Staphylococcus xylosus fermentation of pork fatty waste: raw material for biodiesel production

The need for cleaner sources of energy has stirred research into utilising alternate fuel sources with favourable emission and sustainability such as biodiesel. However, there are technical constraints that hinder the widespread use of some of the low cost raw materials such as pork fatty wastes. Currently available technology permits the use of lipolytic microorganisms to sustainably produce energy from fat sources; and several microorganisms and their metabolites are being investigated as potential energy sources. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterise the process of Staphylococcus xylosus mediated fermentation of pork fatty waste. We also wanted to explore the possibility of fermentation effecting a modification in the lipid carbon chain to reduce its melting point and thereby act directly on one of the main technical barriers to obtaining biodiesel from this abundant source of lipids. Pork fatty waste was obtained from slaughterhouses in southern Brazil during evisceration of the carcasses and the kidney casing of slaughtered animals was used as feedstock. Fermentation was performed in BHI broth with different concentrations of fatty waste and for different time periods which enabled evaluation of the effect of fermentation time on the melting point of swine fat. The lowest melting point was observed around 46 °C, indicating that these chemical and biological reactions can occur under milder conditions, and that such pre-treatment may further facilitate production of biodiesel from fatty animal waste.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes métodos de congelamento, diluentes e tempos de resfriamento sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno criopreservado / Effect of different freezing methods, extenders and duration of freezing on quality of frozen boar semen

Artificial inseminations in swine are conducted with liquid semen cooled at 15 to 18ºC for 1 to 5 d. Frozen semen in not routinely used due to its poor reproductive performance in comparison with cooled semen. In semen freezing protocols, egg yolk is added to extenders to protect the sperm membrane against cold shock. The cryoprotectant effect of egg yolk is attributed to the presence of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in its composition. Thus, replacement of egg yolk by LDL in the composition of extenders may be feasible to reduce cryoinjuries in sperm cells due to cold shock. During the process of sperm freezing the cell receive structural and functional injuries that could impair the fertilization process. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of freezing method, extenders and duration of the freezing process.[...]

Efeito de diferentes métodos de congelamento, diluentes e tempos de resfriamento sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno criopreservado / Effect of different freezing methods, extenders and duration of freezing on quality of frozen boar semen

Artificial inseminations in swine are conducted with liquid semen cooled at 15 to 18ºC for 1 to 5 d. Frozen semen in not routinely used due to its poor reproductive performance in comparison with cooled semen. In semen freezing protocols, egg yolk is added to extenders to protect the sperm membrane against cold shock. The cryoprotectant effect of egg yolk is attributed to the presence of low density lipoprotein (LDL) in its composition. Thus, replacement of egg yolk by LDL in the composition of extenders may be feasible to reduce cryoinjuries in sperm cells due to cold shock. During the process of sperm freezing the cell receive structural and functional injuries that could impair the fertilization process. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of freezing method, extenders and duration of the freezing process.[...](AU)

Efeito da altura do comedouro tubular sobre o desempenho e qualidade de carcaça em frangos de corte no período de 28 a 42 dias de idade / Effect of tubular feeder height on performance and carcass traits of broilers from 28 to 42 days of age

Com este trabalho objetivou-se verificar a influência da regulagem da altura dos comedouros tubulares no desempenho e na qualidade de carcaça de frangos de corte, e nas características microbiológicas da ração no período de 28 a 42 dias de idade. alojaram-se 880 frangos de corte fêmeas Ross em 40 boxes (repetições) com 22 aves cada (11 aves/m2). As aves foram submetidas a duas alturas de comedouro em dois períodos diferentes (28 – 35 dias de idade – comedouro alto (CAL): borda superior do comedouro a 20 cm do solo; comedouro baixo (CB): borda superior a 11 cm do solo; 36 a 42 dias de idade – CAL: borda superior a 25 cm do solo, CB: borda superior a 11 cm do solo). Utilizou-se o delineamento completamente casualizado, e as médias das variáveis respostas foram comparadas pelo teste ‘t’ de Student. No período de 28 a 42 dias de idade, não se encontraram diferenças significativas nas variáveis produtivas que justifiquem a utilização de comedouro regulado à altura do dorso das aves, conforme recomenda a grande maioria das guias de manejo. Foram encontradas menor porcentagem de gordura intermuscular nas coxas e maior de músculo nas sobrecoxas nas aves alimentadas com CB. Observou-se, também, maior quantidade de material de cama dentro dos comedouros no tratamento CB ao final do experimento, ainda que esta variável não tenha influenciado significativamente a qualidade microbiológica da ração.

This paper aimed to study the effect of tubular feeder height on performance, carcass traits and feed microbiological aspects of broilers from 28 to 42 days of age. Eight hundred and eighty female Ross broilers Ross were randomly allotted into 40 pens (replications) with 22 broilers each (11 birds/m2). Broilers were submited to two feeders height in two periods (28 to 35 days of age – high feeder (HF): superior edge 20cm height; low feeder (LF): superior edge 11cm height; 36 to 42 days of age – HF: superior edge 25cm height; LF: superior edge 11cm height). A completely randomized design was used and t test was utilized to compare the treatment averages. No significant differences for performance traits from 28 to 42 days of age were observed. Therefore, the recommendation for regulating feeder height to the birds’ back as in most of the poultry management guides does not seem to proceed. Birds fed in LF presented low percentage of intermuscular fat in the legs and high percentage of muscular tissue in leg quarters. Additionally, more wood shavings were found inside the feeders in LF than in HF at the end of trial, even though this variable did not influence negatively the microbiological quality of feed.

Efeito da altura do comedouro tubular sobre o desempenho e qualidade de carcaça em frangos de corte no período de 28 a 42 dias de idade / Effect of tubular feeder height on performance and carcass traits of broilers from 28 to 42 days of age

Com este trabalho objetivou-se verificar a influência da regulagem da altura dos comedouros tubulares no desempenho e na qualidade de carcaça de frangos de corte, e nas características microbiológicas da ração no período de 28 a 42 dias de idade. alojaram-se 880 frangos de corte fêmeas Ross em 40 boxes (repetições) com 22 aves cada (11 aves/m2). As aves foram submetidas a duas alturas de comedouro em dois períodos diferentes (28 35 dias de idade comedouro alto (CAL): borda superior do comedouro a 20 cm do solo; comedouro baixo (CB): borda superior a 11 cm do solo; 36 a 42 dias de idade CAL: borda superior a 25 cm do solo, CB: borda superior a 11 cm do solo). Utilizou-se o delineamento completamente casualizado, e as médias das variáveis respostas foram comparadas pelo teste ‘t de Student. No período de 28 a 42 dias de idade, não se encontraram diferenças significativas nas variáveis produtivas que justifiquem a utilização de comedouro regulado à altura do dorso das aves, conforme recomenda a grande maioria das guias de manejo. Foram encontradas menor porcentagem de gordura intermuscular nas coxas e maior de músculo nas sobrecoxas nas aves alimentadas com CB. Observou-se, também, maior quantidade de material de cama dentro dos comedouros no tratamento CB ao final do experimento, ainda que esta variável não tenha influenciado significativamente a qualidade microbiológica da ração.(AU)

This paper aimed to study the effect of tubular feeder height on performance, carcass traits and feed microbiological aspects of broilers from 28 to 42 days of age. Eight hundred and eighty female Ross broilers Ross were randomly allotted into 40 pens (replications) with 22 broilers each (11 birds/m2). Broilers were submited to two feeders height in two periods (28 to 35 days of age high feeder (HF): superior edge 20cm height; low feeder (LF): superior edge 11cm height; 36 to 42 days of age HF: superior edge 25cm height; LF: superior edge 11cm height). A completely randomized design was used and t test was utilized to compare the treatment averages. No significant differences for performance traits from 28 to 42 days of age were observed. Therefore, the recommendation for regulating feeder height to the birds back as in most of the poultry management guides does not seem to proceed. Birds fed in LF presented low percentage of intermuscular fat in the legs and high percentage of muscular tissue in leg quarters. Additionally, more wood shavings were found inside the feeders in LF than in HF at the end of trial, even though this variable did not influence negatively the microbiological quality of feed.(AU)