Avaliação de indicadores higienicossanitários em mortadelas fatiadas / Evaluation of sanitary hygienic indicators in the sliced bolognas

Os embutidos cárneos estão entre os produtos mais consumidos e comercializados e podem representar uma importante fonte de contaminação por micro-organismos patogênicos ou deteriorantes decorrentes de manipulação excessiva, do aumento da superfície de contato e pela maior exposição ao oxigênio atmosférico. Este trabalho avaliou a qualidade microbiológica de mortadelas fatiadas comercializadas em Fortaleza, CE. Foram coletadas 12 amostras de mortadelas, de diferentes marcas, em supermercados de Fortaleza, CE e estas foram fatiadas e embaladas no momento da compra. As amostras foram submetidas à avaliação microbiológica quanto à presença de coliformes termotolerantes, estafilococos coagulase positiva e presença/ausência de Salmonella spp. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que todas as amostras analisadas estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A presença de coliformes e estafilococos coagulase positiva nos alimentos, mesmo que seja em níveis inferiores aos preconizados pela legislação vigente, pode indicar condições higienicossanitárias insatisfatórias. Neste contexto, enfatiza-se a necessidade de efetuar a adoção de boas práticas em supermercados e maior fiscalização por parte dos órgãos responsáveis, com o intuito de minimizar os possíveis problemas de saúde pública.

Meat sausages are among the mostly consumed and commercialized products, and they are the important source of contamination by pathogenic or deteriorating microorganisms due to the excessive manipulation, the increased surface contact and the considerable exposure to the atmospheric contents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of sliced mortadella commercialized in Fortaleza, CE. Twelve samples of mortadella from different brands were collected in supermarkets located in Fortaleza, CE, and they were sliced and packed at the time of purchase. The samples were evaluated by the microbiological analyses for detecting the occurrence of thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase positive staphylococci and presence/absence of Salmonella spp. The results from the present study showed that all of the analyzed samples were within the standards established by the Brazilian legislation. The occurrence of coliforms and coagulase-positive staphylococci in food, even at lower levels than those recommended by current legislation, they indicate the unsatisfactory sanitary hygienic conditions. Therefore, it is emphasized the need to adopt the good practices in supermarkets and a major supervision by the responsible agencies, in order to minimize the occurrence of possible public health problems.

Avaliação de indicadores higienicossanitários em mortadelas fatiadas / Evaluation of sanitary hygienic indicators in the sliced bolognas

Os embutidos cárneos estão entre os produtos mais consumidos e comercializados e podem representar uma importante fonte de contaminação por micro-organismos patogênicos ou deteriorantes decorrentes de manipulação excessiva, do aumento da superfície de contato e pela maior exposição ao oxigênio atmosférico. Este trabalho avaliou a qualidade microbiológica de mortadelas fatiadas comercializadas em Fortaleza, CE. Foram coletadas 12 amostras de mortadelas, de diferentes marcas, em supermercados de Fortaleza, CE e estas foram fatiadas e embaladas no momento da compra. As amostras foram submetidas à avaliação microbiológica quanto à presença de coliformes termotolerantes, estafilococos coagulase positiva e presença/ausência de Salmonella spp. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que todas as amostras analisadas estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. A presença de coliformes e estafilococos coagulase positiva nos alimentos, mesmo que seja em níveis inferiores aos preconizados pela legislação vigente, pode indicar condições higienicossanitárias insatisfatórias. Neste contexto, enfatiza-se a necessidade de efetuar a adoção de boas práticas em supermercados e maior fiscalização por parte dos órgãos responsáveis, com o intuito de minimizar os possíveis problemas de saúde pública.(AU)

Meat sausages are among the mostly consumed and commercialized products, and they are the important source of contamination by pathogenic or deteriorating microorganisms due to the excessive manipulation, the increased surface contact and the considerable exposure to the atmospheric contents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of sliced mortadella commercialized in Fortaleza, CE. Twelve samples of mortadella from different brands were collected in supermarkets located in Fortaleza, CE, and they were sliced and packed at the time of purchase. The samples were evaluated by the microbiological analyses for detecting the occurrence of thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase positive staphylococci and presence/absence of Salmonella spp. The results from the present study showed that all of the analyzed samples were within the standards established by the Brazilian legislation. The occurrence of coliforms and coagulase-positive staphylococci in food, even at lower levels than those recommended by current legislation, they indicate the unsatisfactory sanitary hygienic conditions. Therefore, it is emphasized the need to adopt the good practices in supermarkets and a major supervision by the responsible agencies, in order to minimize the occurrence of possible public health problems.(AU)

Continental fishes from the Tambaba Environmentally Protected Area, Paraíba State, Brazil

Tambaba environmentally protected area is situated on the south coast of Paraíba State, within the Atlantic forest biome of the northeastern region in Brazil. The Tambaba environmentally protected area consists of a series of independent drainages: Graú, Mucatú, and Bucatú river micro-basins, and Caboclo River sub-basin that belongs to Gurugi River micro-basin. Ichthyological samples were collected in five scientific expeditions between months of June and July in 2015. Twenty-nine sites from different habitats (e.g., spanning tributaries, streams, rivers, and estuaries) were accessed for sampling. A total of 44 species distributed within 38 genera, 25 families, and 17 orders were assigned to the Tambaba hydrographic region. Freshwater species comprised 36% (n = 16) and marine-estuarine species 64% (n = 28) of the total collected specimens. Two invasive species occur in the freshwater sites: Cichla monoculus and Poecilia reticulata. Cheirodon jaguaribensis, Cichlasoma orientale, and Crenicichla brasiliensis are endemic to the Brazilian Northeast region with the first species restricted to the Northeast Caatinga and Coastal drainages hydrographic ecoregion.

Continental fishes from the Tambaba Environmentally Protected Area, Paraíba State, Brazil

Tambaba environmentally protected area is situated on the south coast of Paraíba State, within the Atlantic forest biome of the northeastern region in Brazil. The Tambaba environmentally protected area consists of a series of independent drainages: Graú, Mucatú, and Bucatú river micro-basins, and Caboclo River sub-basin that belongs to Gurugi River micro-basin. Ichthyological samples were collected in five scientific expeditions between months of June and July in 2015. Twenty-nine sites from different habitats (e.g., spanning tributaries, streams, rivers, and estuaries) were accessed for sampling. A total of 44 species distributed within 38 genera, 25 families, and 17 orders were assigned to the Tambaba hydrographic region. Freshwater species comprised 36% (n = 16) and marine-estuarine species 64% (n = 28) of the total collected specimens. Two invasive species occur in the freshwater sites: Cichla monoculus and Poecilia reticulata. Cheirodon jaguaribensis, Cichlasoma orientale, and Crenicichla brasiliensis are endemic to the Brazilian Northeast region with the first species restricted to the Northeast Caatinga and Coastal drainages hydrographic ecoregion.(AU)

Cutting and germination of Eugenia involucrata seeds / Fracionamento e germinação de sementes de Eugenia involucrata

The objective of this study is to verify the cutting efficiency of Eugenia involucrata seeds in seedling formation, as a way to maximize seed lots for sapling production. E. involucrata seeds were submitted to the following treatments: a) Control (uncutting seeds), b) Seeds transversely cut, with or without hilum, c) Seeds longitudinally cut, with and without hilum and germinated afterwards on germitest paper roll substrate at a temperature of 25ºC and constant white light, with four repetitions of 25 seeds or seed fractions. The percentage of propagules with capacity to produce normal seedlings (the germination percentage) and germination speed (the Speed of Germination Index) were calculated. The uncut seeds (control) showed a higher germination percentage (72%) and speed (SGI = 0.64). The use of seed fractions was not considered an efficient method for maximizing E. involucrata seed lots, since germination was directly affected.(AU)

Objetivou-se verificar a eficiência do método de fracionamento em sementes de Eugenia involucrata na formação de plântulas, como forma de maximização de lotes para a produção de mudas. Sementes de E. involucrata foram submetidas aos tratamentos: a) Controle (sementes sem fracionamento), b) Sementes fracionadas transversalmente, com e sem hilo e c) Sementes fracionadas longitudinalmente, com e sem hilo, e, em seguida, à germinação em substrato rolo de papel tipo germitest, sob temperatura de 25ºC e luz branca constante, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes ou frações de sementes. Foram calculados a porcentagem de propágulos com capacidade de produzir plântulas normais (porcentagem de germinação) e a velocidade de germinação (índice de velocidade de germinação - IVG). As sementes sem fracionamento (controle) apresentaram maior porcentagem (72%) e velocidade de germinação (IVG = 0,64). A utilização de fracionamento não é eficiente para maximização de lotes de sementes de E. involucrata, pois a germinação foi diretamente afetada.(AU)

Cutting and germination of Eugenia involucrata seeds / Fracionamento e germinação de sementes de Eugenia involucrata

The objective of this study is to verify the cutting efficiency of Eugenia involucrata seeds in seedling formation, as a way to maximize seed lots for sapling production. E. involucrata seeds were submitted to the following treatments: a) Control (uncutting seeds), b) Seeds transversely cut, with or without hilum, c) Seeds longitudinally cut, with and without hilum and germinated afterwards on germitest paper roll substrate at a temperature of 25ºC and constant white light, with four repetitions of 25 seeds or seed fractions. The percentage of propagules with capacity to produce normal seedlings (the germination percentage) and germination speed (the Speed of Germination Index) were calculated. The uncut seeds (control) showed a higher germination percentage (72%) and speed (SGI = 0.64). The use of seed fractions was not considered an efficient method for maximizing E. involucrata seed lots, since germination was directly affected.

Objetivou-se verificar a eficiência do método de fracionamento em sementes de Eugenia involucrata na formação de plântulas, como forma de maximização de lotes para a produção de mudas. Sementes de E. involucrata foram submetidas aos tratamentos: a) Controle (sementes sem fracionamento), b) Sementes fracionadas transversalmente, com e sem hilo e c) Sementes fracionadas longitudinalmente, com e sem hilo, e, em seguida, à germinação em substrato rolo de papel tipo germitest, sob temperatura de 25ºC e luz branca constante, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes ou frações de sementes. Foram calculados a porcentagem de propágulos com capacidade de produzir plântulas normais (porcentagem de germinação) e a velocidade de germinação (índice de velocidade de germinação - IVG). As sementes sem fracionamento (controle) apresentaram maior porcentagem (72%) e velocidade de germinação (IVG = 0,64). A utilização de fracionamento não é eficiente para maximização de lotes de sementes de E. involucrata, pois a germinação foi diretamente afetada.

Demographics and spatial pattern on three populations of Myrtaceae in the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest / Demografia e padrão espacial de três populações de Myrtaceae na Floresta Ombrófila Mista

The aim of this study was to characterize the demographic structure and spatial pattern of Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg, Myrcianthes gigantea (D. Legrand) D. Legrand and Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O. Berg. Within one hectare of Ombrophilous Mixed Forest, all the three populations' individuals were counted and measured with regard to their height and diameter. From the collected data, the assessment of the demographic structure was realized after the individual's size classification. Spatial pattern was determined by applying the Standardized Morisita's Index. C. xanthocarpa and M. delicatula showed an inverted-J frequency distribution in the individuals size classes, which differed from M. gigantea that did not follow the same pattern. The spatial pattern of C. xanthocarpa and M. delicatula populations was found mainly to be aggregated; whereas, M. gigantea showed spatial randomness. The three Myrtaceae populations responded differently with regard to structure and spatial distribution in sites with the same environmental filters.(AU)

Objetivou-se caracterizar a estrutura demográfica e o padrão espacial de Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg, Myrcianthes gigantea (D. Legrand) D. Legrande Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O. Berg, bem como, verificara influência de variáveis ambientais sobre essas populações. Em um hectare de Floresta Atlântica, todos os indivíduos das três populações foram contados e mensurados quanto à altura e diâmetro. A estrutura demográfica foi avaliada após classificação de tamanho dos indivíduos, o padrão espacial pelo Índice de Morisita Padronizado. Campomanesia xanthocarpa e M. delicatula apresentaram distribuição de frequência dos indivíduos em classes de tamanho em J invertido, já a espécie M. gigantea não seguiu o mesmo comportamento. O padrão espacial das populações de C. xanthocarpa e M. delicatula foi, predominantemente, agregado e, para M. gigantea, o padrão foi aleatório. Verifica-se que as populações de Myrtaceae possuem respostas diferenciadas quanto à estrutura e distribuição espacial em sítios com os mesmos filtros ambientais.(AU)

A importância da citologia demonstrada em um estudo retrospectivo no período de 4 anos no Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi / The importance of citology demonstrated in a retrospective study in the periodof 4 years at the Anhembi Morumbi Veterinary Hospital / La importancia de la Citología demonstrado en un estudio retrospectivo en el período de 4 anos en el Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi

Foi realizado um estudo descritivo quantitativo retrospectivo dos resultados de exames citológicos dos animais atendidos pelo Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi São Paulo (HOVET), entre janeiro de 2013 a julho de 2016. Foram utilizados dados das fichas clínicas dos animais referentes aos exames citológicos dos animais no total de 1825 animais atendidos pelo HOVET. Todos os laudos foram analisados e interpretados para este estudo. Destes atendimentos 56% foram fêmeas e 44% machos. Das espécies 93,8% cães, 5,3% gatos, 0,7% equinos e 0,2% divididos em aves e silvestres. Das raças mais prevalentes tanto em gato, cavalo e em cão foi o sem raça definida. As vantagens da citologia que agrega na clínica veterinária é que ela diferencia e define uma patologia, sempre vindo junto de uma bom exame clínico do animal. Sendo um exame prático auxiliando o diagnóstico e o tratamento.(AU)

A descriptive quantitative retrospective study of cytological test results of animais treated at theAnhembi Morumbi São Paulo Veterinarian Hospital (HOVET) was carried out between January 2013 and July 2016. Data from 1825 medical records relative to the animal's cytological test carried out in the HOVET were utilized in this study. Ali medical statements were analyzed and interpreted for this study. From these medical care, 56% were females and 44% male. From the species, 93,8% were dogs, 5,3% cats, 0,7% equine and 0,2%0 divided into birds and wild. The prevailing breed in cats, dogs, and horses was the mongrel/crossbreed. The advantages of cytology regarding veterinary clinics are that it difterentiates and defines a pathology, along side a well-done clinical examination on the animal. Being a practical examination and helping the diagnosis and the treatment.(AU)

Un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los resultados cuantitativos de los exámenes citológicos de los animales atendidos por el Hospital Veterinario Anhembi Morumbi de Sao Paulo, entre enero de 2013 y julio de 2016. Se utilizaron los datos de Ias historias clínicas de los animales relacionados con el examen citológico de los animales en total 1825 animales servidos por Hovet. Todos los informes fueron analizados e interpretados para este estudio. De estas lIamadas 56% eran mujeres, 44% hombres. Especies 93,8% perros, gatos 5,3%, 0,7% Y 0,2% de los caballos divididos en aves y silvestre. Las razas más prevalentes en tanto gato, caballo y el perro era un mestizo. La citología de Ias ventajas que los agregados en Ia clínica veterinaria es que se diferencia y define una condición, siempre que viene con un buen examen clínico dei animal. Es un examen práctico de ayudar a un diagnóstico y tratamiento.(AU)

A importância da citologia demonstrada em um estudo retrospectivo no período de 4 anos no Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi / The importance of citology demonstrated in a retrospective study in the periodof 4 years at the Anhembi Morumbi Veterinary Hospital / La importancia de la Citología demonstrado en un estudio retrospectivo en el período de 4 anos en el Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi

Foi realizado um estudo descritivo quantitativo retrospectivo dos resultados de exames citológicos dos animais atendidos pelo Hospital Veterinário Anhembi Morumbi São Paulo (HOVET), entre janeiro de 2013 a julho de 2016. Foram utilizados dados das fichas clínicas dos animais referentes aos exames citológicos dos animais no total de 1825 animais atendidos pelo HOVET. Todos os laudos foram analisados e interpretados para este estudo. Destes atendimentos 56% foram fêmeas e 44% machos. Das espécies 93,8% cães, 5,3% gatos, 0,7% equinos e 0,2% divididos em aves e silvestres. Das raças mais prevalentes tanto em gato, cavalo e em cão foi o sem raça definida. As vantagens da citologia que agrega na clínica veterinária é que ela diferencia e define uma patologia, sempre vindo junto de uma bom exame clínico do animal. Sendo um exame prático auxiliando o diagnóstico e o tratamento.

A descriptive quantitative retrospective study of cytological test results of animais treated at theAnhembi Morumbi São Paulo Veterinarian Hospital (HOVET) was carried out between January 2013 and July 2016. Data from 1825 medical records relative to the animal's cytological test carried out in the HOVET were utilized in this study. Ali medical statements were analyzed and interpreted for this study. From these medical care, 56% were females and 44% male. From the species, 93,8% were dogs, 5,3% cats, 0,7% equine and 0,2%0 divided into birds and wild. The prevailing breed in cats, dogs, and horses was the mongrel/crossbreed. The advantages of cytology regarding veterinary clinics are that it difterentiates and defines a pathology, along side a well-done clinical examination on the animal. Being a practical examination and helping the diagnosis and the treatment.

Un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los resultados cuantitativos de los exámenes citológicos de los animales atendidos por el Hospital Veterinario Anhembi Morumbi de Sao Paulo, entre enero de 2013 y julio de 2016. Se utilizaron los datos de Ias historias clínicas de los animales relacionados con el examen citológico de los animales en total 1825 animales servidos por Hovet. Todos los informes fueron analizados e interpretados para este estudio. De estas lIamadas 56% eran mujeres, 44% hombres. Especies 93,8% perros, gatos 5,3%, 0,7% Y 0,2% de los caballos divididos en aves y silvestre. Las razas más prevalentes en tanto gato, caballo y el perro era un mestizo. La citología de Ias ventajas que los agregados en Ia clínica veterinaria es que se diferencia y define una condición, siempre que viene con un buen examen clínico dei animal. Es un examen práctico de ayudar a un diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms from cytochrome b gene as a useful protocol in forensic genetics against the illegal hunting of manatees: Trichechus manatus, Trichechus inunguis, Trichechus senegalensis, and Dugong dugon (Eutheria: Sirenia)

The identification of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms is one of the most efficient methods for species differentiation. Genotyping of molecular markers using PCR/RFLP is a reliable, sensitive and inexpensive method for the detection of species specific mutations. The major causes of decline in Sirenia populations are accidental and intentional catches, collisions with boats and habitat loss. The goal of the present study was to identify, in silico, nucleotide mutations in the cytochrome b gene that can be used for the future development of forensic tools capable of using small tissue fragments to discriminate manatee meat from domesticated species meat commonly used as food sources (bovine, ovine, caprine and swine). DNA sequence alignments revealed two polymorphic sites distinguishing the manatee species from domestic species. The present study reinforced the power of cytochrome polymorphisms as powerful markers for species identification, which may be particularly useful for identifying vulnerable/endangered species. The data provided herein also suggest such mtDNA markers as important conservation tools for combating predatory manatee hunting for illegal meat trade in the Americas

Single nucleotide polymorphisms from cytochrome b gene as a useful protocol in forensic genetics against the illegal hunting of manatees: Trichechus manatus, Trichechus inunguis, Trichechus senegalensis, and Dugong dugon (Eutheria: Sirenia)

The identification of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms is one of the most efficient methods for species differentiation. Genotyping of molecular markers using PCR/RFLP is a reliable, sensitive and inexpensive method for the detection of species specific mutations. The major causes of decline in Sirenia populations are accidental and intentional catches, collisions with boats and habitat loss. The goal of the present study was to identify, in silico, nucleotide mutations in the cytochrome b gene that can be used for the future development of forensic tools capable of using small tissue fragments to discriminate manatee meat from domesticated species meat commonly used as food sources (bovine, ovine, caprine and swine). DNA sequence alignments revealed two polymorphic sites distinguishing the manatee species from domestic species. The present study reinforced the power of cytochrome polymorphisms as powerful markers for species identification, which may be particularly useful for identifying vulnerable/endangered species. The data provided herein also suggest such mtDNA markers as important conservation tools for combating predatory manatee hunting for illegal meat trade in the Americas

Single nucleotide polymorphisms from cytochrome b gene as a useful protocol in forensic genetics against the illegal hunting of manatees: Trichechus manatus, Trichechus inunguis, Trichechus senegalensis, and Dugong dugon (Eutheria: Sirenia)

The identification of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms is one of the most efficient methods for species differentiation. Genotyping of molecular markers using PCR/RFLP is a reliable, sensitive and inexpensive method for the detection of species specific mutations. The major causes of decline in Sirenia populations are accidental and intentional catches, collisions with boats and habitat loss. The goal of the present study was to identify, in silico, nucleotide mutations in the cytochrome b gene that can be used for the future development of forensic tools capable of using small tissue fragments to discriminate manatee meat from domesticated species meat commonly used as food sources (bovine, ovine, caprine and swine). DNA sequence alignments revealed two polymorphic sites distinguishing the manatee species from domestic species. The present study reinforced the power of cytochrome polymorphisms as powerful markers for species identification, which may be particularly useful for identifying vulnerable/endangered species. The data provided herein also suggest such mtDNA markers as important conservation tools for combating predatory manatee hunting for illegal meat trade in the Americas

The influence of thymol+DMSO on survival, growth and reproduction of Bradybaena similaris (Mollusca: Bradybaenidae)

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821), commonly known as the Asian trampsnail, is a terrestrial snail native to Asia, introduced in other regions of the world. In Brazil, populations of this land snail are distributed from the state of Amapá in the North to Rio Grande do Sul in the South. This species acts as an intermediate host for parasites and is a difficult-to-control agricultural pest as well, causing great losses to crops and ornamental plant cultivation. This land snail is easily reared in the laboratory and has been successfully used as a biological model in studies that aim at verifying molluscicidal effects of plant extracts. Several studies have demonstrated that B. similaris, like many other species of land and freshwater snails, is physiologically adapted to survival over transitory unfavorable environmental conditions. Moreover, this species seems to have a life history strategy characterized by a short life span and a maximal opportunistic reproductive effort during transient favorable periods. Such biological features may potentially lead to the inefficacy of control attempts and, simultaneously, make this species able to repopulate sites previously treated with biocides. For this reason, studies that aim at verifying the effect of molluscicides on the reproduction, growth and survival of molluscs are greatly required. Molluscicides of plant origin may represent a safe and effective way of controlling these animals. Thymol is a substance of plant origin which has bactericidal, fungicidal and anti-inflammatory properties and has been presented as a promissory biocide of mollusc species. The aim of this work was to assess the molluscicidal property of thymol in combination with DMSO against eggs and adults of B. similaris. During 120 days, we evaluated the effect of thymol+DMSO at different concentrations (2.5 g/L and 5 g/L) on the hatching success, hatchling survival, growth and reproduction of B. similaris under laboratory conditions. We tested thymol+DMSO on 160 eggs, 160 10-day-old and 160 30-day-old juveniles. The results showed that thymol+DMSO (5 g/L and 2.5 g/L) affected hatching success, acting as an ovicide. The tests with 10-day-old juveniles showed that thymol+DMSO at 2.5 g/L and 5 g/L caused 90 and 100% of mortality, respectively. For the 30-day-old juveniles, thymol+DMSO caused 87.5% of mortality at 5 g/L, and 75% at 2.5 g/L. With regard to growth, the results were not significant. The 10-day-old individuals treated with thymol+DMSO showed only one reproductive event during the 120 days of the experiment. Thymol+DMSO showed molluscicidal and residual activity, which makes evident its potential for controlling snails, and consequently, snail-borne diseases.

The influence of thymol+DMSO on survival, growth and reproduction of Bradybaena similaris (Mollusca: Bradybaenidae)

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821), commonly known as the Asian trampsnail, is a terrestrial snail native to Asia, introduced in other regions of the world. In Brazil, populations of this land snail are distributed from the state of Amapá in the North to Rio Grande do Sul in the South. This species acts as an intermediate host for parasites and is a difficult-to-control agricultural pest as well, causing great losses to crops and ornamental plant cultivation. This land snail is easily reared in the laboratory and has been successfully used as a biological model in studies that aim at verifying molluscicidal effects of plant extracts. Several studies have demonstrated that B. similaris, like many other species of land and freshwater snails, is physiologically adapted to survival over transitory unfavorable environmental conditions. Moreover, this species seems to have a life history strategy characterized by a short life span and a maximal opportunistic reproductive effort during transient favorable periods. Such biological features may potentially lead to the inefficacy of control attempts and, simultaneously, make this species able to repopulate sites previously treated with biocides. For this reason, studies that aim at verifying the effect of molluscicides on the reproduction, growth and survival of molluscs are greatly required. Molluscicides of plant origin may represent a safe and effective way of controlling these animals. Thymol is a substance of plant origin which has bactericidal, fungicidal and anti-inflammatory properties and has been presented as a promissory biocide of mollusc species. The aim of this work was to assess the molluscicidal property of thymol in combination with DMSO against eggs and adults of B. similaris. During 120 days, we evaluated the effect of thymol+DMSO at different concentrations (2.5 g/L and 5 g/L) on the hatching success, hatchling survival, growth and reproduction of B. similaris under laboratory conditions. We tested thymol+DMSO on 160 eggs, 160 10-day-old and 160 30-day-old juveniles. The results showed that thymol+DMSO (5 g/L and 2.5 g/L) affected hatching success, acting as an ovicide. The tests with 10-day-old juveniles showed that thymol+DMSO at 2.5 g/L and 5 g/L caused 90 and 100% of mortality, respectively. For the 30-day-old juveniles, thymol+DMSO caused 87.5% of mortality at 5 g/L, and 75% at 2.5 g/L. With regard to growth, the results were not significant. The 10-day-old individuals treated with thymol+DMSO showed only one reproductive event during the 120 days of the experiment. Thymol+DMSO showed molluscicidal and residual activity, which makes evident its potential for controlling snails, and consequently, snail-borne diseases.

The influence of thymol+DMSO on survival, growth and reproduction of Bradybaena similaris (Mollusca: Bradybaenidae)

Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821), commonly known as the Asian trampsnail, is a terrestrial snail native to Asia, introduced in other regions of the world. In Brazil, populations of this land snail are distributed from the state of Amapá in the North to Rio Grande do Sul in the South. This species acts as an intermediate host for parasites and is a difficult-to-control agricultural pest as well, causing great losses to crops and ornamental plant cultivation. This land snail is easily reared in the laboratory and has been successfully used as a biological model in studies that aim at verifying molluscicidal effects of plant extracts. Several studies have demonstrated that B. similaris, like many other species of land and freshwater snails, is physiologically adapted to survival over transitory unfavorable environmental conditions. Moreover, this species seems to have a life history strategy characterized by a short life span and a maximal opportunistic reproductive effort during transient favorable periods. Such biological features may potentially lead to the inefficacy of control attempts and, simultaneously, make this species able to repopulate sites previously treated with biocides. For this reason, studies that aim at verifying the effect of molluscicides on the reproduction, growth and survival of molluscs are greatly required. Molluscicides of plant origin may represent a safe and effective way of controlling these animals. Thymol is a substance of plant origin which has bactericidal, fungicidal and anti-inflammatory properties and has been presented as a promissory biocide of mollusc species. The aim of this work was to assess the molluscicidal property of thymol in combination with DMSO against eggs and adults of B. similaris. During 120 days, we evaluated the effect of thymol+DMSO at different concentrations (2.5 g/L and 5 g/L) on the hatching success, hatchling survival, growth and reproduction of B. similaris under laboratory conditions. We tested thymol+DMSO on 160 eggs, 160 10-day-old and 160 30-day-old juveniles. The results showed that thymol+DMSO (5 g/L and 2.5 g/L) affected hatching success, acting as an ovicide. The tests with 10-day-old juveniles showed that thymol+DMSO at 2.5 g/L and 5 g/L caused 90 and 100% of mortality, respectively. For the 30-day-old juveniles, thymol+DMSO caused 87.5% of mortality at 5 g/L, and 75% at 2.5 g/L. With regard to growth, the results were not significant. The 10-day-old individuals treated with thymol+DMSO showed only one reproductive event during the 120 days of the experiment. Thymol+DMSO showed molluscicidal and residual activity, which makes evident its potential for controlling snails, and consequently, snail-borne diseases.

Influência da cafeína sobre a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) (Mollusca, Xanthonychidae), com diferentes idades

Bradybaena similaris é uma espécie de molusco terrestre citada na literatura como hospedeiro intermediário de parasitos de animais. Também atua como praga agrícola, de difícil controle, causando grandes prejuízos a lavouras e cultivo de plantas ornamentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 120 dias, o efeito da cafeína, em diferentes concentrações (2,5g/L e 5g/L), sobre a eclodibilidade dos filhotes, a sobrevivência após a eclosão, crescimento e a reprodução de B. similaris em condições de laboratório. Foram testados 120 ovos e 120 jovens com 10 e 30 dias de vida. Os resultados dos testes mostraram que a cafeína (5g/L e 2,5g/L) não influenciou a eclodibilidade dos jovens. A cafeína à 5g/L provocou uma mortalidade de 65% quando aplicada em jovens com 10 dias de vida e de 50% em jovens com 30 dias de vida.Com relação ao crescimento e a reprodução, os resultados foram não significativos. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem novos estudos utilizando-se concentrações maiores.

Genética da reintrodução : o caso do cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) na Estação Ecológica de Jataí

O Projeto de Reintrodução do Cervo-do-pantanal de Porto Primavera foi implementado pelos pesquisadores do Núcleo de Pesquisa e Conservação de Cervídeos (NUPECCE) da Universidade Estadual Paulista, na Estação Ecológica de Jataí (E.E.J.), a fim de conservar a espécie no estado de São Paulo. Para que o sucesso de um programa de reintrodução seja atingido, vários fatores devem ser levados em consideração, entre eles possíveis problemas genéticos decorrentes do pequeno número de indivíduos fundadores, como a perda da diversidade genética devido à deriva genética e a perda do vigor devido à endogamia. Assim, a partir de 6 locos microssatélites nós estimamos os níveis de variabilidade genética dessa população e, juntamente com dados de campo foi possível reconstruir a genealogia da mesma. Foram analisados no total 42 indivíduos: 8 fundadores, 14 nascidos no local e 20 indivíduos da população original. O número total de alelos encontrados na população original foi de 30, perfazendo uma média de 5 alelos por loco, com locos variando de 4 a 7 alelos. Já, na população reintroduzida, o número total de alelos encontrados foi 21, com média de 3,5 alelos por loco, e locos variando de 1 a 4 alelos. A grande perda alélica observada aqui indica que a população reintroduzida passou por um forte gargalo genético em decorrência do efeito fundador sofrido durante sua formação. Em contrapartida, a partir da geração fundadora até a segunda geração da E.E.J., a perda de alelos foi visivelmente menor, apenas 4 alelos foram perdidos. Em acréscimo, dados de heterozigosidade mostram que a população esta mantendo os níveis de diversidade genética (geração fundadora H=0,5; segunda geração H=0,625). A endogamia é um mecanismo inevitável...

The Reintroduced Project of marsh deer was implemented by the researchers from the Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE) of Unesp, in Jataí´s Ecological Station (E.E.J.), to understand the process of colonization of small marshes patches that remain in the São Paulo state. In order to make a reintroduction project successful, several factors must be taken into account; among those, possible genetic problems arising from the small number of founding individuals, such as the loss of genetic diversity due to genetic drift and the loss of fitness due to inbreeding. Hence, from 6 microsatellite loci, we estimated the genetic variability levels of this population and, together with the field data, we were able to reconstruct the genealogy of the members. We analyzed 42 individuals: 8 founders, 14 individuals born into the reintroduced population and 20 individuals from the source population. The total number of alleles found in the original population was 30 (5 alleles per locus), with loci ranging from 4 to 7 alleles. In the reintroduced population, the total number of alleles found was 21 (3.5 alleles per locus) and loci ranging from 1 to 4 alleles. The major allelic loss observed indicates that the reintroduced population went through a strong genetic bottleneck resulting from the founding effect suffered during its establishment. On the other hand, in the generations of the reintroduced population of the E.E.J., the loss of alleles was noticeably smaller. Furthermore, heterozygosity data show that the population has been maintaining the levels of genetic diversity (Founder generation H=0.5; second generation H=0.625). Inbreeding is an inevitable mechanism in small populations; however, the indexes that...

Anfíbios de dois fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no município de Rio Novo, Minas Gerais

The region of Rio Novo municipality, Zona da Mata region, southeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil is in the lowland Atlantic Forest domain but its current landscape is a mosaic of artificial pasturelands, secondary forest fragments and aquatic habitats. With the opportunity created by the Environmental Impact Assessment required for the construction of the Zona da Mata Regional Airport we qualitatively sampled the amphibians community in two forests fragments in this location. We recorded 20 amphibian species; some of them are not common at the rest of the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais State, and typical of lowland habitats in States of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States of southeastern Brazil.

Anfíbios de dois fragmentos de Mata Atlântica no município de Rio Novo, Minas Gerais

The region of Rio Novo municipality, Zona da Mata region, southeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil is in the lowland Atlantic Forest domain but its current landscape is a mosaic of artificial pasturelands, secondary forest fragments and aquatic habitats. With the opportunity created by the Environmental Impact Assessment required for the construction of the Zona da Mata Regional Airport we qualitatively sampled the amphibians community in two forests fragments in this location. We recorded 20 amphibian species; some of them are not common at the rest of the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais State, and typical of lowland habitats in States of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States of southeastern Brazil.

Influência da cafeína sobre a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) (Mollusca, Xanthonychidae), com diferentes idades

Bradybaena similaris é uma espécie de molusco terrestre citada na literatura como hospedeiro intermediário de parasitos de animais. Também atua como praga agrícola, de difícil controle, causando grandes prejuízos a lavouras e cultivo de plantas ornamentais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 120 dias, o efeito da cafeína, em diferentes concentrações (2,5g/L e 5g/L), sobre a eclodibilidade dos filhotes, a sobrevivência após a eclosão, crescimento e a reprodução de B. similaris em condições de laboratório. Foram testados 120 ovos e 120 jovens com 10 e 30 dias de vida. Os resultados dos testes mostraram que a cafeína (5g/L e 2,5g/L) não influenciou a eclodibilidade dos jovens. A cafeína à 5g/L provocou uma mortalidade de 65% quando aplicada em jovens com 10 dias de vida e de 50% em jovens com 30 dias de vida.Com relação ao crescimento e a reprodução, os resultados foram não significativos. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem novos estudos utilizando-se concentrações maiores.