Occurrence of antibodies anti -Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in Southern Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos anti -Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum e Leptospira interrogans em um rebanho de cervídeos de cativeiro do sul do Brasil

A large number of Brazilian zoos keep many endangered species of deer, however, very few disease surveillance studies have been conducted among captive cervids. Blood samples from 32 Brazilian deer (Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana and Mazama americana) kept in captivity at Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary (Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil) were investigated for 10 ruminant pathogens, with the aims of monitoring deer health status and evaluating any potential zoonotic risk. Deer serum samples were tested for Brucella abortus, Leptospira (23 serovars), Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, western equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Antibodies against T. gondii (15.6%), N. caninum (6.2%) and L. interrogans serogroup Serjoe (3.1%) were detected. The serological results for all other infectious agents were negative. The deer were considered to be clinically healthy and asymptomatic regarding any disease. Compared with studies on free-ranging deer, the prevalences of the same agents tested among the captive deer kept at the Sanctuary were lower, thus indicating good sanitary conditions and high-quality management practices at the zoo.(AU)

Um grande número de zoológicos brasileiros abriga espécies de cervídeos ameaçados de extinção, entretanto, estudos de vigilância de doenças em cervídeos de cativeiro são escassos. Amostras de sangue de 32 cervídeos brasileiros (Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana e Mazama americana), mantidos em cativeiro no Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista (Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil), foram investigados para 10 patógenos de ruminantes, visando monitorar o estado de saúde dos cervídeos e avaliar a presença de agentes zoonóticos. As amostras de soro foram testadas para Brucella abortus, Leptospira (23 sorovares), Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, diarreia viral bovina, rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina, febre aftosa, encefalomielite equina do oeste, encefalomielite equina do leste e encefalomielite equina venezuelana. Foram detectados anticorpos para T. gondii (15,6%), N. caninum (6,2%) e para L. interrogans sorogrupo Serjoe (3,1%). As sorologias apresentaram resultado negativo para as demais doenças. Os cervídeos foram considerados clinicamente sadios e assintomáticos para doenças. Comparados aos estudos de populações de vida livre, as soroprevalências para os mesmos agentes testados foram menores para os cervídeos mantidos no Refúgio, indicando as boas condições sanitárias e a qualidade das práticas de manejo no zoológico.(AU)

Exposure to Leptospira spp. in sick dogs, shelter dogs and dogs from an endemic area: points to consider

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Rodents play an important role as maintenance hosts, but dogs can be significant reservoirs for human infection in tropical areas as well as the source of disease outbreaks. Manifestations of disease in dogs vary from asymptomatic carriers to severe clinical signs and death. This study compared leptospiral exposure in dogs suspected to have leptospirosis and presented at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), dogs from a Control Center of Zoonoses (CCZ) and dogs from a neighborhood with a high prevalence of human leptospirosis. Also, clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities and environmental risk factors associated with the infection were investigated at a population level and in a case-by-case approach. Materials, Methods & Results: Between May 2007 and February 2009, 253 dogs from Porto Alegre, Brazil, were enrolled in the study. Three populations were evaluated including dogs from and endemic area to human leptospirosis, dogs from a CCZ and dogs presented to a VTH. All dogs' owners from the endemic area and from the VTH answered a questionnaire including dog's information such as breed, age, vaccination status, environment, contact with other domestic animals, presence of rodents in the household, clinical signs, medications and if owners had leptospirosis diagnosed in the previous two years. The investigation of the exposure to pathogenic leptospires was based on serology using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two sets of primers to detect pathogenic leptospiras in blood (leptospiremia) and urine (leptospiruria). Positive results were found in the three populations. The most prevalent serovars were Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni, independent of the dog health condition. Leptospiruria occurred in 20.0%, 8.4% and 30.3% of CCZ, endemic area and VTH dogs, respectively. There was no association between seropositivity and leptospiremia or leptospiruria. The presence of rats in the environment was associated with leptospiruria (P = 0.02). Complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry (alanine aminotrasferase and creatinine) and urinalysis were also performed. Although increased serum creatinine (P = 0.009), jaundice (P = 0.004) and glucosuria (P = 0.04) were associated with leptospiruria in the VTH dogs, the absence of clinical signs or clinicopathologic alterations did not exclude the infection, as observed in several dogs from CCZ and from the endemic area. Discussion: As expected, the VTH showed the relatively highest percentage of positive samples (serology, leptospiruria and leptospiremia), since these were clinical cases. However, no statistical differences were found in the percentage of leptospiremia between VTH and the dogs from endemic area, neither in the percentage of leptospiruria or serology between VTH and dogs from CCZ. The most common serovars identified by MAT were consistent with the findings of other studies involving dogs in Southern Brazil. If creatinine is elevated, particularly if jaundice is present, the likelihood of leptospiral infection must be considered; however, normal findings for these parameters do not rule out this diagnosis. Most of the dogs vaccinated the year before showed leptospiremia and/or leptospiruria, suggesting infection with a serovar not included in the vaccine, vaccine inefficacy or a wrong dog vaccination schedule. Subclinical infection is a problem when considering animals with leptospiruria that will likely remain untreated. The control of the environmental dissemination of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in urban settings should include the identification of asymptomatic dogs.

Serum and Urinary C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Leptospirosis

Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by pathogenic strains of Leptospira, which may affect human beings and a wide range of both domestic and wild animals. The disease in dogs is still a challenge for clinicians, since definitive diagnosis may be reached only few days after overt clinical signs. Besides that, dogs with leptospiruria have zoonotic risk, making development of rapid screening tests crucial for early diagnosis of disease. C-reactive protein is a positive acute phase protein, and in the dog a strong and fast response is expected after any tissue injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum and urinary C-reactive protein as potential early indicators of leptospirosis in dogs, and its association with clinical serum biochemistry, complete blood count (CBC) and clinical outcome. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 62 dogs with risk factors and/or clinical signs of leptospirosis were prospectively obtained and included in this study. Definitive diagnosis was based on serology, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against 13 serovars, and on a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood or urine, using the primers sets G1/G2 and B64I/B64II, which amplify DNA of pathogenic leptospires. Clinical serum biochemistry included creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and albumin.(...)

Serum and Urinary C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Leptospirosis

Background: Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by pathogenic strains of Leptospira, which may affect human beings and a wide range of both domestic and wild animals. The disease in dogs is still a challenge for clinicians, since definitive diagnosis may be reached only few days after overt clinical signs. Besides that, dogs with leptospiruria have zoonotic risk, making development of rapid screening tests crucial for early diagnosis of disease. C-reactive protein is a positive acute phase protein, and in the dog a strong and fast response is expected after any tissue injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum and urinary C-reactive protein as potential early indicators of leptospirosis in dogs, and its association with clinical serum biochemistry, complete blood count (CBC) and clinical outcome. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 62 dogs with risk factors and/or clinical signs of leptospirosis were prospectively obtained and included in this study. Definitive diagnosis was based on serology, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against 13 serovars, and on a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood or urine, using the primers sets G1/G2 and B64I/B64II, which amplify DNA of pathogenic leptospires. Clinical serum biochemistry included creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and albumin.(...)(AU)

Detecção de micoplasmas, bartonelas e vírus da leucemia felina em pequenos felídeos neotropicais mantidos em cativeiro no Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu / Detection of mycoplasmas, bartonellas and feline leukemia vírus in small neotropical felids maintained in captivity at Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu

Amostras de sangue total e suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram coletadas de 57 felídeos Neotropicais (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis e 3 Puma yagouaroundi) mantidos em cativeiro no Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Dados clínicos, hemograma e histórico dos animais foram disponibilizados. Materiais clínicos obtidos a partir dos suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram submetidos ao cultivo para Mycoplasma spp em meio específico. DNA do sangue e suabes foram extraídos por meio de um kit comercial e pelo método de fervura, respectivamente. DNA extraído de amostras de sangue foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), DNA proviral do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e Bartonella spp. DNA extraído dos suabes foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mollicutes e M. felis. Foi realizada uma análise de associação entre alterações clínicas e a infecção por Bartonella spp e um estudo de fator de risco da infecção por esse microrganismo. Apenas 1 (1,75%) animal foi positivo a reação para Mhf e nenhum foi positivo a reação para CMhm. Dois (3,5%) animais foram positivos a reação para FeLV e 6 (10,52%) foram positivos para Bartonella spp. Não houve co-infecção entre os agentes pesquisados nas amostras de sangue. Foram obtidos 5 (8,77%) isolados de Mycoplasma spp da orofaringe e nenhum de conjuntiva. DNA de Mollicutes foi detectado em 53 (93%) e 27 (47,36%) amostras de orofaringe e conjuntiva, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultado positivo na detecção de DNA alvo de M. felis. Não houve associação entre as alterações hematológicas (anemia, desidratação, leucocitose, leucopenia, histórico de anemia) e a infecção por Bartonella spp. Machos apresentam maior risco de adquirir bartonelose do que fêmeas. Este é o primeiro relato da presença de DNA proviral de FeLV em L. tigrinus e L. pardalis no sul do aís, de DNA de B. henselae em L. tigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyii e P. yagouaroundi, e de um estudo de fator de risco associado a infecção por Bartonella spp em felídeos neotropicais

Total blood samples and oropharinx and conjunctival swabs were collected from 57 neotropical felids (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis and 3 Puma yagouaroundi) maintained in captivity at Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Clinical data, hemogram and clinical history of these animals were available. Clinical materials obtained from oropharinx and conjunctiva were cultured in specific media for Mycoplasma spp isolation. DNA of blood and swabs were extracted using a commercially available kit and a boiling method, respectively. DNA samples from swabs were submitted to a PCR for the detection of Mollicutes and M. felis. DNA samples from blood were submitted to a PCR for detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) proviral DNA , and Bartonella spp. The association between hematological alterations and bartonella infection was evaluated and a risk factor analysis was performed. Only 1 (1.75%) animal was positive for Mhf reaction, whereas all animals were negative for CMhm detection. Two (3.5%) animals were positives for FeLV and 6 (10.52%) animals were positive for Bartonella spp, by PCR. Co-infections among these agents were not observed. Five (8.77%) mycoplasma isolates were obtained from oropharinx samples and none was obtained from conjunctival samples. Mollicutes DNA was detected in 53 (93%) and 27 (47.36%) samples from oropharinx and conjunctiva, respectively. All samples were negative for M. felis detection. Hematological alterations (anemia, dehydration, leukocytosis, leucopenia, history of anemia) were not associated to Bartonella spp infection. Males are more likely to be infected than females. This is the first report of FeLV proviral DNA in L. tigrinus and L. pardalis in Southern Brazil, of B. henselae DNA in L. trigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyi and P. yagouaroundi, and the first study of risk factors for Bartonella spp infection in neotropical felids