão racial definido, ambos os sexos e idades diversas. No exame ante mortem foram submetidos à inspeção e palpação de linfonodos superficiais; post mortem, órgãos e vísceras. O material caseoso coletado foi submetido à análise microbiológica para diagnóstico. Dos 304 indivíduos, 227 [74,67% (IC 95%: 69,50-79,23)] não apresentaram qualquer lesão, enquanto 77 [25,33% (IC 95%: 20,77-30,50)] evidenciaram abscessos sugestivos de LC, com confirmação em 65 [84,41% (IC 95%: 76,30-92,50)]. Constatou-se associação de sexo (P = 0,044) e idade (P = 0,002) à infecção. Foi verificado efeito do sexo dos animais nas variáveis peso de carcaça, peso de vísceras e rendimento de carcaça, bem como houve efeito da idade nas variáveis peso vivo, peso de carcaça, peso de órgãos e peso de vísceras; no entanto, não houve efeito da ocorrência de LC nessas variáveis. Para cálculo de perda econômica adotou-se o preço médio em Real (R$) do quilograma (kg) dos cortes de carne caprina, e “miúdos”. Considerando o peso médio de carcaça (11,485 kg), órgãos (1,085 kg) e vísceras (2,013 kg), houve produção de 4.433,232 kg, resultando em R$ 72.945,43. As condenações subtraíram 269,894 kg, equivalente a R$ 4.540,33. Atribui-se à LC um impacto negativo de 6,09% na produção. Implementar medidas de controle para essa doença é importante para que se amplie o retorno financeiro à atividade.(AU)