Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Nellore cloned calf viability during the postnatal period / Viabilidade de bezerros nelores clonados durante o período pós natal imediato

This study evaluated the viability of Nellore cloned calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and compare their viability with animals of the same breed derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF). Thus, two groups were formed. Group I (GI) consisted of 10 calves derived from SCNT and group II (GII) consisted of 10 calves derived from IVF. The differences detected between the groups were in the physical examination of the respiratory tract in GI, which represented the most common clinical-pathological disturbances. The Apgar index score indicated that 80% of GI animals were depressed and all had pale mucous membranes. Thus, anemia was reported in GI. In GII, this started at 12 h of life and was probably caused by an iron deficiency. Moreover, total calcium and ionized calcium levels were higher in GI immediately after birth. These alterations probably resulted in a high incidence of mortality in GI, reaching 90% of the calves, whereas mortality was only 20% for the calves in GII. In conclusion, cloned calves, which were derived from SCNT, had physiological and metabolic alterations after delivery, leading to a higher mortality rate during the perinatal period.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de bezerros da raça Nelore oriundos da técnica da transferência nuclear de células somáticas (TNCS), no período pós natal imediato, comparando-a com animais desta mesma raça, oriundos de fertilização in vitro (FIV). Para tanto, os animais foram alocados em dois grupos, a saber: Grupo I (GI) - 10 animais frutos de TNCS; e, Grupo II (GII) - 10 animais oriundos de FIV. Nos respectivos bezerros, todos obtidos por cesariana, foram realizadas as avaliações físicas, escore de APGAR, bem como coleta de amostras de sangue nos momentos 0 (ao nascimento), às 2, 4, 6 e 12 horas de vida, a fim de avaliar os resultados de eritrograma, análises bioquímicas e hormonais, comparando-os entre os grupos e momentos. Nos animais que vieram a óbito foi realizada a necropsia para investigar a causa mortis. As diferenças observadas foram em relação aos achados clínico-patológicos, envolvendo, principalmente, o sistema respiratório caracterizado por bradpneia associada à dispneia, e a presença de edema e atelectasia pulmonar observadas no GI. Ademais, após a colostragem notou-se que 80% dos animais avaliados não foram capazes de manter a glicemia sendo mais evidentes nos animais do GII, possivelmente devido à hiperinsulinemia que se manifestou neste grupo ao longo de todo o período experimental. ...(AU)

Biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lameness during postpartum period

Background: Lameness in dairy cows is classified as a gait change caused by multifactorial process. The phase of theperipartum causes intense physiological changes for the adaptation of late gestation and onset of lactation. The aim of thisstudy was to characterize the changes in the biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lamenessduring postpartum period.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted at the University of São Paulo farm, in Pirassununga, São PauloState, Brazil, from January to March 2017. A total, of 48 multiparous (2 to 3 lactations and 3-4 years old) dairy cows,that had the milk production of 9,200 kg/ dairy cow in a period of 305 days in the previous lactation, were included in thestudy. All cows were managed under the same conditions and nutritional regimen. Evaluation of body condition score wasperformed by a single person on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition, and on days 1, 7, 14, 21,30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Milk production was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition and savedin the software program. Blood samples were performed on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition,and on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Blood samples were assayed for albumin, calcium, cholesterol,triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamil-transferase and total proteinconcentrations. Dairy cows were divided into a lame group (11) and normal group (37) based on locomotion score fromparturition to seven days postpartum. Lame cows was classified if their score was > 2, and normal cows was classified iftheir score was ≤ 2 and free of any disease. Dairy cows that suffer by any health disorder other than lameness were excludedfrom this study. Cow diagnosed with lameness outside the diagnostic period were excluded from this study...

Biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lameness during postpartum period

Background: Lameness in dairy cows is classified as a gait change caused by multifactorial process. The phase of theperipartum causes intense physiological changes for the adaptation of late gestation and onset of lactation. The aim of thisstudy was to characterize the changes in the biochemical profile and productive performance in dairy cows with lamenessduring postpartum period.Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted at the University of São Paulo farm, in Pirassununga, São PauloState, Brazil, from January to March 2017. A total, of 48 multiparous (2 to 3 lactations and 3-4 years old) dairy cows,that had the milk production of 9,200 kg/ dairy cow in a period of 305 days in the previous lactation, were included in thestudy. All cows were managed under the same conditions and nutritional regimen. Evaluation of body condition score wasperformed by a single person on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition, and on days 1, 7, 14, 21,30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Milk production was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition and savedin the software program. Blood samples were performed on -18, -12, -8, -5, and -2 days before parturition, at parturition,and on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 and 60 after parturition. Blood samples were assayed for albumin, calcium, cholesterol,triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea, creatinine, gamma-glutamil-transferase and total proteinconcentrations. Dairy cows were divided into a lame group (11) and normal group (37) based on locomotion score fromparturition to seven days postpartum. Lame cows was classified if their score was > 2, and normal cows was classified iftheir score was ≤ 2 and free of any disease. Dairy cows that suffer by any health disorder other than lameness were excludedfrom this study. Cow diagnosed with lameness outside the diagnostic period were excluded from this study...(AU)

Occurrence of acid erosion of the teeth, actinomycosis and polioencephalomalacia in flock of sheep fed wet low pectin citrus pulp / Ocorrência de erosão ácida dos dentes, actinomicose e polioencefalomalacia em rebanho de ovinos alimentados com polpa cítrica úmida despectinada

The citrus pulp can be used as a substitute in ruminant feed reducing costs and maintaining the nutritional quality of food. However, this compound should be used carefully so as not to cause harm to the animals. The present report aims to describe the occurrence of dental erosion, actinomycosis and polioencephalomalacia in sheep raised and kept with a wet low pectin citrus pulp based diet, composing 50% of roughage. Actinomycosis was diagnosed in five animals through clinical and radiographic examinations and microbiological culture, and, after treatment, three animals were cured. Polioencephalomalacia was confirmed in ten animals by clinical diagnostics, in nine out of ten animals by therapeutic diagnosis, and in one animal by post-mortem anatomopathological examination. According to the observed, we recommend caution when large amounts of citrus pulp are used as bulky food.

A polpa cítrica está entre os produtos que podem ser utilizados como substitutos na alimentação de ruminantes, diminuindo os gastos e mantendo a qualidade nutricional do alimento fornecido aos animais, porém, esses alimentos devem ser utilizados de forma que não tragam malefícios. Assim, o presente relato visa apresentar a ocorrência de erosão dentária, actinomicose e polioencefalomalácia em ovinos criados e mantidos recebendo alimentação à base de polpa cítrica úmida despectinada na concentração de 50% do volumoso. A actinomicose foi diagnosticada em cinco animais por meio de exame clínico, radiográfico e cultivo microbiológico, e após tratamento três animais foram curados. Já a polioencefalomalácia foi confirmada em dez animais pelos sintomas manifestados, eficiência da terapia instituída em nove animais e exame anatomopatológico de um animal que veio a óbito. De acordo com o observado, deve-se ter cuidado ao utilizar grande quantidade de polpa cítrica úmida como volumoso.

Occurrence of acid erosion of the teeth, actinomycosis and polioencephalomalacia in flock of sheep fed wet low pectin citrus pulp / Ocorrência de erosão ácida dos dentes, actinomicose e polioencefalomalacia em rebanho de ovinos alimentados com polpa cítrica úmida despectinada

The citrus pulp can be used as a substitute in ruminant feed reducing costs and maintaining the nutritional quality of food. However, this compound should be used carefully so as not to cause harm to the animals. The present report aims to describe the occurrence of dental erosion, actinomycosis and polioencephalomalacia in sheep raised and kept with a wet low pectin citrus pulp based diet, composing 50% of roughage. Actinomycosis was diagnosed in five animals through clinical and radiographic examinations and microbiological culture, and, after treatment, three animals were cured. Polioencephalomalacia was confirmed in ten animals by clinical diagnostics, in nine out of ten animals by therapeutic diagnosis, and in one animal by post-mortem anatomopathological examination. According to the observed, we recommend caution when large amounts of citrus pulp are used as bulky food.(AU)

A polpa cítrica está entre os produtos que podem ser utilizados como substitutos na alimentação de ruminantes, diminuindo os gastos e mantendo a qualidade nutricional do alimento fornecido aos animais, porém, esses alimentos devem ser utilizados de forma que não tragam malefícios. Assim, o presente relato visa apresentar a ocorrência de erosão dentária, actinomicose e polioencefalomalácia em ovinos criados e mantidos recebendo alimentação à base de polpa cítrica úmida despectinada na concentração de 50% do volumoso. A actinomicose foi diagnosticada em cinco animais por meio de exame clínico, radiográfico e cultivo microbiológico, e após tratamento três animais foram curados. Já a polioencefalomalácia foi confirmada em dez animais pelos sintomas manifestados, eficiência da terapia instituída em nove animais e exame anatomopatológico de um animal que veio a óbito. De acordo com o observado, deve-se ter cuidado ao utilizar grande quantidade de polpa cítrica úmida como volumoso.(AU)

Occurrence of acid erosion of the teeth, actinomycosis and polioencephalomalacia in flock of sheep fed wet low pectin citrus pulp / Ocorrência de erosão ácida dos dentes, actinomicose e polioencefalomalacia em rebanho de ovinos alimentados com polpa cítrica úmida despectinada

The citrus pulp can be used as a substitute in ruminant feed reducing costs and maintaining the nutritional quality of food. However, this compound should be used carefully so as not to cause harm to the animals. The present report aims to describe the occurrence of dental erosion, actinomycosis and polioencephalomalacia in sheep raised and kept with a wet low pectin citrus pulp based diet, composing 50% of roughage. Actinomycosis was diagnosed in five animals through clinical and radiographic examinations and microbiological culture, and, after treatment, three animals were cured. Polioencephalomalacia was confirmed in ten animals by clinical diagnostics, in nine out of ten animals by therapeutic diagnosis, and in one animal by post-mortem anatomopathological examination. According to the observed, we recommend caution when large amounts of citrus pulp are used as bulky food.(AU)

A polpa cítrica está entre os produtos que podem ser utilizados como substitutos na alimentação de ruminantes, diminuindo os gastos e mantendo a qualidade nutricional do alimento fornecido aos animais, porém, esses alimentos devem ser utilizados de forma que não tragam malefícios. Assim, o presente relato visa apresentar a ocorrência de erosão dentária, actinomicose e polioencefalomalácia em ovinos criados e mantidos recebendo alimentação à base de polpa cítrica úmida despectinada na concentração de 50% do volumoso. A actinomicose foi diagnosticada em cinco animais por meio de exame clínico, radiográfico e cultivo microbiológico, e após tratamento três animais foram curados. Já a polioencefalomalácia foi confirmada em dez animais pelos sintomas manifestados, eficiência da terapia instituída em nove animais e exame anatomopatológico de um animal que veio a óbito. De acordo com o observado, deve-se ter cuidado ao utilizar grande quantidade de polpa cítrica úmida como volumoso.(AU)

Retenção de placenta no proteinograma de vacas Holandesas / Retained placenta on the proteinogram of Holstein cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da retenção de placenta (RP) no proteinograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa, de propriedades comerciais, foram utilizadas 129 vacas com RP e 145 vacas com parto e pós-parto fisiológicos e sem nenhum tratamento no período avaliado. As amostras de sangue foram divididas nos momentos: 1odia pós-parto (DPP), 2o-3o, 4o-5o, 6o-7o, 8o-14o, 15o-29o, 30o-59o e 60o-90o DPP. O fracionamento das proteínas foi realizado por eletroforese em fita de acetato de celulose e em gel de poliacrilamida, contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), nas quais se avaliou o comportamento de 19 bandas proteicas identificadas pelos respectivos pesos moleculares, que variaram entre 23KDa e 187KDa. Não houve influência da RP na proteína sérica total e gamaglobulinas. A albumina sérica permaneceu abaixo dos valores de referência até os 90DPP nos animais com RP. Concluiu-se que vacas Holandesas com RP apresentam um quadro de normoproteinemia com hipoalbuminemia e aumento das frações alfaglobulinas e betaglobulinas até os 90DPP, presença de resposta inflamatória de fase aguda positiva pelo significativo aumento de haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, glicoproteína ácida, e de fase aguda negativa pela diminuição de albumina na primeira semana pós-parto.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of retained placenta on the proteinogram of Holstein cows from commercial dairy farms. Blood samples were collected from 129 animals with retained placenta (RP) and 145 animals with normal delivery and postpartum period, without any treatment, on following days: 1 st day in milk (DIM), 2 nd -3 th , 4 th -5 th , 6 th -7 th , 8 th -14 th , 15 th -29 th , 30 th -59 th and 60 th -90 th DIM were analyzed. Protein electrophoresis were performed in acetate cellulose and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel (SDS-PAGE), where 19 protein bands were observed with molecular weights between 23KDa and 187KDa. There was no influence on serum total protein and gamma globulins. Serum albumin remained below the normal reference values up to 90DIM. In conclusion, Holstein cows with RP have normoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia up to 90DIM, presence of positive acute phase response by increase of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, acid glycoprotein, alpha and beta globulins and negative acute phase response by decreased of albumin within the first week postpartum.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo das afecções locomotoras em ruminantes atendidos na Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo entre 2000 e 2012 / Retrospective study of locomotor disorders in ruminants attended in the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo from 2000 to 2012

Foi realizado o estudo retrospectivo das afecções do sistema locomotor de ruminantes atendidos no Serviço de Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantes da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), no período de 2000 a 2012. Nesse período, foram atendidos 209 casos de animais com problemas lo- comotores, dos quais 62,7% localizados na região distal dos membros e 37,3% na região proximal. Na espécie bovina, com 121 (57,9%) casos atendidos, o comprometimento da região distal dos membros foi observado em 86 (71,07%) e da região proximal em 35 (28,93%) dos casos, respectivamente. A afecção mais frequente observada em bovinos foi a hiperplasia interdigital com 26,74% (23) dos casos atendidos. Entre as afecções na região proximal, houve maior ocor- rência de fraturas, com 48,6% (17) dos casos. Foram atendidos 88 (42,1%) pequenos ruminantes, apresentando lesões na região distal em 51,1% (45) dos casos e 48,9% (43) com lesões na região proximal. Nessas espécies, as lesões de maior ocorrência nas regiões distais e proximais foram, respectivamente, o foot-rot (60%) e as fraturas (77,4%). As afecções do sistema locomotor dos ruminantes foram pouco frequentes entre os animais atendidos no período estudado. Quanto ao prognóstico, foi bom nos animais acometidos com doenças podais, diferentemente das afecções proximais dos bovinos, principalmente fraturas, que apresentaram prognóstico mau.(AU)

This study aimed to perform a retrospective study of ruminants attended at the Clinic for Cattle and Small Ruminants (CBPR) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP) with locomotor diseases from 2000 to 2012. During this period 209 cases were treated. It was found that cases located in the distal limb and in the proximal region were 62.7% and 33.7%, respectively. In bovines, 121 (57.9%) cases were treated, with 86 (71.07%) cases presented in the distal limb and 35 (28.93%) cases in the proximal region. The most common disease was interdigital hyperplasia with 23 (26.74%) cases treated. Fractures were the most frequent disease related to the proximal regioncorresponding to 17 (48.6%) occurrences. In small ruminants, 88 animals (42.1%) were treated with 45 (51.1%) cases in the distal region and the other 43 (48.9%) in the proximal region. In these species, the foot-rot (60%) and fractures (77.4%) was the most common diseases found in the distal and the proximal region, respectively. The disorders of the locomotor system of ruminants were uncommon in the CBPR. While the affected animals with claw diseases have a good prognosis, disorders affecting the upper limb in cattle, mainly fracture, have a poor prognosis.(AU)

Medicina interna de bezerros clonados: distúrbios clínicos observados nos primeiros 30 dias de vida / Internal medicine of cloned calf: clinical disorders observed during the first 30 days of life

Apesar dos esforços realizados nos últimos quatro anos, as taxas de mortalidade dos bezerros clonados da raça que chegam a termo são ainda altas, cerca de 50%. Demonstrou-se a ocorrência de graves distúrbios cardiorrespiratórios caracterizados por hiperfonese, presença de sopros cardíacos na 1ª e 2ª bulha associadosa dispneias, respiração rude e estertores. Em consequência ao nãofechamento do Forâmen de Botal e do Ducto Arterioso, há mistura de sangue arterial e venoso comprometendo a capacidade de oxigenação do sangue dos bezerros clonados. Observou-se ainda a ocorrência de macrossomia, hipoglicemia, hipotermia, anomaliasdas estruturas umbilicais, anemia e alopecia.(AU)

Despite all efforts during the last four years to improve cloned newborn care, the mortality rate of calf after term is still high, around 50%. Clinical symptoms observed in these cloned calf were related to severe cardiopulmonary disorders like hyperphonese, diastolic and systolic cardiac murmurs associated to dyspnea and crackling lung sounds. Due to the patency of the Foramen Ovale and Ductus Arteriosus, in which causes the mix of arterial and venous blood, the blood oxygenation in these cloned calf is compromised. In addition, cloned calf could also present increasedbirth weight, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, umbilical cord abnormalities, anemia, and alopecia.(AU)

Medicina interna de bezerros clonados: distúrbios clínicos observados nos primeiros 30 dias de vida / Internal medicine of cloned calf: clinical disorders observed during the first 30 days of life

Apesar dos esforços realizados nos últimos quatro anos, as taxas de mortalidade dos bezerros clonados da raça que chegam a termo são ainda altas, cerca de 50%. Demonstrou-se a ocorrência de graves distúrbios cardiorrespiratórios caracterizados por hiperfonese, presença de sopros cardíacos na 1ª e 2ª bulha associadosa dispneias, respiração rude e estertores. Em consequência ao nãofechamento do Forâmen de Botal e do Ducto Arterioso, há mistura de sangue arterial e venoso comprometendo a capacidade de oxigenação do sangue dos bezerros clonados. Observou-se ainda a ocorrência de macrossomia, hipoglicemia, hipotermia, anomaliasdas estruturas umbilicais, anemia e alopecia.

Despite all efforts during the last four years to improve cloned newborn care, the mortality rate of calf after term is still high, around 50%. Clinical symptoms observed in these cloned calf were related to severe cardiopulmonary disorders like hyperphonese, diastolic and systolic cardiac murmurs associated to dyspnea and crackling lung sounds. Due to the patency of the Foramen Ovale and Ductus Arteriosus, in which causes the mix of arterial and venous blood, the blood oxygenation in these cloned calf is compromised. In addition, cloned calf could also present increasedbirth weight, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, umbilical cord abnormalities, anemia, and alopecia.

Clinical disorders observed during the first 30 days of life of cloned Zebu calf

Background: The advent of animal cloning from embryos reconstructed with nuclei from cells at different stages of differentiation has been responsible for the appearance of several anomalies in calves, with some alterations diagnosed during pregnancy and others after the birth of cloned animals. Despite efforts over the past five years, the rate of mortality after the birth of cloned calves is still high, at about 50%. Below is reported the research experience gained at the University of São Paulo in the period from 2005 to 2010, related to the birth of cloned calves from Nellore. Review: Research showed that cloned calves present cardiopulmonary disorders characterized by tachycardia with episodes of arrhythmia with bradycardia, increase in the 1st heart sound, presence or absence of heart murmurs in the 1st and 2nd heart sound associated with dyspnea, breathing harsh and crackling dry, moist and crackling. During the first days of life of cloned calves that died, ultrasound examination demonstrated the presence of concentric hypertrophy congenital cardiac and turbulent flow at the foramen of botal towards the right heart to left heart, indicating reversal of blood flow to the pattern observed in fetal life. As a result, mixture of arterial and venous blood occurs, compromising the ability of oxygen to the blood of cloned calves. The occurrence of macrosomia was observed in 20.9% of Nellore calves. It is believed that this syndrome is associated with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in the placenta and/or fetus, leading to fetal gigantism, which mimicks excessive fetal growth seen in pregnant women with diabetes. We observed the occurrence of moderate to severe normocytic and normochromic anemia, with the anemia gradually appearing from 12 h of life onwards, reaching its maximum intensity at the end of the first week, to start a gradual recovery to normal values from the 15th day of life. The anemia observed in cloned calves was ferropriva, as such animals showed a significant decrease in serum iron levels associated with decreased transferrin saturation index (STI). Umbilical anomalies occurred in most clones. There was an increase in the thickness of the umbilical cord, which hindered its spontaneous rupture at birth. The umbilical arteries did not undergo retraction into the abdominal cavity, leaving them exposed in the remnant of the umbilical cord. In the first three days after birth, strong pulse of these arteries was noted in umbilical cord, making it necessary to use clamps on the arteries in order to prevent bleeding. There were also intra-abdominal hematomas involving the arteries and the urachus. Between 15 and 20 days of life, it was observed the occurrence of alopecia in about 75.0% of the calves, whose origin may be related to disturbances in the synthesis and absorption of vitamins, since the supplementation of calves with ADE vitamin complex decreased symptoms. Conclusion: The results confirm the occurrence of serious cardiopulmonary disorders characterized by tachycardia, hyperphonesis, presence of heart murmurs in the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, episodes of arrhythmia and bradycardia associated with dyspnea, rales, and coarse breath. As a result of the non-closure of the foramen of Botal and the Ductus Arteriosus, arterial and venous blood a mix, compromising the oxygen carrying capacity in the blood of cloned calves. There was also the occurrence of macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, abnormal umbilical structures, anemia and alopecia

Inter-relações entre a função hepática, lipidorama e os dirtúrbios inflamatórios do endométrio (endometrites puerperais agudas, retenção dos anexos fetais e catarros genitais) de fêmeas bovins da raça holandesa / Relationship among hepatic function, lipid profile and endometrium inflammatory disorders (acute postpartum endometritis, placental retention and genital catarrhal discharges) in holstein cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar as inter-relações entre a função hepática, o lipidograma e os distúrbios inflamatórios do endométrio (endometrites puerperais agudas, retenção dos anexos fetais e catarros genitais), colheram-se 126 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos da raça Holandesa. A função hepática foi avaliada por meio da determinação dos teores séricos da proteína total, albumina, globulinas; aspartatoaminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) e bilirrubinas. O lipidograma foi avaliado pela determinação dos teores séricos de colesterol, triglicérides, ácidos graxos não esterificados e beta-hidroxibutirato. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os valores de albumina de animais com retenção dos anexos fetais e catarros genitais são menores do que os obtidos em animais sadios.

Aiming to assess the relationship among hepatic function, lipid profile and endometrium inflammatory disorders (acute postpartum endometritis, placental retention and genital catarrhal discharges), 126 blood samples were collected from Holstein cows. Hepatic function was assessed by total serum protein, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and bilirubin measurement. Lipid profile assessment was measured by serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and â-hydroxybutyrate. The results indicate that the albumin values of cows presenting placental retention and chronic puerperal endometritis are lower than those of health cows.

Inter-relações entre a função hepática, lipidorama e os dirtúrbios inflamatórios do endométrio (endometrites puerperais agudas, retenção dos anexos fetais e catarros genitais) de fêmeas bovins da raça holandesa / Relationship among hepatic function, lipid profile and endometrium inflammatory disorders (acute postpartum endometritis, placental retention and genital catarrhal discharges) in holstein cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar as inter-relações entre a função hepática, o lipidograma e os distúrbios inflamatórios do endométrio (endometrites puerperais agudas, retenção dos anexos fetais e catarros genitais), colheram-se 126 amostras de soro sanguíneo de bovinos da raça Holandesa. A função hepática foi avaliada por meio da determinação dos teores séricos da proteína total, albumina, globulinas; aspartatoaminotransferase (AST), gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) e bilirrubinas. O lipidograma foi avaliado pela determinação dos teores séricos de colesterol, triglicérides, ácidos graxos não esterificados e beta-hidroxibutirato. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os valores de albumina de animais com retenção dos anexos fetais e catarros genitais são menores do que os obtidos em animais sadios.(AU)

Aiming to assess the relationship among hepatic function, lipid profile and endometrium inflammatory disorders (acute postpartum endometritis, placental retention and genital catarrhal discharges), 126 blood samples were collected from Holstein cows. Hepatic function was assessed by total serum protein, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and bilirubin measurement. Lipid profile assessment was measured by serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and â-hydroxybutyrate. The results indicate that the albumin values of cows presenting placental retention and chronic puerperal endometritis are lower than those of health cows.(AU)

Successful transplant of mesenchymal stem cells in induced osteonecrosis of the ovine femoral head: preliminary results / Sucesso no transplante de células tronco mesenquimais em ovinos com osteonecrose induzida da cabeça do fêmur: resultados preliminares

PURPOSE: Evaluate the bone tissue recovery following transplantation of ovine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from bone marrow and human immature dental-pulp stem cells (hIDPSC) in ovine model of induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH). METHODS: Eight sheep were divided in three experimental groups. First group was composed by four animals with ONFH induced by ethanol through central decompression (CD), for control group without any treatment. The second and third group were compose by two animals, six weeks after ONFH induction received transplantation of heterologous ovine MSC (CD + oMSC), and hIDPSC (CD + hIDPSC), respectively. In both experiments the cells were transplanted without application of any type of immunosupression protocol. RESULTS: Our data indicate that both cell types used in experiments were able to proliferate within injured site providing bone tissue recovery. The histological results obtained from CD+hIDPSC suggested that the bone regeneration in such animals was better than that observed in CD animals. CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cell transplant in induced ovine osteonecrosis of femoral head by central decompression technique is safe, and apparently favors bone regeneration of damaged tissues.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos das células-tronco mesenquimais da medula óssea de ovinos e da polpa dentária imatura humana em ovinos com osteonecrose induzida, da cabeça do fêmur. MÉTODOS: Oito ovelhas foram distribuídas em três grupos experimentais. O primeiro grupo foi composto por quatro animais com osteonecrose da cabeça do fêmur induzida por etanol através da descompressão central, que não receberam nenhum tratamento. O segundo e o terceiro grupo, cada um composto por dois animais, receberam transplante heterólogo de células tronco mesenquimais de ovinos e polpa dentária imatura humana seis semanas após a indução da osteonecrose da cabeça do fêmur, respectivamente. Em ambos os grupos experimentais as células foram transplantadas sem o uso de drogas imunossupressoras. RESULTADOS: Os achados demonstram que as células-tronco mesenquimais injetadas na cabeça do fêmur se encontravam viáveis após o transplante no novo sítio e proliferaram em pouco tempo. Os dados histológicos sugerem que a regeneração óssea nos animais transplantados com polpa dentária imatura humana foi mais rápida do que nos animais submetidos somente a descompressão central. CONCLUSÃO: O transplante de células tronco mesenquimais na osteonecrose da cabeça do fêmur induzida em ovinos através da técnica de descompressão central é um procedimento seguro, e aparentemente favorece a regeneração óssea de tecidos lesados.(AU)

Influência do puerpério e da fase pós-puerperal no lipidograma de vacas da raça Holandesa criadas no Estado de São Paulo / Influence of puerperium and post-puerperal phase on the lipid profile of health Holstein cows

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do puerpério fisiológico e da fase pós-puerperal no lipidograma de vacas sadias foram colhidas 104 amostras de sangue por punção da veia coccígea de fêmeas da raça Holandesa criadas no Estado de São Paulo. O lipidograma foi avaliado pela determinação dos teores séricos de colesterol, triglicérides, ácidos graxos não esterificados, beta-hidroxibutirato, e teores plasmáticos de glicose. Observou-se que os teores séricos de colesterol aumentaram gradativamente, enquanto os teores de ácidos graxos não esterificados diminuíram gradativamente com a evolução do puerpério. Na fase pós-puerperal (mais de 45 dias pós-parto) ocorreu a estabilização dos valores de colesterol e de ácidos graxos não esterificados.(AU)

Aiming to assess the influence of physiological puerperium and post puerperal phase on the lipid profile of health cows 104 blood sampleswere collected by coccygeal vein puncture of Holstein cows raised inthe State of São Paulo. Lipid profile assessment was measured byserum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, âhydroxybutyrate and plasma glucose level. With regard to puerperiumand post-puerperal phase influence on the lipid profile, gradual increaseof serum cholesterol level and decrease of nonesterified fatty acidswere observed with puerperal evolution. The values of cholesterol and nonsterified fatty acids were stabilized during post-puerperal phase(greater than 45 day postparturm).(AU)

Teores de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais no leite de vacas da raça Jersey criadas no Estado de São Paulo durante o primeiro mês de lactação / Proteins, fats and total solids content in milk from Jersey cows raised in São Paulo State during the first month of lactation

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência dos teores de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey,criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação,bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, examinaram-se 418 amostras de leite, provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e os valores de proteína, gordura e sólidos totais foram determinados por radiação infra vermelho. Os teores de proteína na secreção láctea diminuíram abruptamente do 1º para o 2º dia de lactação,enquanto os teores de sólidos totais diminuíram abruptamente nas primeiras 24 horas após o parto. Após oscilaram muito nos primeiros três dias de lactação, observou-se que os valores de gordura diminuíam atingindo os valores mínimos entre o 15º e 30º dia de lactação. Sugere-se nas primeiras 24 horas de lactação (período colostral) a adoção dos seguintes valores de referência: proteína - entre 7,35 e 11,45 g/dL;gordura 0,98 e 2,00 g/dL; e sólidos totais - entre 12,39 e 19,45 g/dL(AU)

With the aim to establish reference values of the protein, fat and total solids of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, 418 milk samples, obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth, were analized. Milk samples were aseptically collected before milking and protein, fat and total solids determined by infrared radiation. The milk protein level decrease from first to second day of lactation, while milk total solids level decreased during the first 24 hours after parturition. Milk fat level oscillated in the first 3 days of lactation and then decreased to the minimum values between 15-30 days of lactation. We suggest, forthe first 24 hours of lactation (colostral phase) the use of the following reference values: protein- between 7,35 and 11,45 g/dl; fat- between 0,98 and 2,00 g/dl ; total solids between 12,39 and 19,45 g/dl(AU)

Avaliação do número de células somáticas do leite de bovinos da raça jersey durante o primeiro mês de lactação / Evaluation of somatic cell number in milk from jersey cows during the first month of lactation

Com a finalidade de estabelecer os valores de referência da contagem de células somáticas do leite de bovinos da raça Jersey, criados no Estado de São Paulo, durante o primeiro mês de lactação, bem como avaliar a influência da fase colostral, examinaram-se 418 amostras de leite, provenientes de quartos mamários sadios e sem crescimento bacteriano. O leite foi colhido assepticamente antes da ordenha e a contagem de células somáticas foi determinada por citometria de fluxo e pelo Teste do CMT. Demonstrou-se a significativa influência do primeiro mês de da lactação sobre a contagem de células. Verificou-se que a transição da secreção de colostro para leite em relação ao número de células somáticas está finalizado a partir do 15º dia de lactação, sendo recomendado a adoção dos seguintes valores de referência: no colostro, obtidos nas primeiras 24 horas de lactação entre 472.405 e 2.003.921 células/ml, no período compreendido do 2º ao 15º dia de lactação valores entre 103.920 e 1.298.361 células/ml e a partir do 15º dia de lactação entre 37.714 e 205.549 células/ml.(AU)

With the aim to establish reference values of the number somatic cell of milk from Jersey cows, raised in the State of São Paulo, during the first month of lactation, as well as to evaluate the influence of the colostral phase, 418 milk samples were examined obtained from healthy mammary glands without bacterial growth. Milk samples were collected aseptically before milking and number somatic cell determined by electronic counting and by California Mastitis Test. was demonstrated the significant influence the somatic cells in the first month of lactation. It was found that the transition of the colostrum secretion for milk in respect to somatic cells count have been finished in the 15º day of lactation, being recommended the adoption of the following reference values: in the colostrum, getting in the first of 24 hours of lactation between 472.405 and 2.003.921cells/ml, in the understood period from 2º until 15º day of lactation values between 103.920 and 1.298.361 cells/ml and starting from 15 day of lactation between 37.714 and 205.549 cells/ml.(AU)

Influência do período pós-parto sobre o leucogramade fêmeas bovinas da raça holandesa / The influence of postpartum period on the leucogram of Holstein cows

Para avaliar a influência do período pós-parto sobre os constituintes do leucograma de fêmeas bovinas da raça Holandesa, foram colhidas142 amostras de sangue nos primeiros 90 dias pós-parto. As amostras foram colhidas de vacas clinicamente sadias e não reagentes ao antígeno (GP 51) do vírus da Leucose dos Bovinos, divididas em 9 grupos experimentais, de acordo com o momento da colheita. Nas amostrasde sangue foi realizada a contagem do número total de leucócitos e contagem diferencial de leucócitos. Durante todo o período estudado o quadro leucocitário foi predominantemente linfocitário, sendo nas primeiras 24 horas após aparição observado uma leucocitose fisiológicapor neutrofilia com desvio à esquerda regenerativo, linfocitose e eosinopenia. Na primeira semana após o parto ocorreu a diminuição gradual do número de leucócitos, devido à redução do número absoluto de neutrófilos e linfócitos, sendo que exceção feita ao número absoluto de eosinófilos, nas amostras colhidas entre 6 8 dias após o parto os valores já estavam nos patamares observados nos animais fora do puerpério. Os valores de referência na primeira semana de puerpério variaram: entre 18.977 ± 5.644 e 12.247 ± 5.058 leucócitos/mm³; 8.453 ± 2.956 e 4.376 ± 4.139 neutrófilos /mm³ (532 ± 547 e 88± 174 neutófilos bastonete /mm³; 7.920 ± 2.689 e 4.289 ± 4.039 neutrófilos segmentado /mm³); 334 ± 387 e 225 ± 298 eosinófilos/mm³; 50 ± 128 e 23± 45 basófilos /mm³; 10.004 ± 4.901 e 7.595 ± 3.127 linfócitos/mm³; 121± 178 e 21 ± 85 monócitos/mm³.(AU)

With the purpose to evaluate the influence of postpartum period onthe values of the leucogram of Holstein cows, 142 blood sampleswere collected from cows during the first 90 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cows that werenon-reactive to the antigen of bovine leukosis virus (GP 51). Theseanimals were divided into 9 experimental groups based on the timeof the postpartum sample collection. In the blood samples the following tests were done: counting of the total and differential number of leukocytes. During the entire study period, the leukocyteprofile was predominantly lymphocytic, having a physiologicleukocytosis due to neutrophilia associated with a left regenerative shift, lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia during the first 24 h afterparturition. During the first week after parturition, there was a gradual decrease in the number of leukocytes due to an absolute reduction inthe total number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. An exception was observed with the absolute number of eosinophils from the samples collected between 6 - 8 days postpartum, the values of these variables were similar to those animals that had already completed puerperium. During the first week of puerperium the values reference range between18,977 ± 5,644 and 12,247 ± 5,058 leukocytes/mm³; 8,453 ± 2,956and 4,376 ± 4,139 neutrophils/mm³ (532 ± 547 and 88 ± 174 bandneutrophils/mm³; 7,920 ± 2,689 and 4,289 ± 4,039 segmentedneutrophils /mm³); 334 ± 387 and 225 ± 298 eosinophils/mm³; 50± 128 and 23 ± 45 basophils/mm³; 10,004 ± 4,901 and 7,595 ±3,127 lymphocytes/mm³; 121 ± 178 and 21 ± 85 monocytes/mm³.(AU)