Toxoplasma gondii in cattle in Brazil: a review / Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos no Brasil: uma revisão

Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan protozoan that is frequently found in both humans and animals worldwide. The aim of this review was to list important aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle in Brazil. The frequency of occurrence of T. gondii antibodies in Brazilian cattle ranges from 1 to 89.1%, depending on the region evaluated, based on data from 1978 to 2018. However, some characteristics of T. gondii infection in cattle remain uncertain, such as the role of meat intake in transmitting the parasite to humans. Most information regarding T. gondii infection among Brazilian cattle is limited to evaluations of the frequency of occurrence of antibodies. About 70% of the diagnoses of infection in these ruminants in Brazil are made via the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Nevertheless, little is known about the population structure of this protozoan in cattle. It is necessary to expand the studies on toxoplasmosis in cattle, in order to better understand T. gondii infection in these animals and its implications for Brazilian public health.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário apicomplexa de distribuição mundial prevalente em seres humanos e animais. A presente revisão objetiva elencar aspectos de importância relacionados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos no Brasil. A soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em bovinos do rebanho brasileiro varia de 1 a 89,1%, a depender da região avaliada, baseando-se em dados disponíveis de 1978 a 2018. Todavia, algumas características da infecção por T. gondii na espécie ainda são incertos, como o papel da ingestão da carne bovina na transmissão do parasita ao homem. A maior parte das informações relativas à infecção no rebanho nacional restringem-se a estudos de soroprevalência. Cerca de 70% do diagnóstico da infecção nesses ruminantes no Brasil é realizado por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Contudo, o conhecimento acerca da estrutura populacional do protozoário em bovinos ainda é limitado. Assim, é necessário ampliar os estudos sobre a toxoplasmose em bovinos, tendo em vista uma melhor compreensão da infecção na espécie, bem como de suas implicações para saúde pública brasileira.(AU)

Effectiveness of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates in canine otitis externa in Uberaba, Minas Gerais / Eficácia de tobramicina e ciprofloxacina contra isolados bacterianos de otite externa canina em Uberaba, Minas Gerais

Canine otitis externa is a common and recurrent disease in domestic dogs. Although not being life threatening, it can result in the overuse of antibiotics, increased bacterial resistance and reduction of options for treatment. This study aimed to determine: the principal characteristics (age, race, and gender) of dogs affected by otitis externa; the most frequently bacteria identified as being associated with it and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 221 bacterial isolates were identified by morphological staining and biochemical processes and tested against eleven antibiotics. Among the 148 dogs diagnosed with otitis externa, 51.4% (76/148) were males and 48.6% (72/148) females. The cases were detected mainly in dogs with age above 7 years (54.7%; 81/148. Among the races examined, poodles were the most numerous (14.84%; 22/148). The most common bacteria found were: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (StCN), 33.9% (75/221); coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (StCP), 19% (42/221); Proteus spp., 17.2% (38/221) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.5% (21/221). Simultaneous resistance to more than three classes of antimicrobials were most frequently detected in P. aeruginosa (61.9%; 13/21) and Proteus spp (39.47%; 15/38). According to data obtained from this study, two veterinary medications found to be most effective for topical treatment were tobramycin and ciprofloxacin.

A otite externa canina é uma doença comum e recorrente em cães domésticos. Embora não seja uma ameaça à vida, pode resultar no uso excessivo de antibióticos, aumento da resistência bacteriana e redução das opções de tratamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar: as principais características (idade, raça e gênero) de cães afetados por otite externa; as bactérias mais frequentemente identificadas como associadas a enfermidade e seus perfis de resistência. Um total de 221 isolados bacterianos foram identificados por características morfo-tintoriais e testes bioquímicos, e posteriormente testados contra onze antibióticos. Entre os 148 cães com diagnóstico de otite externa, 51,4% (76/148) eram machos e 48,6% (72/148) fêmeas. Os casos foram detectados principalmente em cães com idade acima de 7 anos (54,7%; 81/148). Entre as raças examinadas, poodles foram os mais acometidos (14,84%; 22/148). As bactérias mais encontradas foram: Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. (StCN), 33,9% (75/221), Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva (StCP), 19% (42/221), Proteus spp., 17,2% (38/221) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9,5% (21/221) Resistência simultânea a mais de três classes de antimicrobianos foi mais frequentemente detectada em P. aeruginosa (61,9%; 13/21) e Proteus spp (39,47%; 15/38). Segundo os dados obtidos neste estudo, os antibióticos com maior capacidade de inibição do crescimento bacteriano in vitro foram tobramicina e ciprofloxacina.

Effectiveness of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin against bacterial isolates in canine otitis externa in Uberaba, Minas Gerais / Eficácia de tobramicina e ciprofloxacina contra isolados bacterianos de otite externa canina em Uberaba, Minas Gerais

Canine otitis externa is a common and recurrent disease in domestic dogs. Although not being life threatening, it can result in the overuse of antibiotics, increased bacterial resistance and reduction of options for treatment. This study aimed to determine: the principal characteristics (age, race, and gender) of dogs affected by otitis externa; the most frequently bacteria identified as being associated with it and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 221 bacterial isolates were identified by morphological staining and biochemical processes and tested against eleven antibiotics. Among the 148 dogs diagnosed with otitis externa, 51.4% (76/148) were males and 48.6% (72/148) females. The cases were detected mainly in dogs with age above 7 years (54.7%; 81/148. Among the races examined, poodles were the most numerous (14.84%; 22/148). The most common bacteria found were: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (StCN), 33.9% (75/221); coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (StCP), 19% (42/221); Proteus spp., 17.2% (38/221) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.5% (21/221). Simultaneous resistance to more than three classes of antimicrobials were most frequently detected in P. aeruginosa (61.9%; 13/21) and Proteus spp (39.47%; 15/38). According to data obtained from this study, two veterinary medications found to be most effective for topical treatment were tobramycin and ciprofloxacin.(AU)

A otite externa canina é uma doença comum e recorrente em cães domésticos. Embora não seja uma ameaça à vida, pode resultar no uso excessivo de antibióticos, aumento da resistência bacteriana e redução das opções de tratamento. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar: as principais características (idade, raça e gênero) de cães afetados por otite externa; as bactérias mais frequentemente identificadas como associadas a enfermidade e seus perfis de resistência. Um total de 221 isolados bacterianos foram identificados por características morfo-tintoriais e testes bioquímicos, e posteriormente testados contra onze antibióticos. Entre os 148 cães com diagnóstico de otite externa, 51,4% (76/148) eram machos e 48,6% (72/148) fêmeas. Os casos foram detectados principalmente em cães com idade acima de 7 anos (54,7%; 81/148). Entre as raças examinadas, poodles foram os mais acometidos (14,84%; 22/148). As bactérias mais encontradas foram: Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. (StCN), 33,9% (75/221), Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva (StCP), 19% (42/221), Proteus spp., 17,2% (38/221) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9,5% (21/221) Resistência simultânea a mais de três classes de antimicrobianos foi mais frequentemente detectada em P. aeruginosa (61,9%; 13/21) e Proteus spp (39,47%; 15/38). Segundo os dados obtidos neste estudo, os antibióticos com maior capacidade de inibição do crescimento bacteriano in vitro foram tobramicina e ciprofloxacina.(AU)

Gallus gallus domesticus: immune system and its potential for generationof immunobiologics

ABSTRACT: Gallus gallus domesticus immune system is a promising tool for generation of antibody-based immunobiologics. Immunoglobulin y (IgY) is extracted from egg yolk and has equivalent functions to mammals igg antibody. Avian immune system can be stimulated to produce a high-quality antibody repertoire. In this review, we present an overview of avian immune system emphasizing igy and its applications as an immunobiologic.

RESUMO: O sistema imunológico deGallus gallus domesticus é uma ferramenta promissora para a geração de imunobiológico a partir de anticorpos. A imunoglobulina Y (IgY) é extraída da gema do ovo e apresenta funções equivalentes ao anticorpo IgG dos mamíferos. O sistema imune aviário pode ser estimulado para produzir um repertório de anticorpos de alta qualidade. Nesta revisão apresentamos aspectos gerais do sistema imune aviário enfatizando o IgY e suas aplicações como um imunobiológico.

Gallus gallus domesticus: immune system and its potential for generation of immunobiologics / Gallus gallus domesticus: sistema imunológico e seu potencial para geração de imunobiológicos

Gallus gallus domesticus immune system is a promising tool for generation of antibody-based immunobiologics. Immunoglobulin y (IgY) is extracted from egg yolk and has equivalent functions to mammals igg antibody. Avian immune system can be stimulated to produce a high-quality antibody repertoire. In this review, we present an overview of avian immune system emphasizing igy and its applications as an immunobiologic.(AU)

O sistema imunológico de Gallus gallus domesticus é uma ferramenta promissora para a geração de imunobiológico a partir de anticorpos. A imunoglobulina Y (IgY) é extraída da gema do ovo e apresenta funções equivalentes ao anticorpo IgG dos mamíferos. O sistema imune aviário pode ser estimulado para produzir um repertório de anticorpos de alta qualidade. Nesta revisão apresentamos aspectos gerais do sistema imune aviário enfatizando o IgY e suas aplicações como um imunobiológico.(AU)

Production and evaluation of immunoglobulin Y Anti-Brucella abortus (Vaccinal Strain B19)

Background: The immunoglobulin Y is a principal antibody current in the blood of hens, which are transferred from the maternal blood serum to the egg yolk. The extraction of IgY from the egg yolk apply animal welfare when compared to the extraction of IgG, reducing the number of animals and prevent a bleeding of hens through the extraction of the IgY from eggs, besides that IgY presenting high specificity for antigenic binding. The objective of this study was to produce specific polyclonal IgY antibodies anti-Brucella abortus by immunizing hens with B19 vaccine and evaluate their reactivity through Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen (BAPA), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and indirect ELISA diagnostic tests.Materials, Methods & Results: Four 25-week-old White Leghorn hens were immunized, two of them comprising the control group (Group 1) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with adjuvant, and the others two immunized with B19 vaccine (Brucella abortus vaccine strain B19), representing the Group 2. The immunizations occurred six times with a 15-day interval between each. Blood samples were taken biweekly (seven times); and daily, the eggs were collected for 13 weeks, the first collection of blood and eggs, performed one week before the first immunization of each group. The IgY was purified from egg yolk, using the method of dilution in acid water and precipitation with ammonium sulfate for delipidation. BAPA, 2-ME and ELISA tests performed to verify the specificity of IgY confirmed the reactivity of polyclonal antibodies specific to the antigen used both in blood serum samples and in the purified egg yolks. The hens from the control group did not present reactivity in the diagnostic tests used, which was already expected, since no antigen was used in any of their immunizations. Hens immunized with the Brucella abortus B19 vaccine produced detectable reactive antibodies in the three tests used on blood serum and IgY samples extracted from the egg yolk.[...]

Production and evaluation of immunoglobulin Y Anti-Brucella abortus (Vaccinal Strain B19)

Background: The immunoglobulin Y is a principal antibody current in the blood of hens, which are transferred from the maternal blood serum to the egg yolk. The extraction of IgY from the egg yolk apply animal welfare when compared to the extraction of IgG, reducing the number of animals and prevent a bleeding of hens through the extraction of the IgY from eggs, besides that IgY presenting high specificity for antigenic binding. The objective of this study was to produce specific polyclonal IgY antibodies anti-Brucella abortus by immunizing hens with B19 vaccine and evaluate their reactivity through Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen (BAPA), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and indirect ELISA diagnostic tests.Materials, Methods & Results: Four 25-week-old White Leghorn hens were immunized, two of them comprising the control group (Group 1) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with adjuvant, and the others two immunized with B19 vaccine (Brucella abortus vaccine strain B19), representing the Group 2. The immunizations occurred six times with a 15-day interval between each. Blood samples were taken biweekly (seven times); and daily, the eggs were collected for 13 weeks, the first collection of blood and eggs, performed one week before the first immunization of each group. The IgY was purified from egg yolk, using the method of dilution in acid water and precipitation with ammonium sulfate for delipidation. BAPA, 2-ME and ELISA tests performed to verify the specificity of IgY confirmed the reactivity of polyclonal antibodies specific to the antigen used both in blood serum samples and in the purified egg yolks. The hens from the control group did not present reactivity in the diagnostic tests used, which was already expected, since no antigen was used in any of their immunizations. Hens immunized with the Brucella abortus B19 vaccine produced detectable reactive antibodies in the three tests used on blood serum and IgY samples extracted from the egg yolk.[...](AU)

Relação entre leptospirose e o vírus da leucose enzootica em bovinos leiteiros no município de Uberaba, Minas Gerais / Relation between leptospirosis and enzootic leukosis virus in dairy cattle from Uberaba City, Minas Gerais

A Leucose Enzoótica Bovina (LEB) e a Leptospirose bovina são doenças de grande impacto econômico na pecuária brasileira. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado por meio da detecção de anticorpos séricos específicos. Não há estudos que demonstrem uma correlação entre a sorologia de Leucose e Leptospirose em bovinos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a associação entre os resultados sorológicos positivos dessas duas doenças infecciosas. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de soro sanguíneo de fêmeas bovinas de aptidão leiteira com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses, sendo 100 soros positivos e 100 soros negativos para anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp., testados por meio de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Os 200 soros foram submetidos à prova de Imunodifusão em Gel de Agar (IDGA) para diagnóstico de anticorpos específicos anti-LEB. Anticorpos anti-LEB foram detectados em 30% (60/200; IC95%: 24,8%-35,2%) dos soros estudados (n=200). Foi verificada uma diferença estatística (P<0,05) entre o diagnóstico de anticorpos anti-LEB entre as fêmeas soropositivas para leptospirose (37%; IC95%:27,5%-46,5%) e as soronegativas (23%; IC95%:14,8%-31,3%). As fêmeas expostas ao contato com leptospiras tiveram 1,97 mais risco de serem soropositivas para LEB. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a existência de uma associação entre a soropositividade para LEB e a leptospirose bovina.

The enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) and bovine leptospirosis are infectious diseases that have a negative economic impact on the cattle industry. Diagnosis is carried out by detection the specific antibodies. There are not studies correlating either serological results for EBL and leptospirosis in cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of an association between the serology results for EBL and Leptospira antibodies. Were tested 200 serum samples from adult cows aged over 24 months of which were 100 seropositive and 100 seronegative for antiLeptospira spp. antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test (AGID) was carried out to detection of anti-EBL antibodies in all these 200 sera samples. Were detected anti-EBL antibodies in 30% (60/200; 95% CI: 24.8% - 35.2%) of tested sera samples. Statistical difference (P<0.05) was observed between EBL seropositivity among Leptospira seropositive cows (37%; 95% CI: 27.5% -46.5%) and seronegative cows (23%; 95% CI: 14.8% -31.3%). The cows exposed to Leptospira infection were 1.97 more likely to be seropositive for EBL. The results suggest the existence of a positive association between seropositivity for EBL and bovine leptospirosis.

Relação entre leptospirose e o vírus da leucose enzootica em bovinos leiteiros no município de Uberaba, Minas Gerais / Relation between leptospirosis and enzootic leukosis virus in dairy cattle from Uberaba City, Minas Gerais

A Leucose Enzoótica Bovina (LEB) e a Leptospirose bovina são doenças de grande impacto econômico na pecuária brasileira. O diagnóstico pode ser realizado por meio da detecção de anticorpos séricos específicos. Não há estudos que demonstrem uma correlação entre a sorologia de Leucose e Leptospirose em bovinos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a associação entre os resultados sorológicos positivos dessas duas doenças infecciosas. Foram utilizadas 200 amostras de soro sanguíneo de fêmeas bovinas de aptidão leiteira com idade igual ou superior a 24 meses, sendo 100 soros positivos e 100 soros negativos para anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp., testados por meio de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM). Os 200 soros foram submetidos à prova de Imunodifusão em Gel de Agar (IDGA) para diagnóstico de anticorpos específicos anti-LEB. Anticorpos anti-LEB foram detectados em 30% (60/200; IC95%: 24,8%-35,2%) dos soros estudados (n=200). Foi verificada uma diferença estatística (P<0,05) entre o diagnóstico de anticorpos anti-LEB entre as fêmeas soropositivas para leptospirose (37%; IC95%:27,5%-46,5%) e as soronegativas (23%; IC95%:14,8%-31,3%). As fêmeas expostas ao contato com leptospiras tiveram 1,97 mais risco de serem soropositivas para LEB. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a existência de uma associação entre a soropositividade para LEB e a leptospirose bovina.(AU)

The enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) and bovine leptospirosis are infectious diseases that have a negative economic impact on the cattle industry. Diagnosis is carried out by detection the specific antibodies. There are not studies correlating either serological results for EBL and leptospirosis in cattle. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of an association between the serology results for EBL and Leptospira antibodies. Were tested 200 serum samples from adult cows aged over 24 months of which were 100 seropositive and 100 seronegative for antiLeptospira spp. antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test (AGID) was carried out to detection of anti-EBL antibodies in all these 200 sera samples. Were detected anti-EBL antibodies in 30% (60/200; 95% CI: 24.8% - 35.2%) of tested sera samples. Statistical difference (P<0.05) was observed between EBL seropositivity among Leptospira seropositive cows (37%; 95% CI: 27.5% -46.5%) and seronegative cows (23%; 95% CI: 14.8% -31.3%). The cows exposed to Leptospira infection were 1.97 more likely to be seropositive for EBL. The results suggest the existence of a positive association between seropositivity for EBL and bovine leptospirosis.(AU)