Field-scale spatial correlation between contents of iron oxides and CO2 emission in an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane

Soil CO2 emission (FCO2) is one of the main sources of carbon release into the atmosphere. Moreover, FCO2 is related to soil attributes governing the transfer of gases from soil to the atmosphere. This study aimed firstly to describe the spatial variability of hematite (Hm), goethite (Gt), iron extracted with sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (Fed) contents, soil CO2 emission (FCO2) and free-water porosity (FWP) and secondly, to develop statistical models to predict the above mentioned factors in an Oxisol cultivated under manual harvesting of sugarcane (Saccharumspp.) in southeastern Brazil. The study was conducted on an irregular 50 m × 50 m grid containing 89 points, each 0.5-10 m apart. The 0-0.1 m soil layer at each sampling point was used to assess soil FCO2, moisture and total pore volume. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses using auto- and cross-semivariograms. All soil attributes exhibited a spatial dependence structure and the experimental semivariograms fitted spherical and exponential models. The Gt content was the individual attribute that exhibited the highest linear and spatial correlation, especially with FCO2. We were able to use diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to map large areas, which allows for easy identification and estimation of soil attributes such as FCO2 and FWP. Geostatistical techniques faciltate the interpretation of spatial relationships between soil respiration and the examined properties.

Field-scale spatial correlation between contents of iron oxides and CO2 emission in an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane

Soil CO2 emission (FCO2) is one of the main sources of carbon release into the atmosphere. Moreover, FCO2 is related to soil attributes governing the transfer of gases from soil to the atmosphere. This study aimed firstly to describe the spatial variability of hematite (Hm), goethite (Gt), iron extracted with sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (Fed) contents, soil CO2 emission (FCO2) and free-water porosity (FWP) and secondly, to develop statistical models to predict the above mentioned factors in an Oxisol cultivated under manual harvesting of sugarcane (Saccharumspp.) in southeastern Brazil. The study was conducted on an irregular 50 m × 50 m grid containing 89 points, each 0.5-10 m apart. The 0-0.1 m soil layer at each sampling point was used to assess soil FCO2, moisture and total pore volume. The results were subjected to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analyses using auto- and cross-semivariograms. All soil attributes exhibited a spatial dependence structure and the experimental semivariograms fitted spherical and exponential models. The Gt content was the individual attribute that exhibited the highest linear and spatial correlation, especially with FCO2. We were able to use diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to map large areas, which allows for easy identification and estimation of soil attributes such as FCO2 and FWP. Geostatistical techniques faciltate the interpretation of spatial relationships between soil respiration and the examined properties.(AU)

Clay mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility of Oxisols in geomorphic surfaces

Studies analyzing the variability of clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility provide data for the delineation of site-specific management areas since many of their attributes are important to agronomy and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of clay minerals, magnetic susceptibility, adsorbed phosphorus and physical attributes in Oxisols of sandstones in different geomorphic surfaces. For that purpose, soil samples were collected every 25 m along a transect located within the area where the geomorphic surfaces were identified and mapped. The transect occupied the central portion of 500 ha, where it was also sampled for density purposes with one sample per six hectares. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The results of the physical, chemical, mineralogical and magnetic susceptibility analyses were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analyses. The nature of the clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility was dependent on the variation of the soil parent material. High values of magnetic susceptibility were associated with the presence of maghemite and magnetite of coarse size. The spatial variability of crystallinity and the content of Fe oxides, as well as magnetic susceptibility, were dependent on the age of the geomorphic surfaces. The youngest surface had greater spatial variability of these attributes. The iron (goethite and hematite) and aluminum (gibbsite) oxides in the youngest geomorphic surface influenced the low values of soil density and high values of total pore volume, micropores and P adsorption. The characterization of the spatial variability of Fe oxides and susceptibility allowed for the delineation of homogeneous areas.(AU)

Clay mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility of Oxisols in geomorphic surfaces

Studies analyzing the variability of clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility provide data for the delineation of site-specific management areas since many of their attributes are important to agronomy and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of clay minerals, magnetic susceptibility, adsorbed phosphorus and physical attributes in Oxisols of sandstones in different geomorphic surfaces. For that purpose, soil samples were collected every 25 m along a transect located within the area where the geomorphic surfaces were identified and mapped. The transect occupied the central portion of 500 ha, where it was also sampled for density purposes with one sample per six hectares. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The results of the physical, chemical, mineralogical and magnetic susceptibility analyses were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analyses. The nature of the clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility was dependent on the variation of the soil parent material. High values of magnetic susceptibility were associated with the presence of maghemite and magnetite of coarse size. The spatial variability of crystallinity and the content of Fe oxides, as well as magnetic susceptibility, were dependent on the age of the geomorphic surfaces. The youngest surface had greater spatial variability of these attributes. The iron (goethite and hematite) and aluminum (gibbsite) oxides in the youngest geomorphic surface influenced the low values of soil density and high values of total pore volume, micropores and P adsorption. The characterization of the spatial variability of Fe oxides and susceptibility allowed for the delineation of homogeneous areas.

Mineralogia da argila e atributos físicos de um argissolo em curvaturas de relevo

Os atributos mineralógicos e físicos possuem dependência espacial e a distribuição espacial destes atributos possui relação com as formas do relevo. O objeto deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos mineralógicos da fração argila e os atributos físicos de um argissolo em curvaturas do relevo, assim como avaliar a correlação entre esses atributos. Uma malha de dimensão 100 x 100 m foi delimitada em uma área caracterizada pela forma convexa e outra pela fôrma côncava. As malhas possuem espaçamento regular de 10 x 10 m e os pontos de cruzamento deste espaçamento determinaram os pontos de coleta das amostras, num total de 121 pontos amostrais georreferenciados em cada malha. Os atributos físicos foram avaliados nas profundidades 0,0- 0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m e os atributos mineralógicos na profundidade 0,0- 0,2 m. Os atributos físicos analisados foram diâmetro médio ponderado, diâmetro médio geométrico, agregados maiores que 2 mm, agregados entre 2 e 1 mm , agregados menores que 1 mm, microporos, macroporos, volume total de poros, densidade do solo, resistência do solo à penetração e teor de água no solo, já os atributos mineralógicos da fração argila foram largura a meia altura, diâmetro médio do cristal dos óxidos de ferro, da caulinita e gibbsita, substituição isomórfica e área de superfície específica da hematita e goethita. Os teores da goethita e hematita e razão goethita/(goethita+hematita) e razão caulinita/(caulinita+gibbsita) também foram calculados. Os dados foram submetidos às análises estatísticas e geoestatísticas para avaliação da variabilidade espacial e influência das curvaturas nestes atributos. Para avaliação da relação entre os atributos da mineralogia e físicos realizaram-se as análises de correlação simples e espacial. Os atributos físicos e mineralógicos apresentaram-se dependentes das curvaturas do relevo...

The mineralogicals and physical attributes have spatial dependence and the distribution of these attributes has relation with the forms of relief. The object of this study was to evaluate the attributes of clay mineralogy and the physical attributes of an argissol in curvatures of relief, as well as assess the correlation between these attributes. A grid size of 100 x 100 meters was defined in an area characterized by the convex shape and another in an area characterized by the concave shape. The grids have regular spacing of 10 x 10 m and the spacing of the points of intersection determine the points of collection of samples, a total of 121 georeferenced sample points in each grid. The physical attributes were evaluated in depth from 0.0 - 0.2 and 0.2 -0.4 m and the mineralogical attributes in depth 0,00-0,20 m. The physical attributes were analyzed: mean weight diameter, mean geometric diameter, aggregates larger than 2 mm, aggregates between 2 and 1 mm, aggregates smaller than 1 mm, microporosity, macroporosity, total porosity, bulk density, penetration resistance and water content in soil. The attributes of minerals were: width at half height, average diameter of crystals of iron oxides and kaolinite and gibbsite and isomorphic substitution and specific surface area of hematite and goethite. The contents of goethite and hematite and ratio goethite / (goethite + hematite) [Gt / (Gt + Hm)] and ratio kaolinite / (kaolinite + gibbsite) [Ct / (Ct + Gb)] were also calculated. Data were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analysis to evaluate the spatial variability and influence of these curvatures on these attributes. To assess the relation between mineralogy and physical attributes simple and spation correlation analysis where made. The physical and mineralogical attributes and depend on the curvature of the relief. There was also the influence of crystallinity of goethite and gibbsite in soil physical

Relações entre mineralogia da argila, suscetibilidade magnética e adsorção de fósforo em latossolos da região de Jaboticabal-SP

O presente trabalho tem como objetivos caracterizar a mineralogia da fração argila e a suscetibilidade magnética em diferentes superfícies geomórficas, avaliar a correspondência entre difração de raios x e a espectroscopia de reflectância difusa no auxílio das estimativas dos teores de goethita e hematita, avaliar a influência dos óxidos de ferro na adsorção de fósforo bem como a calibração e a validação de funções de pedotransferência para a predição do fósforo adsorvido, utilizando os óxidos de ferro e a suscetibilidade magnética. Uma área de 500 hectares foi delimitada e uma amostra de solo, a cada seis hectares foi coletada na profundidade de 0,0 a 0,20 m. No espigão da área, foi locada uma transeção, e amostras de solos foram coletadas a cada 25 metros. Em cada superfície geomórfica mapeada na área, foram coletadas aproximadamente 20 amostras de solos dispostas nas laterais da transeção. As amostras de solos foram levadas ao laboratório para a realização das análises granulométricas, físicas, mineralógicas, de fósforo adsorvido e da suscetibilidade magnética. Os teores de goethita e hematita foram estimados utilizando a proporção destes óxidos de ferro obtida por difração de raios x e por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa. Os resultados das análises foram submetidos às análises estatísticas e geoestatísticas, e funções de pedotransferência foram calibradas e validadas para a predição do fósforo adsorvido bem como seu mapeamento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: A natureza dos minerais da fração argila e a suscetibilidade magnética são dependentes da variação do material de origem. A variabilidade espacial da cristalinidade e dos teores dos óxidos de ferro, bem como da suscetibilidade magnética, é dependente da idade das superfícies geomórficas. A superfície mais nova (III) apresenta maior variabilidade espacial destes atributos. Os minerais

This study aims to characterize the clay mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility in different geomorphic surfaces, evaluate the correlation between x-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the estimation of goethite and hematite, the influence of iron oxides on the adsorption phosphorus as well as the calibration and validation of pedotransfer functions for predicting adsorbed phosphorus using iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility. An area of 500 hectares was delineated and a soil sample every six hectares was collected in depth from 0.0 to 0.20 m. A transect was leased, and soil samples were collected every 25 meters. In each geomorphic surface mapped in the area were collected approximately 20 soil samples arranged on either side of the transect. Soil samples were taken to the laboratory for carrying out particle size analysis, physical, mineralogical, adsorbed phosphorus and magnetic susceptibility. The goethite and hematite were estimated using the ratio of iron oxides obtained by x-ray diffraction and by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The results of the analysis were subjected to statistical analysis and geostatistical, and pedotransfer functions were calibrated and validated to predict the adsorbed phosphorus and its mapping. The results showed that: The spatial variability of crystallinity and of the content of the iron oxides, as well as the magnetic susceptibility is dependent on the age of the geomorphic surfaces. The surface newest (III) has a higher spatial variability of these attributes. The clay minerals influence the soil physical properties. The characterization of the spatial variability of iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility allows the delineation of homogeneous areas that may be relevant future ace soil series and the specific management areas. The goethite and hematite estimated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are related to those estimated by x-ray diffraction. The geomorphic