Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from domestic animals from Southern Ecuador / Ocorrência e comportamento antimicrobiano de espécies termotolerantes de Campylobacter isoladas de animais domésticos no sul do Equador

Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of dogs, pigs, cows and hens in southern Ecuador were studied. Of the 250 samples studied, 84 (33.6%) were Campylobacter positive, with C. jejuni being more frequent (78.6%) than C. coli (21.4%), with the exception of porcine samples, from which C. coli was the only species isolated. Multidrug resistance was reported in 10 Campylobacter strains (11.9%), four C. jejuni and six C. coli, and was always associated with nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance. All of the amoxicillin-resistant strains were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and were therefore beta-lactamase producers. However, one strain of C. jejuni remained resistant with additional resistance to gentamycin. This is an uncommon resistance pattern in Campylobacter and could reflect different resistance mechanisms.(AU)

A ocorrência e resistência antimicrobiana de cepas de Campylobacter jejuni e C. coli isoladas de amostras fecais obtidas de cães, suínos, vacas e galinhas no sul do Equador foram determinadas. Das 250 amostras estudadas, 84 (33.6%) foram Campylobacter positivas, sendo C. jejuni mais frequente (78.6%) que C. coli (21.4%) com a exceção das amostras de suínos, das quais só fora isolada a espécie C. coli. Multirresistência foi encontrada em 10 cepas (11,9%), quatro C. jejuni e 6 C. coli, sempre associada à resistência ao ácido nalidíxico e à ciprofloxacina. Todas as cepas resistentes à ampicilina foram susceptíveis para amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico demonstrando que foram produtoras de beta-lactamase. Porém, uma cepa de C. jejuni permaneceu sendo resistente, apresentando, também, resistência à gentamicina. Este é um padrão de multirresistência incomum em Campylobacter e pode refletir diferentes mecanismos de resistência.(AU)

Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in dog feces from public parks in Southern Ecuador

Background: Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are important agents of diarrhea in human beings. Several animals are reservoirs for these bacteria and they may contribute to environmental contamination through fecal shedding. The presence of dog feces in urban settings could be a risk of Campylobacter environmental contamination and a problem of public health concern. Besides environmental contamination, the increasing antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter is another issue of public health significance. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in dog feces collected from public parks of Loja city, Ecuador, and establishing their susceptibility to six antibiotics.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 70 fresh-looking non-diarrheal dog fecal samples were collected from public parks of Loja city. An amount (c. a. 1 g) of each fecal specimen was collected with a swab, placed in a tube containing Bolton enrichment broth and processed within the next six hours. Campylobacter spp. were isolated by direct plating onto Butzler selective agar and into Bolton enrichment broth, which were incubated at 42°C for 48 h in microaerophilic conditions. From Bolton enrichment broth subcultures to Butzler selective agar were made and also to blood agar, the latter using the passive filtration method in order to isolate C. upsaliensis. Identification was made firstly using the traditional phenotypic test (catalase, oxidase, oxygen tolerance, growth at 25°C, hippurate and indoxyl acetate hydrolysis, and cephalothin and nalidixic acid susceptibility) and corroborated by the genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by the multiplex PCR (m-PCR) method proposed for the characterization of the six most common clinical Campylobacter species.[...](AU)

Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in dog feces from public parks in Southern Ecuador

Background: Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are important agents of diarrhea in human beings. Several animals are reservoirs for these bacteria and they may contribute to environmental contamination through fecal shedding. The presence of dog feces in urban settings could be a risk of Campylobacter environmental contamination and a problem of public health concern. Besides environmental contamination, the increasing antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter is another issue of public health significance. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in dog feces collected from public parks of Loja city, Ecuador, and establishing their susceptibility to six antibiotics.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 70 fresh-looking non-diarrheal dog fecal samples were collected from public parks of Loja city. An amount (c. a. 1 g) of each fecal specimen was collected with a swab, placed in a tube containing Bolton enrichment broth and processed within the next six hours. Campylobacter spp. were isolated by direct plating onto Butzler selective agar and into Bolton enrichment broth, which were incubated at 42°C for 48 h in microaerophilic conditions. From Bolton enrichment broth subcultures to Butzler selective agar were made and also to blood agar, the latter using the passive filtration method in order to isolate C. upsaliensis. Identification was made firstly using the traditional phenotypic test (catalase, oxidase, oxygen tolerance, growth at 25°C, hippurate and indoxyl acetate hydrolysis, and cephalothin and nalidixic acid susceptibility) and corroborated by the genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by the multiplex PCR (m-PCR) method proposed for the characterization of the six most common clinical Campylobacter species.[...]

Arcobacter butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in human, animals and food sources, in southern Chile

The isolation frequency of Arcobacter species in children with diarrhea, fowls, mammals and food of avian and marine origin was established. In all the samples it was possible to isolate Arcobacter species corresponding 201 (39.4%) to A. butzleri and 24 (4.7) to A. cryaerophilus. Both species were simultaneously isolated in 19 (3.7%) being A. butzleri the most frequently isolated species.(AU)

Adhesive and invasive capacities of Edwarsiella tarda isolated from South American sea lion

Edwarsiella tarda is a zoonotic bacterium that can be isolated from humans, animals and the environment. Although E. tarda is primarily considered a fish pathogen, it is the only species of its genus considered to be pathogenic for humans as well. A survey of zoonotic intestinal bacteria in fresh feces from South American sea lions (SASL) Otaria flavescens, reported E. tarda as the most frequently isolated species. In this study, we used HEp-2 cells to establish in vitro the adherence and invasive ability of 17 E. tarda strains isolated from SASL fecal material. All the strains were able to adhere and invade HEp-2 cells with adhesion and invasion percentages ranging from 56 to 100% and 21 to 74%, respectively. Despite the expression of these pathogenic factors, further investigation is needed to determine whether this bacterium could play a role as primary pathogen for this and other species of pinnipeds.

Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in healthy dogs in Southern Chile

Background: The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, being a serious public health problem. They are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom having as reservoirs a wide variety of animals, including dogs, which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans. The Campylobacter isolation rates found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries. However Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process being antimicrobial treatment not always necessary, it is necessary to know their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance profiles in clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals close to man as dogs are. The aims of this work were to determine the isolation frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs and the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolated strains to six antimicrobial drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs were obtained, seeded into the TEC transport medium. In the laboratory, each sample was plated out on modified Skirrow medium and incubated at 42°C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The isolated strains were identified to species and biotype levels through their phenotypic characteristics using the API Campy® procedure (bioMérieux, Marcy/Etoile, France) and the method described by Lior, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline were determined by means of the E-test method, considering as the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) the lowest antibiotic concentrations yielding no growth. Ampicillin resistant strains were tested for ß-lactamase production with the chromogenic cephalosporin test and the disc diffusion susceptibility test for ampicillin-sulbactam. The recovery rate of Campylobacter was 31.2% (C. jejuni 22.7%, C. coli 8.5%). Three of the four biotypes described for C. jejuni and the two described for C. coli were found being C. jejuni biotype I the most frequent one (53.1%). None of the strains showed resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracycline. Resistant strains were found for ciprofloxacin (6 strains, 13.9%) and ampicillin (4 strains, 9.1%). All the ampicillin resistant strains were found to be ß-lactamase producers. Discussion: The Campylobacter isolation rate (31.2%) found is not negligible. It may provide an epidemiological insight about the risk of zoonotic infection for individuals maintaining contact with dogs, especially for children. Direct contact with pets is a risk factor for acquiring campylobacteriosis, which was also observed in Latin-American countries. Ampicillin resistance is related to ß-lactamase production and was reported in different countries, including Chile. Campylobacter resistance to quinolones has been increasingly reported in strains of human and animal origin, especially from animals related to husbandry. The ciprofloxacin resistant strains found in this study probably could be a reflection of their spread to human pets. Because dogs have been identified as a potential source of human Campylobacter infections, exposure to animals carrying fluoroquinolone-resistant microorganisms could be a risk factor for acquiring this kind of strains.

Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in healthy dogs in Southern Chile / Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in healthy dogs in Southern Chile

Background: The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, being a serious public health problem. They are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom having as reservoirs a wide variety of animals, including dogs, which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans. The Campylobacter isolation rates found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries. However Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process being antimicrobial treatment not always necessary, it is necessary to know their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance pro- fi les in clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals close to man as dogs are. The aims of this work were to determine the isolation frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs and the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolated strains to six antimicrobial drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs were obtained, seeded into the TEC transport medium. In the laboratory, each sample was plated out on modified Skirrow medium and incubated at 42C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The isolated strains were identified to species and biotype levels through their pheno

Background: The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, being a serious public health problem. They are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom having as reservoirs a wide variety of animals, including dogs, which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans. The Campylobacter isolation rates found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries. However Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process being antimicrobial treatment not always necessary, it is necessary to know their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance pro- fi les in clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals close to man as dogs are. The aims of this work were to determine the isolation frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs and the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolated strains to six antimicrobial drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs were obtained, seeded into the TEC transport medium. In the laboratory, each sample was plated out on modified Skirrow medium and incubated at 42C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The isolated strains were identified to species and biotype levels through their pheno

Subtyping of Chilean Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I

The cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) present in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has two essential components, the ccr gene complex and the mec gene complex. Additionally, SCCmec has non-essential components called J regions which are used for MRSA subtyping. This study was performed to determine subtypes MRSA strains carrying SCCmec type I based on polymorphism of regions located downstream of the mecA gene. A total of 98 MRSA strains carrying SCCmec type I isolated from patients hospitalized at the County Hospital of Valdivia (Chile) between May 2007 and May 2008, were analyzed by multiplex PCR designed to amplify the mecA gene and 7 DNA hypervariable regions located around the mecA gene. MRSA strains were classified into seventeen genotypes accordingly to amplification patterns of DNA hypervariable regions. Five genotypes showed amplification patterns previously described. The remaining twelve genotypes showed new amplification patterns. Genotypes 18 and Genotype 19 were the most frequently detected. Regions HVR, Ins117 and pI258 stand out as being present in more than 60% of tested isolates. The acquisition of hypervariable regions by MRSA is a continuous horizontal transfer process through which the SCCmec have been preserved intact, or even may give rise to new types and subtypes of SCCmec. Therefore it is possible to infer that most MRSA strains isolated at the County Hospital of Valdivia (Chile) were originated from two local clones which correspond to Genotype 18 and Genotype 19.

Arcobacter butzleri: first isolation report from chicken carcasses in costa rica

Arcobacter butzleri isolation from chicken carcasses in Costa Rica is reported for the first time. The isolated strains (P and R) were presumptively identified by their phenotypic characteristics. Definitive identification was made using a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and identification of Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter skirrowii. These first isolations indicate the necessity of further investigation about the prevalence, distribution, ecology and interactions with human beings of this and other Arcobacter species.

Isolation of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa and susceptibility to five antimicrobial drugs in Southern Chile

Helicobacter pylori colonizes more than 50% of the world population thus, it is considered an important cause of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the isolation frequency of H. pylori in Southern Chile from patients with symptomatology compatible with gastritis or gastric ulcer and to correlate these findings with demographic parameters of infected patients and the susceptibility profiles of the isolated strains to the antimicrobial drugs used in the eradication treatments. A total of 240 patients were enrolled in the study. Each gastric biopsy was homogenized and seeded onto blood agar plates containing a selective antibiotics mixture (DENT supplement). Plates were incubated at 37° C in a microaerophilic environment for five days. The susceptibility profiles to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, tetracycline and metronidazole were determined using the E-test method. H. pylori was isolated from 99 patients (41.3%) with slightly higher frequency in female (42% positive cultures) than male (40.2% positive cultures). With regard to age and educational level, the highest isolation frequencies were obtained in patients between 21-30 (55%) and 41-50 (52.6%) years old, and patients with secondary (43.9%) and university (46.2%) educational levels. Nineteen (21.6%) strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug. Tetracycline was the most active antimicrobial in vitro, whereas metronidazole was the less active. One strain (5.3%) showed resistance to amoxicillin, clarithomycin and metronidazole, simultaneously.

Campylobacter insulaenigrae: first isolation report from South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens, (Shaw, 1800)

Campylobacter insulaenigrae have been isolated from different pinnipeds but not from South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). The aim of this work is to report the first isolation of C. insulaenigrae from South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). The isolate, identified by its phenotypic and molecular characteristics, allow recognizing O. flavescens as a new host for C. insulaenigrae.

Arcobacter butzleri Strains Isolated from Different Sources Display Adhesive Capacity to Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Background: The genus Arcobacter, belonging to the family Campylobacteraceae, includes polar flagellated, curved or spiral rod shaped bacteria firstly described as Vibrio/Spirillum organisms and later as aerotolerant Campylobacter-like microorganisms. Currently, this genus comprises nine validated species and a candidatus. Among Arcobacter species, Arcobacter butzleri is recognized as a zoonotic agent and the most common species of the genus isolated from environmental water, food and clinical samples. Recently, this species was considered a serious hazard to human health. However, their pathological properties, potential virulence factors as well as their clinical significance remain uncertain or not completely defined. The aim of this study was to establish the ability of 78 A. butzleri strains isolated from different sources to adhere to HEp-2 cells in vitro. Materials, Methods & Results: All the strains were isolated using first an enrichment medium incubated aerobically at 26ºC for 48h. After that, 100 μL of the broth were streaked onto Arcobacter selective agar plates and incubated at 26°C for 72h. All the strains were identified phenotypically using standard assays. Definitive identification was achieved using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Adhesive capacity was determined infecting HEp-2 cells with the strains under study following Skaletsky et al. protocol, with slight modifications. An adherent Escherichia coli isolate was included as a positive control, whereas uninoculated cell lines were used as negative controls. Adhesion results were expressed as the percentage of HEp-2 cells showing adhering bacteria and the number of bacteria (± SD) adhered to cells was determined. Strains were considered as adherent, if at least 20% of HEp-2 cells showed one ore more adhered bacteria.(...)

Arcobacter butzleri Strains Isolated from Different Sources Display Adhesive Capacity to Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Background: The genus Arcobacter, belonging to the family Campylobacteraceae, includes polar flagellated, curved or spiral rod shaped bacteria firstly described as Vibrio/Spirillum organisms and later as aerotolerant Campylobacter-like microorganisms. Currently, this genus comprises nine validated species and a candidatus. Among Arcobacter species, Arcobacter butzleri is recognized as a zoonotic agent and the most common species of the genus isolated from environmental water, food and clinical samples. Recently, this species was considered a serious hazard to human health. However, their pathological properties, potential virulence factors as well as their clinical significance remain uncertain or not completely defined. The aim of this study was to establish the ability of 78 A. butzleri strains isolated from different sources to adhere to HEp-2 cells in vitro. Materials, Methods & Results: All the strains were isolated using first an enrichment medium incubated aerobically at 26ºC for 48h. After that, 100 μL of the broth were streaked onto Arcobacter selective agar plates and incubated at 26°C for 72h. All the strains were identified phenotypically using standard assays. Definitive identification was achieved using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Adhesive capacity was determined infecting HEp-2 cells with the strains under study following Skaletsky et al. protocol, with slight modifications. An adherent Escherichia coli isolate was included as a positive control, whereas uninoculated cell lines were used as negative controls. Adhesion results were expressed as the percentage of HEp-2 cells showing adhering bacteria and the number of bacteria (± SD) adhered to cells was determined. Strains were considered as adherent, if at least 20% of HEp-2 cells showed one ore more adhered bacteria.(...)(AU)

Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and their biotypes in beef and dairy cattle from the south of Chile

The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and their biotypes in beef and dairy cattle from the South of Chile was established. Campylobacter were statistically more prevalent among beef cattle (35.9%) than among dairy cattle (21.3%), being C. jejuni the species most frequently isolated.

Foi estabelecida a prevalência de Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli e seus biotipos, em bovinos de corte e de leite do sul do Chile. Campylobacter foi estatisticamente mais prevalente nos bovinos de corte (35,9%) do que nos bovinos de leite (21,3%), sendo C. jejuni a espécie mais frequentemente isolada.

Occurrence of campylobacter species in healthy well-nourished and malnourished children

The occurrence of Campylobacter species in healthy, well-nourished and healthy, malnourished children of low socioeconomic level in Southern Chile was determined. Campylobacter carriers were significantly most frequent among malnourished (31.4%) than among well-nourished (9.9%) children. Six species were isolated from malnourished children whereas four were found among well-nourished children. C. upsaliensis was the most frequent (13.3%) species isolated from malnourished children, followed by C. lari (7.6%) and C. fetus ssp. fetus (1.9%).

A ocorrência de espécies de Campylobacter em crianças mal nutridas e bem nutridas, sem diarréia e de baixo nível socioeconômico, foi determinada. Os portadores de Campylobacter foram mais freqüentes entre as crianças mal nutridas (31,4%) do que entre as crianças bem nutridas (9,9%). Seis espécies de Campylobacter foram isoladas das crianças mal nutridas e quatro das crianças bem nutridas. C. upsaliensis foi a espécie mias freqüentemente isolada (13,3%) das crianças mal nutridas, seguida de C. lari (7,6%) e C. fetus ssp. fetus (1,9%).

Campylobacter jejuni occurrence in chicken fecal samples from small properties in Pelotas, southern of Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of thermophilic Campylobacter species in broiler flocks from 26 small properties located near the campus of Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. A total of 404 chicken fecal samples were analyzed and after isolation, identification and biotyping was performed according to Lior´s scheme. Twenty one strains (5.2%) of Campylobacter jejuni biotype II were isolated from animals from seven properties (26.9%), with a variation from 3% to 34.6% among the positive properties. We also analyzed twelve C. jejuni isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using specific primers that generate a fragment of 402 pb. Our study allowed us to observe that chickens raised in non-industrial establishments without sanitary attention can harbour C. jejuni in their intestinal tract, and by doing so, they could be a serious health risk to humans.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de espécies termofílicas de Campylobacter em galinhas de 26 pequenas propriedades localizadas próximo ao campus da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Um total de 404 amostras fecais de galinhas foram analisadas e após o isolamento, a identificação e a biotipificação foram realizadas de acordo com o esquema de Lior. Vinte e uma amostras (5,2%) de Campylobacter jejuni biotipo II foram isoladas de animais de sete propriedades (26,9%), com uma variação de 3,3% a 34,6% entre as propriedades positivas. Primers específicos, que geram um fragmento de 402pb, foram usados em PCR para analisar 12 isolados de C. jejuni. Concluímos que galinhas criadas em estabelecimentos não industriais e sem atenção sanitária, são portadoras de C. jejuni e, desta forma, podem ser consideradas um fator de risco para infecção humana.

Susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri to heavy metals

The susceptibility of 50 strains of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from chicken liver [12], mussels [18], river water [6] and bovine [5], duck [2] and pelicans [7] feces to mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and lead (Pb) was determined.All the strains were resistant to Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Pb and Fe and susceptible to Hg, Ag and Cr. MIC values showed high variability, indicating a non homogeneous behavior among the strains.

Arcobacter butzleri é um bacilo Gram negativo de caráter zoonótico, pertencente à Família Campylobacteraceae, que tem sido associado a diarréia e septicemia no ser humano. A susceptibilidade de 50 amostras de A. butzleri isoladas de fígados de frango [12], mariscos [18], água de rio [6] e fezes de bovinos [5], patos [2] e pelicanos [7] aos metais pesados mercúrio (Hg), cromo (Cr), prata (Ag), níquel (Ni), cobalto Co), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn), molibdênio (Mo) e chumbo (Pb) foi determinada.Todas as amostras foram resistentes a Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Pb e Fe, sendo susceptíveis a Hg, Ag e Cr. Os valores das CIM apresentaram alta variabilidade indicando um comportamento não homogêneo entre as amostras.

Arcobacter butzleri an emerging enteropathogen: communication of two cases with chronic diarrhea

The first two cases of chronic diarrhea due to Arcobacter butzleri in Chile are reported. The clinical findings, the absence of other enteropathogens, virus or parasites, the epidemiological association between both patients, the treatment outcome and the fact that A. butzleri was the only bacteria isolated, support the assumption that it was the etiological agent of these chronic diarrhea cases.

Os primeiros dois casos de diarréia crônica por Arcobacter butzleri no sul do Chile são apresentados. As características clínicas, a ausência de outros enteropatógenos, vírus ou parasitas, o resultado do tratamento, bem como a associação epidemiológica entre ambos pacientes e o fato de A. butzleri ter sido a única bactéria isolada permitem assumir que este microrganismo seria o agente etiológico destes dois casos de diarréia crônica.

Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in healthy dogs in Southern Chile / Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in healthy dogs in Southern Chile

Background: The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, being a serious public health problem. They are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom having as reservoirs a wide variety of animals, including dogs, which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans. The Campylobacter isolation rates found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries. However Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process being antimicrobial treatment not always necessary, it is necessary to know their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance pro- fi les in clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals close to man as dogs are. The aims of this work were to determine the isolation frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs and the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolated strains to six antimicrobial drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs were obtained, seeded into the TEC transport medium. In the laboratory, each sample was plated out on modified Skirrow medium and incubated at 42C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The isolated strains were identified to species and biotype levels through their pheno

Background: The thermotolerant species of Campylobacter, mainly C. jejuni and C. coli, are as important agents of human gastroenteritis worldwide, being a serious public health problem. They are widely distributed in the environment and the animal kingdom having as reservoirs a wide variety of animals, including dogs, which in turn can act as a source of infection for humans. The Campylobacter isolation rates found in dogs are heterogeneous with few available data in Latin American countries. However Campylobacter diarrhea in humans is a self-limited clinical process being antimicrobial treatment not always necessary, it is necessary to know their antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance pro- fi les in clinical and reservoirs isolates, especially in C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from animals close to man as dogs are. The aims of this work were to determine the isolation frequency of C. jejuni and C. coli and their biotypes in healthy dogs and the susceptibility/resistance profiles of the isolated strains to six antimicrobial drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fecal samples from 141 healthy dogs were obtained, seeded into the TEC transport medium. In the laboratory, each sample was plated out on modified Skirrow medium and incubated at 42C for 48 h under microaerobic conditions. The isolated strains were identified to species and biotype levels through their pheno

Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from different sources display adhesive capacity to epithelial cells in vitro

Background:  :  :  : The genus Arcobacter, belonging to the family Campylobacteraceae, includes polar flagellated, curved or spiral rod shaped bacteria firstly described as Vibrio/Spirillum organisms and later as aerotolerant Campylobacterlike microorganisms. Currently, this genus comprises nine validated species and a candidatus. Among Arcobacter species, Arcobacter butzleri is recognized as a zoonotic agent and the most common species of the genus isolated from environmental water, food and clinical samples. Recently, this species was considered a serious hazard to human health. However, their pathological properties, potential virulence factors as well as their clinical significance remain uncertain or not completely defined. The aim of this study was to establish the ability of 78 A. butzleri strains isolated from different sources to adhere to HEp-2 cells in vitro. Materials, Methods & Results: All the strains were isolated using first an enrichment medium incubated aerobically at 26 ºc for 48 h. after that, 100 ?l of the broth were streaked onto Arcobacter selective agar plates and incubated at 26 c for 72 h. all the strains were identified phenotypically using standard assays. Definitive identification was achieved using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Adhesive capacity was determined infecting hep-2 cells with the strains under study following scaletskys et