Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was as

Impacto do estresse térmico sobre a fisiologia, reprodução e produção de caprinos

Even though goats are considered rustic animals, regarding the bioclimatic aspect, the association of high temperature, humidity and solar radiation may cause physiological, hematological, hormonal, reproductive and productive changes. Therefore, information explaining the impact of heat stress on the efficiency of these aspects on goats by analyzing the surrounding environment and how these animals behave themselves before the adversities imposed by the climate, will give a great contribution to goat breeding and the strengthening of this productive chain. Thus, to increase the productivity in tropical regions, the breed of animals presenting a major genetic potential of adaptability to adverse climatic conditions must be emphasized breeds that may be able to survive, reproduce and produce efficiently in a situation of heat stress.

Apesar dos caprinos serem considerados animais rústicos, do ponto de vista bioclimático, a associação entre elevadas temperaturas, umidade e radiação solar pode acarretar alterações fisiológicas, hematológicas, hormonais, reprodutivas e produtivas. Portanto, informações que possam esclarecer o impacto do estresse térmico sobre a eficiência desses aspectos em caprinos, analisando o ambiente em que estão inseridos, e como se comportam frente às adversidades impostas pelo clima, darão uma grande contribuição para a caprinocultura e o fortalecimento de sua cadeia produtiva. Assim, para aumentar a produtividade nas regiões tropicais, deve ser ressaltada a criação de raças que apresentem maior potencial genético de adaptabilidade para uma condição climática adversa, sendo capazes de sobreviver, reproduzir e produzir em situações de estresse térmico.

Impacto do estresse térmico sobre a fisiologia, reprodução e produção de caprinos

Even though goats are considered rustic animals, regarding the bioclimatic aspect, the association of high temperature, humidity and solar radiation may cause physiological, hematological, hormonal, reproductive and productive changes. Therefore, information explaining the impact of heat stress on the efficiency of these aspects on goats by analyzing the surrounding environment and how these animals behave themselves before the adversities imposed by the climate, will give a great contribution to goat breeding and the strengthening of this productive chain. Thus, to increase the productivity in tropical regions, the breed of animals presenting a major genetic potential of adaptability to adverse climatic conditions must be emphasized breeds that may be able to survive, reproduce and produce efficiently in a situation of heat stress.

Apesar dos caprinos serem considerados animais rústicos, do ponto de vista bioclimático, a associação entre elevadas temperaturas, umidade e radiação solar pode acarretar alterações fisiológicas, hematológicas, hormonais, reprodutivas e produtivas. Portanto, informações que possam esclarecer o impacto do estresse térmico sobre a eficiência desses aspectos em caprinos, analisando o ambiente em que estão inseridos, e como se comportam frente às adversidades impostas pelo clima, darão uma grande contribuição para a caprinocultura e o fortalecimento de sua cadeia produtiva. Assim, para aumentar a produtividade nas regiões tropicais, deve ser ressaltada a criação de raças que apresentem maior potencial genético de adaptabilidade para uma condição climática adversa, sendo capazes de sobreviver, reproduzir e produzir em situações de estresse térmico.

Impacto do estresse térmico sobre a fisiologia, reprodução e produção de caprinos

Even though goats are considered rustic animals, regarding the bioclimatic aspect, the association of high temperature, humidity and solar radiation may cause physiological, hematological, hormonal, reproductive and productive changes. Therefore, information explaining the impact of heat stress on the efficiency of these aspects on goats by analyzing the surrounding environment and how these animals behave themselves before the adversities imposed by the climate, will give a great contribution to goat breeding and the strengthening of this productive chain. Thus, to increase the productivity in tropical regions, the breed of animals presenting a major genetic potential of adaptability to adverse climatic conditions must be emphasized breeds that may be able to survive, reproduce and produce efficiently in a situation of heat stress.

Apesar dos caprinos serem considerados animais rústicos, do ponto de vista bioclimático, a associação entre elevadas temperaturas, umidade e radiação solar pode acarretar alterações fisiológicas, hematológicas, hormonais, reprodutivas e produtivas. Portanto, informações que possam esclarecer o impacto do estresse térmico sobre a eficiência desses aspectos em caprinos, analisando o ambiente em que estão inseridos, e como se comportam frente às adversidades impostas pelo clima, darão uma grande contribuição para a caprinocultura e o fortalecimento de sua cadeia produtiva. Assim, para aumentar a produtividade nas regiões tropicais, deve ser ressaltada a criação de raças que apresentem maior potencial genético de adaptabilidade para uma condição climática adversa, sendo capazes de sobreviver, reproduzir e produzir em situações de estresse térmico.

Estrous and ovulation induction in Saanen dairy goats using different intravaginals devices with or without eCG or male effect / INDUÇÃO E SINCRONIZAÇÃO DO ESTRO E DA OVULAÇÃO EM CABRAS LEITEIRAS SAANEN COM USO DE DISPOSITIVOS VAGINAIS ASSOCIADOS OU NÃO À eCG OU EFEITO MACHO

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of three methods of estrus synchronization in dairy goats. Fifty nine Saanen goats were used and separated in three groups: G-1 (n=20), sponge impregnated with 60mg of medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP), G-2 (n=19) and G-3 (n=20), CIDR® containing natural progesterone (P4). The devices of G-1 remained in animals for 11 days; on the ninth day it was applied 250IU eCG and 50µg of PGF2. In G-2 and G-3 the CIDR® remained in females for 5 days; on the third day it was applied 50µg of PGF2 and only the G-2, 250IU of eCG, in the withdrawal of the device. In G-3, 48h before the removal of the device, the male effect began. The natural mountings were performed 20 h after the detection of estrus. The estrus response to the G-1 and G-2 was 100% and 90% in G-3. The average interval between the end of the treatment and estrus onset was 31.53±2.81 h (MAP), 24.39±1.21 h (CIDR®+ eCG) and 43.56±2.19 h (CIDR®+ male effect). The pregnancy and kidding rates and prolificacy was 95%, 80% and 1.83 in G-1, 52.6%, 47% and 1.77 for the G-2 and 61.1%, 50% and 1.70 in G-3, respectively. When compared with the sponge and CIDR®+ male effect, the CIDR®+ eCG anticipates the onset of estrus and synchronize better, on the other hand, the low pregnancy and kidding rates in CIDR® in relation to the sponge, reveals that under these experimental conditions

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência de três métodos de sincronização do estro em cabras leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 59 cabras Saanen distribuídas em três grupos: G-1 (n=20) usou-se esponjas impregnadas com 60mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP), G-2 (n=19) e G-3 (n=20) com CIDR® contendo progesterona natural (P4). Os dispositivos do G-1 permaneceram nos animais por 11 dias, no nono dia aplicou-se 250UI de eCG e 50µg de PGF2. No G-2 e G-3 os CIDR® permaneceram nas fêmeas por 5 dias; no terceiro dia aplicou-se 50µg de PGF2 e, somente no G-2, 250UI de eCG, na retirada do dispositivo. No G-3, 48 h antes da retirada do dispositivo iniciou-se o efeito macho. As montas naturais foram realizadas 20 h após a detecção do estro. A resposta estral para o G-1 e G-2 foi de 100% e 90% no G-3. O intervalo médio entre o fim do tratamento e o início do estro foi de 31,53±2,81 h (MAP), 24,39±1,21 h (CIDR®+ eCG) e 43,56±2,19 h (CIDR®+ efeito macho). As taxas de gestação, parição e prolificidade foram de 95%, 80% e 1,83 no G-1, de 52,6%, 47% e 1,77 para o G-2 e 61,1%, 50% e 1,70 no G-3, respectivamente. Quando comparado com a esponja e CIDR®+ efeito macho, o CIDR®+ eCG antecipa o início do estro e o sincroniza melhor, por outro lado, a baixa taxa de gestação e parição do CIDR® em relação à esponja, nos revela, que nessas condições experimentais, a esponja é melhor que o CIDR®.

Estrous and ovulation induction in Saanen dairy goats using different intravaginals devices with or without eCG or male effect / INDUÇÃO E SINCRONIZAÇÃO DO ESTRO E DA OVULAÇÃO EM CABRAS LEITEIRAS SAANEN COM USO DE DISPOSITIVOS VAGINAIS ASSOCIADOS OU NÃO À eCG OU EFEITO MACHO

The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of three methods of estrus synchronization in dairy goats. Fifty nine Saanen goats were used and separated in three groups: G-1 (n=20), sponge impregnated with 60mg of medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP), G-2 (n=19) and G-3 (n=20), CIDR® containing natural progesterone (P4). The devices of G-1 remained in animals for 11 days; on the ninth day it was applied 250IU eCG and 50µg of PGF2. In G-2 and G-3 the CIDR® remained in females for 5 days; on the third day it was applied 50µg of PGF2 and only the G-2, 250IU of eCG, in the withdrawal of the device. In G-3, 48h before the removal of the device, the male effect began. The natural mountings were performed 20 h after the detection of estrus. The estrus response to the G-1 and G-2 was 100% and 90% in G-3. The average interval between the end of the treatment and estrus onset was 31.53±2.81 h (MAP), 24.39±1.21 h (CIDR®+ eCG) and 43.56±2.19 h (CIDR®+ male effect). The pregnancy and kidding rates and prolificacy was 95%, 80% and 1.83 in G-1, 52.6%, 47% and 1.77 for the G-2 and 61.1%, 50% and 1.70 in G-3, respectively. When compared with the sponge and CIDR®+ male effect, the CIDR®+ eCG anticipates the onset of estrus and synchronize better, on the other hand, the low pregnancy and kidding rates in CIDR® in relation to the sponge, reveals that under these experimental conditions

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência de três métodos de sincronização do estro em cabras leiteiras. Foram utilizadas 59 cabras Saanen distribuídas em três grupos: G-1 (n=20) usou-se esponjas impregnadas com 60mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP), G-2 (n=19) e G-3 (n=20) com CIDR® contendo progesterona natural (P4). Os dispositivos do G-1 permaneceram nos animais por 11 dias, no nono dia aplicou-se 250UI de eCG e 50µg de PGF2. No G-2 e G-3 os CIDR® permaneceram nas fêmeas por 5 dias; no terceiro dia aplicou-se 50µg de PGF2 e, somente no G-2, 250UI de eCG, na retirada do dispositivo. No G-3, 48 h antes da retirada do dispositivo iniciou-se o efeito macho. As montas naturais foram realizadas 20 h após a detecção do estro. A resposta estral para o G-1 e G-2 foi de 100% e 90% no G-3. O intervalo médio entre o fim do tratamento e o início do estro foi de 31,53±2,81 h (MAP), 24,39±1,21 h (CIDR®+ eCG) e 43,56±2,19 h (CIDR®+ efeito macho). As taxas de gestação, parição e prolificidade foram de 95%, 80% e 1,83 no G-1, de 52,6%, 47% e 1,77 para o G-2 e 61,1%, 50% e 1,70 no G-3, respectivamente. Quando comparado com a esponja e CIDR®+ efeito macho, o CIDR®+ eCG antecipa o início do estro e o sincroniza melhor, por outro lado, a baixa taxa de gestação e parição do CIDR® em relação à esponja, nos revela, que nessas condições experimentais, a esponja é melhor que o CIDR®.

Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was as

Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was as

Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was as

Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was as

Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was as