Síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda / Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A Síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda (SARA) é uma resposta inflamatória pulmonar excessiva, devido a diferentes tipos de agressões, que leva ao aumento da permeabilidade capilar pulmonar e sistêmica e a instalação de uma insuficiência respiratória aguda. As causas mais frequentes incluem sepses, pneumonia grave, peritonite e politraumatismos e a SARA tem sido observada na prática clínica, em animais atropelados apresentando índice significativo de contusão pulmonar, que evolui agressivamente em períodos relativamente curtos e o tratamento prontamente empregado deve ser o de suporte. Objetiva-se, com esse trabalho, revisar os aspectos gerais relacionados a SARA, como a etiologia e fisiopatologia e, especialmente, auxiliar o veterinário na identificação dessa doença e posterior tratamento.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an excessive pulmonary inflammatory response, due to different kinds of aggressions, which leads to increase in systemic and pulmonary capillary permeability and installation of acute respiratory failure. The most common causes include sepsis, severe pneumonia, peritonitis and polytraumatized patient and SARA has been observed in clinical practice, to run over animals with significant rate of pulmonary contusion, which aggressively evolves in relatively short periods andtreatment promptly employee should be to support. This work aims to review the general aspects related to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, such as etiology and pathophysiology, and especially to assist the veterinarian in identifying this disease and subsequent treatment.

Síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda / Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A Síndrome da Angústia Respiratória Aguda (SARA) é uma resposta inflamatória pulmonar excessiva, devido a diferentes tipos de agressões, que leva ao aumento da permeabilidade capilar pulmonar e sistêmica e a instalação de uma insuficiência respiratória aguda. As causas mais frequentes incluem sepses, pneumonia grave, peritonite e politraumatismos e a SARA tem sido observada na prática clínica, em animais atropelados apresentando índice significativo de contusão pulmonar, que evolui agressivamente em períodos relativamente curtos e o tratamento prontamente empregado deve ser o de suporte. Objetiva-se, com esse trabalho, revisar os aspectos gerais relacionados a SARA, como a etiologia e fisiopatologia e, especialmente, auxiliar o veterinário na identificação dessa doença e posterior tratamento.(AU)

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an excessive pulmonary inflammatory response, due to different kinds of aggressions, which leads to increase in systemic and pulmonary capillary permeability and installation of acute respiratory failure. The most common causes include sepsis, severe pneumonia, peritonitis and polytraumatized patient and SARA has been observed in clinical practice, to run over animals with significant rate of pulmonary contusion, which aggressively evolves in relatively short periods andtreatment promptly employee should be to support. This work aims to review the general aspects related to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, such as etiology and pathophysiology, and especially to assist the veterinarian in identifying this disease and subsequent treatment.(AU)

Método alternativo para treinamento ortopédico: solução de Thiel modificada / Alternative method for orthopedic training: modified Thiel solution

O uso de métodos alternativos para treinamento cirúrgico nos cursos de Medicina Veterinária tem sido cada vez mais implementados. A solução de Thiel é um método de conservação de cadáveres que mantém características muito semelhantes de um ser vivo, como cor, consistência, textura e flexibilidade das articulações. Porém, é considerada uma técnica de custo elevado e com um grau de complexidade no desenvolvimento da mesma. Em função disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi adaptar esse método para ser utilizado apenas em membros pélvicos de cães para treinamento ortopédico, a fim de reduzir custos e tornar sua execução mais prática. Para tal, 10 membros pélvicos de cães ex vivos foram preparados com a solução de Thiel. Posteriormente, acadêmicos da disciplina de cirurgia veterinária executaram técnicas ortopédicas nesses membros e responderam um questionário, para deixar suas impressões a respeito desse método alternativo. Destaca-se que 100% dos estudantes acharam a aparência externa dos membros próxima da realidade e 84,2% consideraram os membros como um método satisfatório de treinamento das referidas técnicas, onde mantiveram a integridade óssea e articular adequadas para a realização das técnicas empregadas. Portanto, a utilização de membros pélvicos de cães conservados pela solução de Thiel é válida para o treinamento cirúrgico de estudantes da graduação, sua adaptação da fórmula original empregada aos membros tornou esse método de conservação menos oneroso e mais prático, viabilizando o preparo de várias peças de uma só vez.

The use of alternative methods for surgical training in veterinary medicine has been increasingly implemented. The Thiel solution is a corpse preservation method which maintains very similar characteristics of a living being, such as color, consistency, texture and flexibility of joints. However, it is considered a technique of high cost and with a degree of complexity in the development of the same. In addition, the objective of this work was to adapt this method to be used only in dogs’ hind limbs for orthopedic training, in order to reduce costs and make its implementation more practice. For such, 10 ex vivos dogs’ hind limbs were prepared with the Thiel solution. Subsequently, scholars of the discipline of veterinary surgery performed techniques in those limbs and answered a questionnaire, to leave their impressions about this alternate method. It is highlighted that 100% of the students found the external appearance of the limbs close to reality and 84.2% considered the limbs as a satisfactory training method of the afore mentioned techniques, which maintained the articular bone integrity appropriate for the achievement of the techniques used. Therefore, the use of dogs’ hind limbs kept by the Thiel solution is valid for the surgical training of graduate students, its adaptation of the original formula used to the limbs made this method of preservation less costly and more practical, enabling the preparation of several pieces at once.

Método alternativo para treinamento ortopédico: solução de Thiel modificada / Alternative method for orthopedic training: modified Thiel solution

O uso de métodos alternativos para treinamento cirúrgico nos cursos de Medicina Veterinária tem sido cada vez mais implementados. A solução de Thiel é um método de conservação de cadáveres que mantém características muito semelhantes de um ser vivo, como cor, consistência, textura e flexibilidade das articulações. Porém, é considerada uma técnica de custo elevado e com um grau de complexidade no desenvolvimento da mesma. Em função disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi adaptar esse método para ser utilizado apenas em membros pélvicos de cães para treinamento ortopédico, a fim de reduzir custos e tornar sua execução mais prática. Para tal, 10 membros pélvicos de cães ex vivos foram preparados com a solução de Thiel. Posteriormente, acadêmicos da disciplina de cirurgia veterinária executaram técnicas ortopédicas nesses membros e responderam um questionário, para deixar suas impressões a respeito desse método alternativo. Destaca-se que 100% dos estudantes acharam a aparência externa dos membros próxima da realidade e 84,2% consideraram os membros como um método satisfatório de treinamento das referidas técnicas, onde mantiveram a integridade óssea e articular adequadas para a realização das técnicas empregadas. Portanto, a utilização de membros pélvicos de cães conservados pela solução de Thiel é válida para o treinamento cirúrgico de estudantes da graduação, sua adaptação da fórmula original empregada aos membros tornou esse método de conservação menos oneroso e mais prático, viabilizando o preparo de várias peças de uma só vez.(AU)

The use of alternative methods for surgical training in veterinary medicine has been increasingly implemented. The Thiel solution is a corpse preservation method which maintains very similar characteristics of a living being, such as color, consistency, texture and flexibility of joints. However, it is considered a technique of high cost and with a degree of complexity in the development of the same. In addition, the objective of this work was to adapt this method to be used only in dogs hind limbs for orthopedic training, in order to reduce costs and make its implementation more practice. For such, 10 ex vivos dogs hind limbs were prepared with the Thiel solution. Subsequently, scholars of the discipline of veterinary surgery performed techniques in those limbs and answered a questionnaire, to leave their impressions about this alternate method. It is highlighted that 100% of the students found the external appearance of the limbs close to reality and 84.2% considered the limbs as a satisfactory training method of the afore mentioned techniques, which maintained the articular bone integrity appropriate for the achievement of the techniques used. Therefore, the use of dogs hind limbs kept by the Thiel solution is valid for the surgical training of graduate students, its adaptation of the original formula used to the limbs made this method of preservation less costly and more practical, enabling the preparation of several pieces at once.(AU)

Ruptura de cornos uterinos decorrente de piometra – relato de caso / Uterine corpus rupture decorrente of pyometra – case report

A piometra canina pode ser conhecida também como hiperplasia endometrial cística, sendo mais comum em cães na fase adulta da vida, caracterizado com a inflamação do útero e acúmulo de pus (VOLPATO et al., 2012). Geralmente, está relacionada às alterações hormonais e é comumente observada em cães idosos ou de meia-idade (SHIA et al., 2011). O acúmulo de substância purulenta dentro do lúmen do útero de cadelas ocorre comumente durante ou posterior a uma temporada de predominância da progesterona, que age estimulando a secreção das glândulas do endométrio, eliminando as contrações do útero, criando assim um ambiente intra-uterino benéfico para o crescimento bacteriano (PATIL et al., 2013).

Ruptura de cornos uterinos decorrente de piometra relato de caso / Uterine corpus rupture decorrente of pyometra case report

A piometra canina pode ser conhecida também como hiperplasia endometrial cística, sendo mais comum em cães na fase adulta da vida, caracterizado com a inflamação do útero e acúmulo de pus (VOLPATO et al., 2012). Geralmente, está relacionada às alterações hormonais e é comumente observada em cães idosos ou de meia-idade (SHIA et al., 2011). O acúmulo de substância purulenta dentro do lúmen do útero de cadelas ocorre comumente durante ou posterior a uma temporada de predominância da progesterona, que age estimulando a secreção das glândulas do endométrio, eliminando as contrações do útero, criando assim um ambiente intra-uterino benéfico para o crescimento bacteriano (PATIL et al., 2013).(AU)

Estabilização da microcirculação após procedimento cirurgico em animal com peritonite / Stabilization microcirculation after surgical procediment in animal with peritonitis

A peritonite séptica é quando ocorre inflamação da cavidade peritoneal associado a um micro-organismo (D, AVILA, 2012). A detecção e correção da hipóxia tecidual são fundamentais para pacientes doentes, sendo o lactato de grande importância para a avaliação da microcirculação nesses pacientes (RENIKER et al., 2006). O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever um caso de um animal com peritonite séptica secundária a ruptura uterina por piometra e correção do valor microcirculatório após realização do procedimento cirúrgico.

Terapia multimodal para estabilização da pressão arterial em cão após hemorragia aguda / Multimodal therapy for stabilization the blood pressure in dog after acute hemorrhage

O choque pode ser definido como falência circulatória, que resulta em má perfusão tecidual. A forma mais frequente de apresentação clínica do choque é o hipovolêmico secundário à hemorragia, sendo o trauma sua principal causa (HIRANO et al., 2005). A pressão sistólica abaixo de 100 mmHg afeta vários órgãos, como os rins e intestino, levando a hipóxia tecidual (RODRIGUES et al., 1991). Esse trabalho relata a associação de colóide, solução cristalóide e solução hipertônica 7,5% para estabilização da pressão arterial após hemorragia catastrófica em cão.

Importância da monitorização da pressão arterial em animal com trauma crânio encefálico – relato de caso / Importance of monitoring blood pressure with head trauma – case report

A pressão intracraniana (PIC) determina a perfusão encefálica, pois a pressão de perfusão encefálica (PPE) é resultante do gradiente entre a pressão arterial média (PAM) e a PIC. Além disso, o fluxo sanguíneo encefálico é constante dentro de determinados valores (pressão média entre 50 e 150 mmHg), pois está sob controle do fenômeno de auto regulação vascular do encéfalo (GRAY & ROSNER, 1987). O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever um caso de um animal com trauma crânio encefálico e mostrar a importância da monitorização da pressão arterial.

Importância da monitorização da pressão arterial em animal com trauma crânio encefálico relato de caso / Importance of monitoring blood pressure with head trauma case report

A pressão intracraniana (PIC) determina a perfusão encefálica, pois a pressão de perfusão encefálica (PPE) é resultante do gradiente entre a pressão arterial média (PAM) e a PIC. Além disso, o fluxo sanguíneo encefálico é constante dentro de determinados valores (pressão média entre 50 e 150 mmHg), pois está sob controle do fenômeno de auto regulação vascular do encéfalo (GRAY & ROSNER, 1987). O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever um caso de um animal com trauma crânio encefálico e mostrar a importância da monitorização da pressão arterial.(AU)

Terapia multimodal para estabilização da pressão arterial em cão após hemorragia aguda / Multimodal therapy for stabilization the blood pressure in dog after acute hemorrhage

O choque pode ser definido como falência circulatória, que resulta em má perfusão tecidual. A forma mais frequente de apresentação clínica do choque é o hipovolêmico secundário à hemorragia, sendo o trauma sua principal causa (HIRANO et al., 2005). A pressão sistólica abaixo de 100 mmHg afeta vários órgãos, como os rins e intestino, levando a hipóxia tecidual (RODRIGUES et al., 1991). Esse trabalho relata a associação de colóide, solução cristalóide e solução hipertônica 7,5% para estabilização da pressão arterial após hemorragia catastrófica em cão.(AU)

Estabilização da microcirculação após procedimento cirurgico em animal com peritonite / Stabilization microcirculation after surgical procediment in animal with peritonitis

A peritonite séptica é quando ocorre inflamação da cavidade peritoneal associado a um micro-organismo (D, AVILA, 2012). A detecção e correção da hipóxia tecidual são fundamentais para pacientes doentes, sendo o lactato de grande importância para a avaliação da microcirculação nesses pacientes (RENIKER et al., 2006). O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever um caso de um animal com peritonite séptica secundária a ruptura uterina por piometra e correção do valor microcirculatório após realização do procedimento cirúrgico.(AU)

Analgesia epidural com clonidina ou sufentanil epidural em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia sob anestesia geral inalatória / Epidural analgesia with clonidine or sufentanil in dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy under general anesthesia

Background: Epidural administration of opioids and a2-adrenergic agonists allows the use of smaller doses when administered by other routes, providing analgesia during trans and post-anesthetic periods, reducing side effects and postoperative stress. Sufentanil in higher doses caused minimal hemodynamic changes in dogs. When given epidurally, clonidine produces analgesia without motor block by a non-opioid mechanism of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and duration of analgesia as well the cardiorespiratory changes resulting from administration of epidural clonidine or sufentanil in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty adult health dogs were used divided into two groups, clonidine (CLO) group and sufentanil (SUF) receiving 150 µg and 50 µg respectively epidural. After induction with thiopental and propofol in a mixture of equal parts (0.8 mg/kg), general anesthesia was maintained with halothane in a Bain circuit for further epidural administration of drugs. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, tidal volume, min volume, systolic arterial pressure, body temperature, oxygen saturation of oxyhemoglobin, halothane vaporization were evaluated at times T0 (baseline) and every 15 min until the end of the procedure (T1, T2, T3, T4). The arterial blood gas analysis was performed at T0G (baseline) and 30 min and 2 h after epidural (T1G, T2G) evaluating pH, PaO2 , PaCO2 , BE, HCO3 - and TCO2 . Postoperative analgesia was assessed by the scale of Firth & Haldane (1999) every hour for five hours, starting one hour after the surgery. All parametric variables were analyzed by use of a 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by a Dunnet test to compare all sample collection times with baseline data (0 min). For comparisons among groups, for each time, test t was used. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. The results showed a significant reduction in heart rate after 15 min lasting for 60 min with a reduction in SAP, but no signs of hypotension. A reduction in respiratory rate was also observed in the SUF group and vaporization of halothane in both groups with increase in SpO2 . There was no difference in cardiac rhythm and tidal volume, there was only an increase in minute volume at 60 min in the SUF group. Body temperature also decreases at all times. Discussion: The reduction in heart rate was observed since sufentanil have discrete sympatholytic and vagotonic activity and a2-adrenergic agonists may also cause bradycardia by vagomimetic effect. The drugs used can also cause a reduction in blood pressure, but hypotension was not observed in this study, corroborating with several authors. The lipophilic opioids suffer greater absorption by the blood vessels in the epidural region resulting in peak plasma concentration and early respiratory depression, while the a2-adrenergic agonists cause respiratory depression secondary to central nervous system depression. The observed reduction in vaporization is due to potentiation of drugs used. Analgesia in the intraoperative period can be proved since tachycardia, tachypnea, or hypertension during clamping of the ovarian pedicles was not observed and in the immediate postoperative period, both drugs proved effective with Firth & Haldane numerical scale. The doses employed by epidural reduced the need for halothane demonstrating intra-operative analgesic effect. Furthermore, sufentanil caused severe respiratory depression, however it is suggested greater efficacy when compared to clonidine in the immediate postoperative period.(AU)

Analgesia epidural com clonidina ou sufentanil epidural em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia sob anestesia geral inalatória / Epidural analgesia with clonidine or sufentanil in dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy under general anesthesia

Background: Epidural administration of opioids and a2-adrenergic agonists allows the use of smaller doses when administered by other routes, providing analgesia during trans and post-anesthetic periods, reducing side effects and postoperative stress. Sufentanil in higher doses caused minimal hemodynamic changes in dogs. When given epidurally, clonidine produces analgesia without motor block by a non-opioid mechanism of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and duration of analgesia as well the cardiorespiratory changes resulting from administration of epidural clonidine or sufentanil in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty adult health dogs were used divided into two groups, clonidine (CLO) group and sufentanil (SUF) receiving 150 µg and 50 µg respectively epidural. After induction with thiopental and propofol in a mixture of equal parts (0.8 mg/kg), general anesthesia was maintained with halothane in a Bain circuit for further epidural administration of drugs. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm, respiratory rate, tidal volume, min volume, systolic arterial pressure, body temperature, oxygen saturation of oxyhemoglobin, halothane vaporization were evaluated at times T0 (baseline) and every 15 min until the end of the procedure (T1, T2, T3, T4). The arterial blood gas analysis was performed at T0G (baseline) and 30 min and 2 h after epidural (T1G, T2G) evaluating pH, PaO2 , PaCO2 , BE, HCO3 - and TCO2 . Postoperative analgesia was assessed by the scale of Firth & Haldane (1999) every hour for five hours, starting one hour after the surgery. All parametric variables were analyzed by use of a 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by a Dunnet test to compare all sample collection times with baseline data (0 min). For comparisons among groups, for each time, test t was used. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. The results showed a significant reduction in heart rate after 15 min lasting for 60 min with a reduction in SAP, but no signs of hypotension. A reduction in respiratory rate was also observed in the SUF group and vaporization of halothane in both groups with increase in SpO2 . There was no difference in cardiac rhythm and tidal volume, there was only an increase in minute volume at 60 min in the SUF group. Body temperature also decreases at all times. Discussion: The reduction in heart rate was observed since sufentanil have discrete sympatholytic and vagotonic activity and a2-adrenergic agonists may also cause bradycardia by vagomimetic effect. The drugs used can also cause a reduction in blood pressure, but hypotension was not observed in this study, corroborating with several authors. The lipophilic opioids suffer greater absorption by the blood vessels in the epidural region resulting in peak plasma concentration and early respiratory depression, while the a2-adrenergic agonists cause respiratory depression secondary to central nervous system depression. The observed reduction in vaporization is due to potentiation of drugs used. Analgesia in the intraoperative period can be proved since tachycardia, tachypnea, or hypertension during clamping of the ovarian pedicles was not observed and in the immediate postoperative period, both drugs proved effective with Firth & Haldane numerical scale. The doses employed by epidural reduced the need for halothane demonstrating intra-operative analgesic effect. Furthermore, sufentanil caused severe respiratory depression, however it is suggested greater efficacy when compared to clonidine in the immediate postoperative period.

Efeito sedativo e alterações fisiológicas da administração de clonidina por via intramuscular em cães intramuscular em cães / Physiologic alterations and sedative effect of intramuscular administration of clonidine in dogs

Background: α2-adrenergic agonists stand out for their intense acting in the respiratory and hemodynamic parameters, which sometimes aggravates the already compromised patient. Clonidine is widely used in humans due to its sedation, minimal hemodynamic and respiratory changes and for analgesia. In veterinary medicine, clonidine has been studied recently specially for epidural analgesia. The study aimed to evaluate the physiological changes and the sedative effect of the intramuscular administration of clonidine in dogs, once there are no reports of intramuscularly use of clonidine. Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult healthy mongrel dogs (5 females and 1 male) were used, after hematological evaluation (complete hemogram) with an average weight of 12 ± 2.5 kg. The animals were randomly divided into four groups with a minimum interval of 10 days, where: control group (GC) received 5 mL of saline IM with the other three groups receiving different doses of clonidine, 5 µg/kg (CLO5), 15 ìg/kg (CLO15) and 30 µg/kg (CLO30) intramuscularly. Heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic arterial pressure, rectal temperature and sedation by analogical descriptive scale were evaluated before administration (baseline), after 5 and 15 min and at 15 min intervals for a period of 90 min. For each group, all parametric variables were analyzed by use of a 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by a Dunnet test to compare all sample collection times with baseline data (0 min). For comparisons among groups, for each time, 1-way ANOVA was performed, followed by a Tukey test. Score sedation non parametrical variable were analyzed by Friedman test, followed by Dunn’s. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The results showed that clonidine caused a reduction in heart rate 5 min after administration lasting for 90 min with the three doses studied, with a reduction in systolic arterial pressure but with no signs of hypotension. There were respiratory reduction, but between normal values and decreased rectal temperature was observed, with no changes in oxygen saturation. Sedation scores were higher with the higher doses of clonidine. Discussion: The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of administration of α2-adrenergic agonists are characteristic, noting reduction in heart rate which is due mostly to decrease in sympathetic nervous system tonus, which was observed in all treated groups where a significant reduction in heart rate in a gradual manner and tending to be dose dependent since lower values were observed with higher doses, reaching bradycardia (HR <60 bpm) in group CLO30. Another common alteration of α2- adrenergic agonists are the changes in blood pressure, such as hypertension and subsequent hypotension and respiratory depression, frames not observed in this study. Reduction in body temperature is especially due to decrease in muscular activity as well interfering with thermoregulatory mechanisms. Another factor that may contribute is the room temperature, which remained close to 25o C. Intramuscular administration of clonidine caused light and mild sedation with the studies doses and cardiorrespiratory changes should be used in healthy animals. Further studies should be conducted with associations of other pharmacological class to promote a more pronounced level of sedation.

Efeito sedativo e alterações fisiológicas da administração de clonidina por via intramuscular em cães intramuscular em cães / Physiologic alterations and sedative effect of intramuscular administration of clonidine in dogs

Background: α2-adrenergic agonists stand out for their intense acting in the respiratory and hemodynamic parameters, which sometimes aggravates the already compromised patient. Clonidine is widely used in humans due to its sedation, minimal hemodynamic and respiratory changes and for analgesia. In veterinary medicine, clonidine has been studied recently specially for epidural analgesia. The study aimed to evaluate the physiological changes and the sedative effect of the intramuscular administration of clonidine in dogs, once there are no reports of intramuscularly use of clonidine. Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult healthy mongrel dogs (5 females and 1 male) were used, after hematological evaluation (complete hemogram) with an average weight of 12 ± 2.5 kg. The animals were randomly divided into four groups with a minimum interval of 10 days, where: control group (GC) received 5 mL of saline IM with the other three groups receiving different doses of clonidine, 5 µg/kg (CLO5), 15 ìg/kg (CLO15) and 30 µg/kg (CLO30) intramuscularly. Heart and respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic arterial pressure, rectal temperature and sedation by analogical descriptive scale were evaluated before administration (baseline), after 5 and 15 min and at 15 min intervals for a period of 90 min. For each group, all parametric variables were analyzed by use of a 1-way ANOVA for repeated measures, followed by a Dunnet test to compare all sample collection times with baseline data (0 min). For comparisons among groups, for each time, 1-way ANOVA was performed, followed by a Tukey test. Score sedation non parametrical variable were analyzed by Friedman test, followed by Dunns. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The results showed that clonidine caused a reduction in heart rate 5 min after administration lasting for 90 min with the three doses studied, with a reduction in systolic arterial pressure but with no signs of hypotension. There were respiratory reduction, but between normal values and decreased rectal temperature was observed, with no changes in oxygen saturation. Sedation scores were higher with the higher doses of clonidine. Discussion: The cardiovascular and respiratory effects of administration of α2-adrenergic agonists are characteristic, noting reduction in heart rate which is due mostly to decrease in sympathetic nervous system tonus, which was observed in all treated groups where a significant reduction in heart rate in a gradual manner and tending to be dose dependent since lower values were observed with higher doses, reaching bradycardia (HR <60 bpm) in group CLO30. Another common alteration of α2- adrenergic agonists are the changes in blood pressure, such as hypertension and subsequent hypotension and respiratory depression, frames not observed in this study. Reduction in body temperature is especially due to decrease in muscular activity as well interfering with thermoregulatory mechanisms. Another factor that may contribute is the room temperature, which remained close to 25o C. Intramuscular administration of clonidine caused light and mild sedation with the studies doses and cardiorrespiratory changes should be used in healthy animals. Further studies should be conducted with associations of other pharmacological class to promote a more pronounced level of sedation.(AU)

Transplante autólogo de células mononucleares da medula óssea em úlcera de córnea experimental em cães / Bone marrow mononuclear cells autotransplant in experimental corneal ulcer in dogs

As células mononucleares (CM) da medula óssea (MO) despertam grande interesse nas pesquisas sobre regeneração tecidual. O limbo é a fonte de células-tronco (CT) para repor ceratócitos lesados e uma disfunção destas é denominada deficiência límbica. Essa condição é desenvolvida por diversas afecções, sendo que a queimadura por base é a mais comum. A fim de confirmar a presença das CM da MO transplantadas, a ocorrência de quimiotaxia destas e comparar histopatologicamente os grupos tratado e controle, utilizou-se um modelo experimental de úlcera de córnea associado ao autotransplante de CM. Para tanto, 16 cães machos ou fêmeas, sem raça definida, foram submetidos à úlcera experimental de córnea com papel filtro embebido em hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Após as lesões, os animais foram submetidos a transplante subconjuntival de CM da MO, previamente marcadas com nanocristais. A avaliação pós-operatória foi realizada por imunofluorescência no sexto dia após o transplante e por histopatologia passados 15 dias do procedimento, quando foi possível notar que as CM fixaram-se na região lesionada, não sofreram quimiotaxia e, apesar de diminuírem a inflamação, não auxiliaram o processo de cicatrização corneana a curto prazo. Assim, sugerem-se estudos adicionais no transplante de CM da MO na cicatrização da córnea.(AU)

Bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MC) are a great subject in tissual regeneration. The main stem cell source to the eye is the limbus. Theses cells replace injured corneal cells, however, if the limbal stem cells are not functional, a limbal deficiency with concomitant conjunctivalization takes place. This pathological condition can be caused for several reasons, in which alkali burns are the most common. To conduct a research about transplanted BM MC presence, the cells homing and to histopathologically compare the treated and sham group, an experimental corneal ulcer model associated with MC autotransplant was used. Sixteen, male or female, stray dogs suffered experimental corneal ulceration with sodium hydroxide soaked filter discs. After the lesions, animals were submitted to subconjunctival autotransplant of previously marked BM MC. The evaluation was made by immunofluorescence on the sixth day after lesions creation and histopathology was conducted 15 days after the same procedure, when it was possible to observe that the MC grafted in the injured area, the cells did not execute the homing process and, despite the inflammatory decrease, they did not help the corneal epithelial healing process in a short term evaluation. Thus, future studies about MC transplantations in corneal ulcers are indicated.(AU)

Manutenção térmica em galinhas domésticas mantidas sob anestesia inalatória com isofluorano / Thermal maintenance in chickens under inhalant anesthesia with isoflurane

A hipotermia em aves sob anestesia é freqüentemente observada, causando alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas que podem levar ao óbito. O estudo avaliou dois métodos de manutenção térmica em galinhas submetidas à anestesia inalatória com isofluorano. Foram utilizadas seis galinhas, pesando entre 1 e 1,5kg, com idade aproximada de um ano. Os animais foram autocontrole, submetidos a três grupos: controle (GC), não sendo utilizado nada; alumínio (GA), envoltos por papel alumínio comercial; manta (GM), envoltos por uma manta térmica de dupla face de alumínio. Após jejum prévio de quatro horas, as aves foram submetidas à anestesia inalatória por meio de máscara facial com 4V por cento de isofluorano e mantidas posteriormente com 2V por cento do mesmo agente inalatório, em um circuito avalvular com umidificador, após intubação endotraqueal. As aves foram mantidas em sala climatizada (26ºC) e posicionadas em decúbito lateral. As variáveis mensuradas foram a temperatura corpórea, freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória e saturação de oxihemoglobina, nos momentos zero, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 minutos. Tanto no GC quando no GM houve hipotermia aos 15 minutos, acentuando-se até o fim das mensurações. No GA a hipotermia só ocorreu após 45 minutos. Houve bradicardia no GC a partir de 15 minutos, no GM a partir de 30 minutos e no GA somente após 60 minutos. Observou-se bradipnéia no GC após 45 minutos e aos 15 e 30 minutos no GA e GM, respectivamente. Ambos os métodos foram eficientes na manutenção térmica, sendo o alumínio mais eficiente devido a menor variação de parâmetros fisiológicos.(AU)

Hypothermia in birds under general anesthesia is frequently seen, causing physiologic and metabolic alterations that may lead to death. This study evaluated two thermic maintenance methods in chickens under inhalant anesthesia by isoflurane. Six chickens, weighing between 1 and 1.5kg and with approximately one year old, were submitted to three groups in a random order: CG, control, nothing was used; GA, wrapped in a commercial aluminum paper, and GM, wrapped in a double face blanket of aluminum. After four hour fasting, they were submitted to inhalant anesthesia by facial mask with 4V percent of isoflurane, and maintained with 2V percent of this gas through a humidifier nonrebreathing circuit after endotracheal intubation. In GM and GA the animals body were wrapped in their totality, exception of the head. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes. In GC and GM hypothermia occur with 15 minutes, staying in constant fall until 90 minutes. The difference in GA with basal level occurs only between 45 to 90 minutes. Bradycardia occurred in control group at 15 minutes, in blanket group at 30 minutes and in aluminum group only at 60 minutes. Bradypnea was observed in GC at 45 minutes, and at 15 and 30 minutes in GA and GM, respectively. No significant alterations were seen for to oxihemoglobin saturation. Both methods employed were effective on thermic maintenance, showing the aluminum more effective due less variation observed in body temperature and heart rate.(AU)