Squamous cell carcinoma in chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus)

Background: The companion animal market has changed over the years. The number of people living in small apartments has increased; as a result, the demand for small pets such as exotics, fish, and small rodents has also increased due to their smaller space requirements and ease of handling and care. Pets help relieve anxiety and stress in people suffering from social issues. Small rodents are usually bred in specific cages with cellulose or wood shaving bedding, and fed with commercially available diets. Small rodent clinics struggle due to the lack of scientific reports on some diseases and therapies. To date, the oncology literature is too limited to develop better diagnosis and treatment methods. Here, we report three cases of squamous cell carcinoma in the mandibular region of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus).Case: Three adult male hamsters averaging 1.5 years old, from different pet stores, bred under home conditions by different owners in Sergipe, Brazil, were brought to the Dr. Vicente Borelli Hospital at Pio X University for exotic veterinary care. Each animal had been bred alone in a specific breeding cage. Each had a history of apathy, loss of appetite, and rapid deformity of the facial region. Radiographs showed areas of bone involvement and extensive injury, with partial resorption of the left ramus and angle of the mandibular region. Due to the location of the tumor mass, the clinical status, and limitations in systemic treatment, euthanasia was recommended for each animal. After anamnesis, the animals were subjected to clinical assessment. A firm and well-circumscribed mass was identified on palpation. In case A, it compromised the left mandible from the angle to the body and extended to the maxillary soft tissues and left superior lips. In case B, it extended from the ramus to the symphysis on the left side and to the maxillary region, similar to case A.[...]

Squamous cell carcinoma in chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus)

Background: The companion animal market has changed over the years. The number of people living in small apartments has increased; as a result, the demand for small pets such as exotics, fish, and small rodents has also increased due to their smaller space requirements and ease of handling and care. Pets help relieve anxiety and stress in people suffering from social issues. Small rodents are usually bred in specific cages with cellulose or wood shaving bedding, and fed with commercially available diets. Small rodent clinics struggle due to the lack of scientific reports on some diseases and therapies. To date, the oncology literature is too limited to develop better diagnosis and treatment methods. Here, we report three cases of squamous cell carcinoma in the mandibular region of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus).Case: Three adult male hamsters averaging 1.5 years old, from different pet stores, bred under home conditions by different owners in Sergipe, Brazil, were brought to the Dr. Vicente Borelli Hospital at Pio X University for exotic veterinary care. Each animal had been bred alone in a specific breeding cage. Each had a history of apathy, loss of appetite, and rapid deformity of the facial region. Radiographs showed areas of bone involvement and extensive injury, with partial resorption of the left ramus and angle of the mandibular region. Due to the location of the tumor mass, the clinical status, and limitations in systemic treatment, euthanasia was recommended for each animal. After anamnesis, the animals were subjected to clinical assessment. A firm and well-circumscribed mass was identified on palpation. In case A, it compromised the left mandible from the angle to the body and extended to the maxillary soft tissues and left superior lips. In case B, it extended from the ramus to the symphysis on the left side and to the maxillary region, similar to case A.[...](AU)

Uso de esponja hemostática de gelatina para o desenvolvimento de infarto agudo do miocárdio em suínos / Use of the haemostatic gelatin sponge for development of the acute myocardium infarct in swine

O infarto agudo do miocárdio resulta da obstrução temporária de uma coronária com redução de sangue para parte do miocárdio, bastando alguns minutos de interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo para estabelecer a injúria. Foi cateterizado a porção distal da origem do 1° ramo diagonal da artéria coronária interventricular esquerda de dois suínos e infundida solução de esponja hemostática de gelatina. Pós um período de 21 dias os animais foram eutanasiados e o coração foi processado para microscopia de luz, revelando expressiva cicatriz na região apical do ventrículo esquerdo em um animal enquanto que no outro, a lesão estava localizada na parede ventricular esquerda, e com menor extensão. Foi possível observar também a presença de áreas não pertencentes à região infartada, com grande depósito de colágeno, sugerindo um processo bastante heterogêneo. Desta forma, podemos concluir que esta técnica não é interessante para o desenvolvimento de modelo experimental de infarto agudo do miocárdio.

The acute infarction of myocardium results of the temporary blockage of coronary with reduction of blood for part of the myocardium, some minutes of interruption of the sanguineous flow are sufficient for the establishment of injury. Was catheterized the distal portion of the origin of the first diagonal branch of coronary interventricular left artery from two swine and a solution of haemostatic gelatin sponge was infused. After a period of 21 days the animals had been euthanized and the heart was processed for light microscopy, show an expressive scar in the apical region of the left ventricle in an animal whereas in the other, the injury was located in the left ventricular wall, and with lesser extension. It was possible also to observe the presence of areas not pertaining to the infarction region, with great collagen deposit, suggesting a heterogeneous process. In such a way, we can conclude that this technique is not interesting for the development of acute experimental model of infarction of the myocardium.

Descrição morfológica dos ramos colaterais do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações em Leopardus pardalis / Morphologic description of the collateral branches from aortic arch and its main ramifications in Leopardus pardalis

Com o objetivo de contribuir com o conhecimento da anatomia da jaguatirica (L. pardalis) estudou-se um animal proveniente da Mina de Bauxita Paragominas -Vale do Rio Doce doado, após morte natural, ao Instituto de Saúde e Produção Animal- ISPA da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia- UFRA. Após o preenchimento do sistema arterial com látex corado em vermelho, foi realizada dissecação para observação da disposição dos ramos do arco aórtico. Os únicos ramos que emergiram do arco aórtico foram o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda. Do tronco braquiocefálico, surgiu primeiramente, a artéria carótida comum esquerda e, logo após, a artéria subclávia direita emergiu em tronco com a artéria carótida comum direita. A artéria subclávia esquerda originou os seguintes ramos: a artéria vertebral, a artéria torácica interna, o tronco costocervical e a artéria cervical superficial. A artéria subclávia direita teve origem cranial e uma trajetória homóloga à esquerda, originando ramos semelhantes.

In order to contribute for the knowledge of the anatomy of the ocelot (L. pardalis), it was studied an animal from the Mina de Bauxita Paragominas/PA - Vale do Rio Doce, donated, after natural death, to the Instituto de Saúde e Produção Animal ISPA of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA. After filling the arterial system with red colored latex, the dissection was performed to observe the arrangement of the branches of the aortic arch. The only branches that emerged from the aortic arch were the brachiocephalicus trunk and the left subclavian artery. From the brachiocephalicus trunk first came the left common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery emerged in the trunk with the right common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery originated the following branches: vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, the costocervicalis trunk and cervical superficial artery. The right subclavian artery had a cranial origin and had a homologue trajectory to the left, resulting in similar branches.

Topografia do cone medular da jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) / Topography of the medullar cone in ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

Na Medicina Veterinária, a anestesia epidural é uma das técnicas anestésicas regionais mais utilizadas e com boa margem de segurança. No entanto, é necessário ter conhecimento dos procedimentos anestésicos bem como da anatomia da região a ser manipulada. Assim, este trabalho tem o propósito de disponibilizar dados anatômicos que sirvam de base para a prática das anestesias epidurais em Leopardus pardalis, em especial aqueles relativos à topografia do cone medular. Foi utilizado um exemplar adulto, macho, de jaguatirica, proveniente de Área de Mina Bauxita Paragominas - Vale S.A., a qual foi fixada em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e armazenado na mesma solução. Após o afastamento da pele e remoção da musculatura epiaxial, procedeu-se a remoção dos arcos vertebrais, em toda a extensão da coluna vertebral. A base do cone medular foi registrada na altura da vértebra L4 e seu ápice em S3 e um comprimento total de 8,5cm, o que demonstra um longo cone medular, acompanhado pela cauda equina. Ressalte-se que a espécie supramencionada apresenta cinco vértebras lombares e três sacrais. Portanto, sugerimos a região sacrococcígea como o local mais adequado para a realização de anestesia epidural nesta espécie.

In veterinary medicine, epidural anesthesia is one of regional anesthetic techniques are used most and with good margin of safety. However, you must have knowledge of anesthetic procedures and the anatomy of the region to be manipulated. This paper aims to provide anatomical data as a basis for the practice of epidural anesthesia, especially those related to the topography of the cone. We used an exemplary young male, the ocelot, from the area of Mina Bauxita Paragominas - VALE S.A., which was fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde and stored in the same solution. After the removal of skin and muscle removal epiaxial, proceeded to the removal of vertebral arches, the whole length of the spine. The base of the cone was recorded at the time of the L4 vertebra and its peak in S3 and a length of 8.5 cm, which shows a long medullar cone, accompanied by the lumbopelvic. It should be noted that the species mentioned are five lumbar vertebrae and three sacral. Therefore, we suggest the sacrococcygeal region as the most appropriate place to perform epidural anesthesia in this species.

Estudo morfométrico e estereológico do gânglio celíaco em cães sadios / Morphometric and stereological study of the celiac ganglia in healthy dogs

Nesta pesquisa o aspecto macroestrutural, microestrutural e histoquímico foram investigados em 6 cães clinicamente saudáveis para identificar a possível alteração na estrutura, morfométrica e parâmetros quantitativos de neurônios do complexo ganglionar celíaco. Nossa observação revela que o gânglio celíaco foi originado da origem da artéria celíaca e mostra um aspecto irregular sendo caracterizado como um complexo. Histoquimicamente, neurônios NADPH diaforase reativos foram identificados. Esta reação positiva, em animais saudáveis, permite-nos concluir que estes neurônios eram potencialmente nitrergicos, contudo, para confirmar o aspecto nitrergico para estes neurônios ele é necessário combinar métodos imunohistoquimicos.(AU)

In this research, the macrostructural, microstructural and histochemical aspects were Investigated in 6 clinacally health dogs to identify the possible alterations on the structure, morphometric and qualitative parameteres of neurons of the celiac ganglionar complex. Our observations revealed that the celiac ganglion was originated dose to the origin of the celiac artery and showed a irregular aspect, being caractherized as a complex. Histochemical/y, neurons NADPH diaphorase reactives were identified. This positive reaction, on health animais, led us to conclude this neurons were potentially nitrergic, besides, to confirm the nitrergic aspect for this neurons it isnecessary to combine immunohistochemical method.(AU)

Macrostructure of the cranial cervical ganglionar complex and distal vagal ganglion during post natal development in dogs

Doze cães domésticos (Canis familiaris) foram dissecados para o estudo da situação, arranjo e ramificação nervosa do gânglio distal do nervo vago e gânglio cervical cranial. Os gânglios apresentaram-se fusiformes e recobertos pelo músuculo digástrico. Os principais ramos do gânglio cervical cranial observados foram os ramos para a artéria carótida externa e artéria carótida interna. Destacou-se o nervo laringeal cranial como ramo do gânglio distal do nervo vago. O estudo revelou gânglio cervical cranial e o gânglio distal do vago eram estruturas bem desenvolvidas e não encontrou-se diferenças anatômicas entre os gânglios observados em ambos antímeros.(AU)

Aumento no número de neurônios seguido de hipertrofia neuronal pode ser mecanismo de compensação para perda neuronal resultante da remoção unilateral do gânglio cervical cranial em ovinos / Neuronal number increase followed by neuronal hypertrophy may be a compensation mechanism for neuronal loss as a result of unilateral remotion of cranial cervical ganglion in sheep

O sistema nervoso simpático é escassamente descrito em livros na anatomia veterinária e encontra-se pouca informação a respeito de seu funcionamento em grandes mamíferos. O conceito atual da estrutura e função dos gânglios simpáticos deriva de estudos desenvolvidos no gânglio cervical superior (GCC) em animais de laboratório, devido ao seu grande tamanho, facilidade de acesso e multiplicidade de território de inervação nestas espécies. A ganglionectomia unilateral do GCC causou condição patológica associada à síndrome de Horner com sinais associados à anisocoria, enoftalmia, ptose e hipertermia de orelha. Aplicando-se métodos estereológicos, objetivamos investigar a neuroplasticidade do G CC em condições de exigência funcional em diferentes períodos de tempo. A neuroplasticidade foi investigada em vista dos aspectos morfoquantitativos, tamanho e número total de neurônios. Objetivou-se encontrar variação, ou não, no tamanho dos neurônios, na densidade neuronal, no número de neurônios secundários à ganglionectomia unilateral do GCC. Alterações macroscópicas revelaram um aumento médio de 8%, 3% e 11% em comprimento, largura e espessura para os gânglios operados no grupo I. Para o grupo II encontraram-se aumentos em 4% para comprimento e largura e 5% em espessura, enquanto que para o grupo III, 29% de aumento foram encontrados para comprimento, 4% em largura e 7% em espessura. Os gânglios controle e operados apresentaram diferença significativa (p = 0,0001) na densidade neuronal (Nv). Os gânglios operados apresentaram diminuição na densidade neuronal em média de 89% para o grupo I, 65% para o grupo II e 47% para o grupo III. Esta redução reflete a distribuição heterogênea dos neurônios no gânglio operado. Um aumento no volume neuronal global foi significativamente detectado (p = 0,0001), o gânglio operado apresentou aumentos médios de 13% para o grupo I, 24% para o grupo II e 29% para o grupo III, sugestivo de maior exigência funcional em resposta à ganglionectomia. O numero total de neurônios apresentou diferenças significativas (p = 0,0514) e dois efeitos distinto nos gânglios operados. No grupo I observou-se um aumento de 3% no numero total de neurônios enquanto que uma redução foi determinada para os grupos II (8%) e III (20%). A avaliação global dos resultados leva-nos a inferir duas hipóteses associadas e consecutivas: 1) a hipertrofia neuronal estaria associada a um mecanismo compensatório para a re-inervação contralateral sendo que a maior exigência funcional poderia levar estes neurônios à morte, seguido de hipertrofia de tecido não-neuronal cicatricial refletido na diminuição da densidade neuronal; 2) a hipertrofia neuronal estaria associada a um mecanismo compensatório à morte celular determinada pela maior exigência funcional. As alterações quantitativas principais secundárias à ganglionectomia unilateral do GCC no gânglio remanescente estão associadas à: perda significativa no número total de neurônios a partir da 8ª semana de evolução da doença, perda significativa na densidade neuronal a partir da 8ª semana e aumento significativo na área e volume neuronal

The sympathetic nervous system is briefly described in veterinary anatomy text-books and there is little information so far concerning its function in large mammal species. The current concept of the structure and function of the sympathetic ganglia is derived from studies on the cranial cervical ganglia (CCG) carried out in laboratory animals due to very attractive characteristics of CCG in these species such as large size, accessibility and multiplicity of target organs. The CCG unilateral ganglionectomy caused a pathological condition associated with Horner´s syndrome which includes anisocoria, enophtalmos, ptosis and increase in the temperature of ear as a result of peripheral vasodilatation. Using stereology-designed methods, we aimed to study CCG neuroplasticity under experimental functional overloading along distinct periods of time. Neuroplasticity was investigated according to morphoquantitative aspects, mostly size and total number of neurons. We wanted to find out whether or not neuron size, numerical density and nerve cell numbers would vary as a result of CCG ganglionectomy. Gross anatomic differences were considered to the increase in the operated ganglia, means of 8%, 3% and 11% for length, width and thickness, respetively in the group I. For group II it was encountered means increases of 4% for length and width and 5% in thickness. Group III showed means values of 29% increase in length, 4% in width and 7% in thickness. Control and operated sheep CCG revealed significant difference (p=0.0001) in the neuronal density (Nv). The operated ganglia revealed reduction in the neuronal density of 89% for group I, 65% for group II and 47% for group III. This reduction in the operated ganglia reflects its inhomogeneous distribution of neurons. An increase in the global neuronal volume was significantly detected (p= 0.0001), the operated ganglia showed increases in the means of 13% for group I, 24% for group II and 29% for group III, suggesting a functional overload response for the unilateral ganglionectomy. The total number of neurons presented significant differences (p = 0.0514) and two distinct effects in the operated ganglia. In the group I, an increase of 3% was encountered meanwhile reduction in the total number was associated to groups II (8%) and group III (20%). An overlook of the results suggests two consecutive and associated hypotheses: 1) the hypertrophy of neurons would be associated to a compensatory mechanism for contralateral re-innervation although the functional overload would drive these neurons to cellular death, followed by hypertrophy of non-neuronal tissue as reflected in the neuronal density; 2) the neuronal hypertrophy would be associated to a compensatory mechanism to cellular death caused by the functional overload The main quantitative changes in the remaining ganglia are: Significant loss in the total number of neurons from the 8th week of evoloution of the disease; Significant decrease in the numerical density (Nv) from the 8th week and significant increase in both neuron area and neuron volume