Characterization of nonpathological intrascleral cartilage in the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) / Caracterização de cartilagem intraescleral não patológica em ovinos (Ovis aries)

ABSTRACT: Birds, cartilaginous and teleost fish, reptiles, and some amphibians have intrascleral cartilage and/or bone; however, these are rarely reported in therian mammals. This study aimed to investigate and characterize a nonpathological formation of cartilage in the posterior sclera of sheep macroscopically, histologically, and by immunohistochemical exam (IHC). Ninety eyes from 45 domestic sheep were collected, underwent gross examination, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin for the microscopical assessment. Sections with histological shreds of cartilage were selected to perform IHC to confirm the presence of cartilage. Intrascleral cartilage was detected in 60 eyeballs (66.66%) from 37 sheep (82.22%). A slight whitish thickening was grossly seen in the posterior sclera. The histologic exam revealed a few scattered, isolated chondrocytes to larger aggregates of cartilaginous islands in the posterior sclera. Eighteen (30%) of 60 eyeballs revealed marked anti-collagen type II immunolabeling. The development of cartilaginous structures in the eyes is considered rare in mammalian animals. The high occurrence of intrascleral cartilage in the examined sheep eyes suggests that this finding corresponds to an anatomical component of sheep sclera, despite the age, breed, or body condition.

RESUMO: Aves, peixes cartilaginosos e teleósteos e répteis, bem como alguns anfíbios possuem cartilagem e/ou osso intraescleral, contudo, isso é raramente descrito em marsupiais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e caracterizar a formação não patológica de cartilagem hialina na esclera posterior de ovinos, por exame macroscópico, histológico e imuno-histoquímico. Olhos de 45 ovinos foram coletados, submetidos a exame macroscópico, fixados em formalina a 10% tamponada e incluídos em parafina para o exame histológico. Amostras com evidência de formação cartilaginosa ao exame histológico foram selecionadas para a realização da técnica de imuno-histoquímica para confirmação. Cartilagem intraescleral foi detectada em 60 amostras oculares (66,66%) de 37 ovinos (82,22%), caracterizada na avaliação macroscópica como discretos espessamentos esbranquiçados na esclera posterior. O exame histológico revelou formações que variaram de condrócitos isolados e dispersos a grandes agregados, formando ilhas cartilaginosas na esclera. Dezoito (30%) de 60 bulbos oculares mostraram imunomarcação anti-colágeno tipo II. O desenvolvimento de estruturas cartilaginosas nos bulbos oculares é considerado raro em mamíferos. A identificação de cartilagem intraescleral em 66% dos olhos ovinos avaliados no estudo indica que a formação de cartilagem corresponde a um componente anatômico normal na esclera de ovinos, independente de idade, raça ou condição corporal.

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia

ABSTRACT: Equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of food, especially corn, contaminated by fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides (synonymous with F. moniliforme) metabolite. The clinical signs of brain injuries have an acute onset and rapid evolution. This study aimed to describe the clinical findings in 11 animals diagnosed with LEM, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Of these animals, 91% (10/11) were horses, and only 9% (1/11) were asinine. The clinical localization of the lesions was 64% (7/10) cerebral, manifested mainly by altered mental state and behavioral disturbance, and 36% (4/11) were brainstem lesions, manifested by incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, facial hypoalgesia, difficulty in apprehension, chewing, and swallowing food. Postmortem findings revealed that 82% (9/11) of the lesions were in the cerebrum and 18% (2/11) in the brainstem. CSF findings, such as xanthochromia (43%, 3/7), hyperproteinorrachia (50%, 3/6), and pleocytosis (43%, 3/7) were observed. The affected animals showed neurological signs that were compatible with cerebral and/or brainstem injuries. The CSF from animals with LEM may present with xanthochromia, hyperproteinorrachia, and pleocytosis, reinforcing the fact that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalomyelopathies.

RESUMO: A leucoencefalomalácia (LEM) é uma enfermidade que acomete equídeos causada pela ingestão de milho e seus derivados e feno contaminados pela micotoxina fumonisina, um metabólito do fungo Fusarium verticillioides (sinônimo para F. moniliforme). Os sinais clínicos apresentam início agudo e evolução rápida e são decorrentes de lesões encefálicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados clínicos de 11 equídeos diagnosticados com LEM, incluindo a análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). 91% dos animais afetados eram equinos e somente 9% (1/11) era asinino. A localização clínica das lesões era 64% (7/10) cerebrais, manifestadas por alterações no estado mental e comportamento e 36% (4/10) no tronco encefálico, manifestadas por incoordenação, desvio lateral de cabeça, nistagmo, hipoalgesia da face e dificuldade de apreensão, mastigação e deglutição de alimentos. Comparativamente, os achados post mortem revelaram que 82% (9/11) das lesões eram no cérebro e 18% (2/11) no tronco encefálico. Alterações no LCR, tais como xantocromia (43%, 3/7), hiperproteinorraquia (50%, 3/6) e pleocitose (43%, 3/7), foram observadas. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com lesões encefálicas e/ou de tronco cerebral. O LCR de animais com LEM pode apresentar xantocromia, hiperproteinorraquia, e pleocitose, reforçando que esta doença deve ser incluída como diagnóstico diferencial de encefalomielites.

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia / Achados clínicos de leucoencefalomalácia equina

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of food, especially corn, contaminated by fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides (synonymous with F. moniliforme) metabolite. The clinical signs of brain injuries have an acute onset and rapid evolution. This study aimed to describe the clinical findings in 11 animals diagnosed with LEM, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Of these animals, 91% (10/11) were horses, and only 9% (1/11) were asinine. The clinical localization of the lesions was 64% (7/10) cerebral, manifested mainly by altered mental state and behavioral disturbance, and 36% (4/11) were brainstem lesions, manifested by incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, facial hypoalgesia, difficulty in apprehension, chewing, and swallowing food. Postmortem findings revealed that 82% (9/11) of the lesions were in the cerebrum and 18% (2/11) in the brainstem. CSF findings, such as xanthochromia (43%, 3/7), hyperproteinorrachia (50%, 3/6), and pleocytosis (43%, 3/7) were observed. The affected animals showed neurological signs that were compatible with cerebral and/or brainstem injuries. The CSF from animals with LEM may present with xanthochromia, hyperproteinorrachia, and pleocytosis, reinforcing the fact that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalomyelopathies.(AU)

A leucoencefalomalácia (LEM) é uma enfermidade que acomete equídeos causada pela ingestão de milho e seus derivados e feno contaminados pela micotoxina fumonisina, um metabólito do fungo Fusarium verticillioides (sinônimo para F. moniliforme). Os sinais clínicos apresentam início agudo e evolução rápida e são decorrentes de lesões encefálicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados clínicos de 11 equídeos diagnosticados com LEM, incluindo a análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). 91% dos animais afetados eram equinos e somente 9% (1/11) era asinino. A localização clínica das lesões era 64% (7/10) cerebrais, manifestadas por alterações no estado mental e comportamento e 36% (4/10) no tronco encefálico, manifestadas por incoordenação, desvio lateral de cabeça, nistagmo, hipoalgesia da face e dificuldade de apreensão, mastigação e deglutição de alimentos. Comparativamente, os achados post mortem revelaram que 82% (9/11) das lesões eram no cérebro e 18% (2/11) no tronco encefálico. Alterações no LCR, tais como xantocromia (43%, 3/7), hiperproteinorraquia (50%, 3/6) e pleocitose (43%, 3/7), foram observadas. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com lesões encefálicas e/ou de tronco cerebral. O LCR de animais com LEM pode apresentar xantocromia, hiperproteinorraquia, e pleocitose, reforçando que esta doença deve ser incluída como diagnóstico diferencial de encefalomielites.(AU)

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia / Achados clínicos de leucoencefalomalácia equina

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of food, especially corn, contaminated by fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides (synonymous with F. moniliforme) metabolite. The clinical signs of brain injuries have an acute onset and rapid evolution. This study aimed to describe the clinical findings in 11 animals diagnosed with LEM, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Of these animals, 91% (10/11) were horses, and only 9% (1/11) were asinine. The clinical localization of the lesions was 64% (7/10) cerebral, manifested mainly by altered mental state and behavioral disturbance, and 36% (4/11) were brainstem lesions, manifested by incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, facial hypoalgesia, difficulty in apprehension, chewing, and swallowing food. Postmortem findings revealed that 82% (9/11) of the lesions were in the cerebrum and 18% (2/11) in the brainstem. CSF findings, such as xanthochromia (43%, 3/7), hyperproteinorrachia (50%, 3/6), and pleocytosis (43%, 3/7) were observed. The affected animals showed neurological signs that were compatible with cerebral and/or brainstem injuries. The CSF from animals with LEM may present with xanthochromia, hyperproteinorrachia, and pleocytosis, reinforcing the fact that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalomyelopathies.(AU)

A leucoencefalomalácia (LEM) é uma enfermidade que acomete equídeos causada pela ingestão de milho e seus derivados e feno contaminados pela micotoxina fumonisina, um metabólito do fungo Fusarium verticillioides (sinônimo para F. moniliforme). Os sinais clínicos apresentam início agudo e evolução rápida e são decorrentes de lesões encefálicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os achados clínicos de 11 equídeos diagnosticados com LEM, incluindo a análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR). 91% dos animais afetados eram equinos e somente 9% (1/11) era asinino. A localização clínica das lesões era 64% (7/10) cerebrais, manifestadas por alterações no estado mental e comportamento e 36% (4/10) no tronco encefálico, manifestadas por incoordenação, desvio lateral de cabeça, nistagmo, hipoalgesia da face e dificuldade de apreensão, mastigação e deglutição de alimentos. Comparativamente, os achados post mortem revelaram que 82% (9/11) das lesões eram no cérebro e 18% (2/11) no tronco encefálico. Alterações no LCR, tais como xantocromia (43%, 3/7), hiperproteinorraquia (50%, 3/6) e pleocitose (43%, 3/7), foram observadas. Os animais afetados apresentaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com lesões encefálicas e/ou de tronco cerebral. O LCR de animais com LEM pode apresentar xantocromia, hiperproteinorraquia, e pleocitose, reforçando que esta doença deve ser incluída como diagnóstico diferencial de encefalomielites.(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Association between decreased expression of estrogen receptor alpha, androgen receptor and phosphatase and tensin homolog immunoexpression in the canine prostate / Associação entre diminuição da expressão dos receptores de estrógeno alfa e andrógeno, e imunoexpressão de fosfatase e tensina homóloga na próstata canina

Canine prostate gland is a hormonal dependent organ and its imbalance of estrogen and androgen receptor expressions are directly associated with the development of different diseases. Due to the lack of information regarding the behavior of the aforementioned receptors in canine prostate cancer (PC), this study aimed to identify estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), Ki67 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein expressions in canine PC by immunohistochemistry. We found nuclear expression of ERα and AR in the epithelial cells of normal canine samples and a loss of protein expression in PC samples. Normal samples showed Ki67 expression in a few basal cells and the PC samples showed the highest mean of positive cells (253.1). Canine prostate cancer showed a high proliferative index, which was associated with independence of hormonal actuation. PTEN showed positive nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in normal canine samples and a loss in PC. Loss of ERα, AR and PTEN indicated that canine PC exhibits the same immunohistochemical phenotype as in human patients with PC resistant to hormonal therapy. Therefore, canine PC should be considered as a model to study human PC resistant to hormonal therapy.(AU)

A glândula prostática canina é um órgão dependente de hormônio, e o desequilíbrio na expressão dos receptores de estrógeno e andrógeno estão diretamente associados com o desenvolvimento de diferentes doenças. Devido à falta de informação sobre o comportamento desses receptores no câncer prostático canino (PC), este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a expressão proteica através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica do receptor de estrógeno alfa (REα), receptor de andrógeno (RA), Ki67 e fosfatase e tensina homóloga (PTEN). Foi encontrado nas células epiteliais prostáticas normais caninas a expressão nuclear de REα e RA, e perda de expressão proteica nas amostras de PC. As amostras normais apresentaram expressão de Ki67 em poucas células basais e as amostras de PC apresentaram a maior média de células positivas (253,1). O câncer de próstata canino apresentou uma taxa alta de proliferação, o qual foi associado com a atuação independente de hormônio. As amostras de próstatas caninas normais revelaram marcação nuclear e citoplasmática da proteína PTEN e perda nas amostras de PC. A perda de REα, RA e PTEN indicam que as amostras de PC exibem o mesmo fenótipo imuno-histoquímico de pacientes humanos com câncer prostático resistente a terapia hormonal. Sendo assim, o PC canino deve ser considerado um modelo para estudos de câncer prostático humano resistente a terapia hormonal.(AU)

Partial ablation of endometrial glands in dogs after exposure to progestin during the neonatal period

Bitches with uteri devoid of endometrial glands should be sterile, and consequently could contribute to the population control of dogs. Considering that an inadequate exposure of the female reproductive system to steroids can lead to the formation of the uterine gland knock-out (UGKO) phenotype in some species, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of serial applications of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) from birth until the age of six months on the development of endometrial glands in bitches. For this purpose, 16 female mongrel dogs from different litters were distributed into either an MPA group (n = 8), animals treated with 10 mg kg sc (Promone-E®, Pfizer, Brasil) at 3-week intervals, from day one after birth until the age of six months, or a control group (n = 8), composed of animals that only received a 0.9% NaCl solution in place of MPA. At six months of age, ovariohysterectomy was performed and uterine horn samples were collected for histological and immunohistochemical examinations. The bitches from the MPA-treated group presented a 35% decrease in the number of endometrial glands, a larger diameter of the endometrial glands, a greater epithelial height, as well as a greater thickness of the uterine wall, endometrium, and myometrium. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the expression of ER-α, ER-β, and PR on the surface epithelium and endometrial stroma. Therefore, the serial application of MPA from birth until the age of 6 months do not completely ablate the development of the endometrial glands in bitches, but impair it by 35%.

Partial ablation of endometrial glands in dogs after exposure to progestin during the neonatal period

Bitches with uteri devoid of endometrial glands should be sterile, and consequently could contribute to the population control of dogs. Considering that an inadequate exposure of the female reproductive system to steroids can lead to the formation of the uterine gland knock-out (UGKO) phenotype in some species, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of serial applications of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) from birth until the age of six months on the development of endometrial glands in bitches. For this purpose, 16 female mongrel dogs from different litters were distributed into either an MPA group (n = 8), animals treated with 10 mg kg sc (Promone-E®, Pfizer, Brasil) at 3-week intervals, from day one after birth until the age of six months, or a control group (n = 8), composed of animals that only received a 0.9% NaCl solution in place of MPA. At six months of age, ovariohysterectomy was performed and uterine horn samples were collected for histological and immunohistochemical examinations. The bitches from the MPA-treated group presented a 35% decrease in the number of endometrial glands, a larger diameter of the endometrial glands, a greater epithelial height, as well as a greater thickness of the uterine wall, endometrium, and myometrium. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the expression of ER-α, ER-β, and PR on the surface epithelium and endometrial stroma. Therefore, the serial application of MPA from birth until the age of 6 months do not completely ablate the development of the endometrial glands in bitches, but impair it by 35%.(AU)

Primary diffuse mammary hemangiosarcoma in a female dog

In veterinary medicine, primary mammary hemangiosarcoma is a very rare disease and there was no previous report describing the disease in dogs. Herein, we describe necropsy findings of a female dog, which presented a diffuse mammary hemangiosarcoma affecting the mammary gland. A diffuse irregular plaque was found in all mammary gland, involving the whole mammary gland tissue. The histopathological evaluation revealed neoplastic cells with an ovoid to spindle shaped basophilic and numerous atypical neoplastic tumor cells forming vascular structures. There was no glandular proliferation and no changes in the superficial dermis and no neoplastic emboli in the lymph vessels. Immunohistochemistry for vimentin, pan-cytokeratin, CK8/18 and CD31 was conducted. Positive expression was found to the pan-cytokeratin and CK8/18 by remaining epithelial cells confirmed the luminal mammary origin. Vimentin and CD31 positive expression by neoplastic cells confirmed the endothelial origin of the neoplasia. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supported the diagnosis of a primary mammary hemangiosarcoma.

Primary diffuse mammary hemangiosarcoma in a female dog

In veterinary medicine, primary mammary hemangiosarcoma is a very rare disease and there was no previous report describing the disease in dogs. Herein, we describe necropsy findings of a female dog, which presented a diffuse mammary hemangiosarcoma affecting the mammary gland. A diffuse irregular plaque was found in all mammary gland, involving the whole mammary gland tissue. The histopathological evaluation revealed neoplastic cells with an ovoid to spindle shaped basophilic and numerous atypical neoplastic tumor cells forming vascular structures. There was no glandular proliferation and no changes in the superficial dermis and no neoplastic emboli in the lymph vessels. Immunohistochemistry for vimentin, pan-cytokeratin, CK8/18 and CD31 was conducted. Positive expression was found to the pan-cytokeratin and CK8/18 by remaining epithelial cells confirmed the luminal mammary origin. Vimentin and CD31 positive expression by neoplastic cells confirmed the endothelial origin of the neoplasia. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supported the diagnosis of a primary mammary hemangiosarcoma.(AU)

Immunohistochemistry characterization of a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma mixed subtype in cat

A 12 year-old mixed breed female cat was present with signs of dyspnea, cyanosis and drooling, followed by sudden death. At necropsy we observed nodules measuring 0.5 x 0.5 to 2.0 x 2.0 cm in the pulmonary parenchyma showed multifocal atelectasis associated with discrete emphysema. The histopathological examination of lung masses revealed neoplastic epithelial cells compatible with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The immunohistochemical analysis of tumor cells showed positive labeling for pan-Cytokeratin, CK 7, CK 20 and TTF-1. According to macroscopic features, as well as histological and immunohistochemical findings, this tumor was diagnostic as BAC mixed subtype.

Proceso carcinogenico de las próstatas caninas: via WNT canónica y su estudio comparado / Carcinogenic process of canine prostate: WNT canonical pathway and its comparative study / Processo carcinogênico das próstatas caninas: via WNT canônica e seu estudo comparado

La especie canina presenta semejanza con la especie humana con relación a las lesiones prostáticas. Es la única especie en presentar tumores espontáneos con frecuencia, de esta manera representa un importante modelo para estudio comparativo de afecciones de la glándula. El desarrollo de las neoplasia prostáticas es una enfermedad con causas multifactoriales, entre estas, alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas están involucradas. Por lo tanto, el perro puede ser un modelo natural y espontaneo para el estudio de lesiones preneoplásicas e neoplásicas de próstata canina. En el futuro, podrá ser utilizado como modelo en pruebas pre-clínicas de medicamentos, como ya fue realizado para osteosarcoma, por ejemplo. Una de las vías importantes para el desarrollo de los carcinomas prostáticos es la WNT canónica dependiente de la proteína Beta-catenina. En esta revisión abordaremos el papel de esta vía y su participación en la carcinogénesis prostática, importante en humanos y perros, además de algunas proteínas involucradas en la regulación de la misma.(AU)

Prostate of dogs have similar lesions to that observed in human and is the only species other than man which frequently displays spontaneous prostatic tumors. In this way, the dog represent an important model of studying different prostatic affections. The prostate cancer development is multifactorial and among them, genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved. The dog can be a natural and spontaneous model to study preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, with potential future studies as models for pre-clinical tests. One of important pathway to prostate carcinogenesis is beta catenin dependent canonical WNT pathway. In this paper, we review the role of this pathway in prostate carcinogenesis, important in humans and dogs, besides some regulatory proteins involved in this pathway.(AU)

A espécie canina apresenta semelhanças com a espécie humana com relação às lesões prostáticas, sendo a única espécie a apresentar tumores espontâneos e com frequência, desse modo representa um importante modelo para estudo comparativo de afecções desta glândula. O desenvolvimento das neoplasias prostáticas é multifatorial e dentre eles, alterações genéticas e epigenéticas estão envolvidas, portanto o cão pode ser um modelo natural e espontâneo para o estudo das lesões pré neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata, com futuro alto potencial de ser utilizado como modelo em testes pré-clínicos de medicamentos. Uma das vias importantes para o desenvolvimento dos carcinomas prostáticos é a WNT canônica, dependente da proteína Beta-catenina. Nesta revisão, abordaremos o papel desta via e sua participação na carcinogênese prostática, importante em humanos e cães, além de algumas proteínas envolvidas na regulação da mesma.(AU)

Immunohistochemistry characterization of a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma mixed subtype in cat

A 12 year-old mixed breed female cat was present with signs of dyspnea, cyanosis and drooling, followed by sudden death. At necropsy we observed nodules measuring 0.5 x 0.5 to 2.0 x 2.0 cm in the pulmonary parenchyma showed multifocal atelectasis associated with discrete emphysema. The histopathological examination of lung masses revealed neoplastic epithelial cells compatible with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The immunohistochemical analysis of tumor cells showed positive labeling for pan-Cytokeratin, CK 7, CK 20 and TTF-1. According to macroscopic features, as well as histological and immunohistochemical findings, this tumor was diagnostic as BAC mixed subtype.(AU)

Proceso carcinogenico de las próstatas caninas: via WNT canónica y su estudio comparado / Carcinogenic process of canine prostate: WNT canonical pathway and its comparative study / Processo carcinogênico das próstatas caninas: via WNT canônica e seu estudo comparado

La especie canina presenta semejanza con la especie humana con relación a las lesiones prostáticas. Es la única especie en presentar tumores espontáneos con frecuencia, de esta manera representa un importante modelo para estudio comparativo de afecciones de la glándula. El desarrollo de las neoplasia prostáticas es una enfermedad con causas multifactoriales, entre estas, alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas están involucradas. Por lo tanto, el perro puede ser un modelo natural y espontaneo para el estudio de lesiones preneoplásicas e neoplásicas de próstata canina. En el futuro, podrá ser utilizado como modelo en pruebas pre-clínicas de medicamentos, como ya fue realizado para osteosarcoma, por ejemplo. Una de las vías importantes para el desarrollo de los carcinomas prostáticos es la WNT canónica dependiente de la proteína Beta-catenina. En esta revisión abordaremos el papel de esta vía y su participación en la carcinogénesis prostática, importante en humanos y perros, además de algunas proteínas involucradas en la regulación de la misma.

Prostate of dogs have similar lesions to that observed in human and is the only species other than man which frequently displays spontaneous prostatic tumors. In this way, the dog represent an important model of studying different prostatic affections. The prostate cancer development is multifactorial and among them, genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved. The dog can be a natural and spontaneous model to study preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions, with potential future studies as models for pre-clinical tests. One of important pathway to prostate carcinogenesis is beta catenin dependent canonical WNT pathway. In this paper, we review the role of this pathway in prostate carcinogenesis, important in humans and dogs, besides some regulatory proteins involved in this pathway.

A espécie canina apresenta semelhanças com a espécie humana com relação às lesões prostáticas, sendo a única espécie a apresentar tumores espontâneos e com frequência, desse modo representa um importante modelo para estudo comparativo de afecções desta glândula. O desenvolvimento das neoplasias prostáticas é multifatorial e dentre eles, alterações genéticas e epigenéticas estão envolvidas, portanto o cão pode ser um modelo natural e espontâneo para o estudo das lesões pré neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata, com futuro alto potencial de ser utilizado como modelo em testes pré-clínicos de medicamentos. Uma das vias importantes para o desenvolvimento dos carcinomas prostáticos é a WNT canônica, dependente da proteína Beta-catenina. Nesta revisão, abordaremos o papel desta via e sua participação na carcinogênese prostática, importante em humanos e cães, além de algumas proteínas envolvidas na regulação da mesma.

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to canine mammary tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female [...](AU)

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia secondary to canine mammary tumors

Background: Paraneoplastic syndromes are complexes symptom that occur at a distinct site from the primary tumor or its metastasis by the production of hormone by the tissue in which the tumor appears. Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia is associated with an abnormal elevation of serum calcium levels and the mainly tumor related to this syndrome in canine is lymphoma, anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and multiple myeloma. In mammary tumors, the most frequent tumor that affect female dogs, this syndrome was also observed. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum calcium levels in female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and correlate calcium levels with clinicopathological parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: It was evaluated fifty-one female dogs with mammary carcinomas (simple carcinomas and carcinoma in mixed tumors) for serum calcium levels using colorimetric test. Clinical-histopathological data as spray status, pseudopregnancy, tumor size, ulceration, clinical staging, histopathological type and tumor grade were also evaluated in association with serum calcium levels. All dogs were treated with unilateral mastectomy. It was observed that 18 animals (35%) had calcium serum levels increased (>11.5 mg/dL) and 56% (10/18 cases) of these animals had serum calcium levels higher than 12 mg/dL. All dogs with hypercalcemia were asymptomatic, including two female [...]

Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of oesophageal leiomyosarcoma in a dog / Aspectos clínico-patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um caso de leiomiossarcoma esofágico canino

Oesophageal leiomyosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle fibres that is infrequently reported in the literature. Because of the importance of definitive diagnosis and the low incidence of this tumour in dogs, it was reported a case of oesophageal leiomyosarcoma in a dog. A 13-year-old intact male Rottweiler presented regurgitation, hyporexia, and chronic weight loss. After an imaging examination, tumour in the thoracic oesophagus was suspected and a biopsy was sugested for definitive diagnosis. However, the owner did not permit the procedure. Six months after the clinical diagnosis, the patient was brought for evaluation of anorexia, apathy, and severe dyspnoea. Because of the patient's clinical signs and lack of response to emergency treatment, he was euthanized. Upon necropsy, it was identified the neoplastic formation, previously identified in the radiographic examination in the thoracic oesophagus, near the diaphragm. Histopathology revealed a proliferation of mesenchymal cells, and the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was confirmed by immunohistochemical examination. Despite the low incidence of oesophageal leiomyosarcoma, it should be included as a differential diagnosis for animals with chronic regurgitation.(AU)

O leiomiossarcoma esofágico é um neoplasma maligno das fibras musculares lisas pouco descrito na literatura e, devido à importância do seu diagnóstico definitivo e à baixa frequência desta neoplasia em cães, relata-se um caso de leiomiossarcoma em localização esofágica. Foi atendido um cão, 13 anos, Rottweiler, com histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e perda de peso crônica. Após exames complementares de imagem, suspeitou-se de neoplasma localizado em esôfago torácico, no entanto, o proprietário optou por não realizar nenhum exame para o diagnóstico definitivo. Após seis meses do atendimento inicial, o animal retornou com anorexia, apatia e dispneia severa. Devido aos sinais clínicos apresentados e ausência de resposta ao tratamento emergencial instituído, optou-se pela eutanásia. Foi realizada a necropsia e, no esôfago torácico, próximo à região diafragmática, foi possível identificar a formação neoplásica anteriormente visualizada no exame radiográfico. O exame histopatológico revelou proliferação de células mesenquimais, sugestiva de leiomiossarcoma. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pelo exame imuno-histoquímico. Apesar da baixa frequência do leiomiossarcoma esofágico, animais que apresentam regurgitação crônica devem ser investigados quanto à possibilidade desse diagnóstico.(AU)

Linfoma intravascular de células T em um cão / Intravascular t-cell lymphoma in dog / Linfoma intravascular de células t en perro

Linfoma intravascular (LI) é uma desordem linfoproliferativa rara caracterizada por proliferação intravascular de linfócitos neoplásicos com nenhum ou mínimo envolvimento do parênquima. O sistema nervoso central e a pele são os tecidos mais comumente afetados. O LI de células B é mais frequentemente relatado em comparação com os de origem T. Este trabalho descreve os achados anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um cão com linfoma intravascular de células T em múltiplos órgãos, incluindo encéfalo, fígado, adrenais, rins e estômago.(AU)

Intravascular lymphoma (IL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by intravascular proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells with minimal or no involvement of organs parenchyma. The central nervous system and skin are the most commonly affected tissues. B-cell IL is more frequently reported when compared with T-cell IL. This report describes the immunohistochemistry and anatomic pathology findings of a dog with intravascular T-cell lymphoma in multiple organs, including brain, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, and stomach.(AU)

El Linfoma Intravascular (LI) es un desorden linfoproliferativo raro caracterizado por la proliferación intravascular de linfocitos neoplásicos con ninguna o mínima afectación del parénquima. El sistema nervioso central y la piel son los tejidos más comúnmente afectados. Los LI de células B han sido reportados más frecuentemente que los de origen T. Este trabajo describe los hallazgos anatomopatológicos e inmuno-histoquímicos de un perro con LI de células T en múltiples órganos, incluyendo encéfalo, hígado, adrenales, riñones y estómago.(AU)

Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of BHV-5 infection in the central nervous system of experimentally infected calves / Estudo histopatológico, imuno-histoquímico e molecular da infecção por BHV-5 no sistema nervoso central de bovinos experimentalmente infectados

Bovine meningoencephalitis caused by BHV-5, a double-stranded DNA enveloped virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, is an important differential diagnosis of central nervous diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the histological changes in the central nervous system of calves experimentally infected with BHV-5 and compare these changes with the PCR and IHC results. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded central nervous system samples from calves previously inoculated with BHV-5 were microscopically evaluated and tested using IHC and PCR. All the animals presented with nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. From 18 evaluated areas of each calf, 32.41% and 35.19% were positive by IHC and PCR, respectively. The telencephalon presented more accentuated lesions and positive areas in the PCR than other encephalic areas and was the best sampling area for diagnostic purposes. Positive areas in the IHC and PCR were more injured than IHC and PCR negative areas. The animal with neurological signs showed more PCR- and IHC-positive areas than the other animals.(AU)

A meningoencefalite bovina causada pelo BHV-5, um vírus DNA fita dupla envelopado que pertence à família Herpesviridae e subfamília Alphaherpesvirinae, é um importante diagnóstico diferencial das doenças do sistema nervoso central. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as alterações histológicas no sistema nervoso central de bovinos experimentalmente infectados com BHV-5 e comparar estas alterações com os resultados de imunoistoquímica (IHQ) e PCR. Amostras do sistema nervoso central de bezerros previamente inoculados com BHV-5 foram microscopicamente avaliadas e submetidas à IHQ e PCR. Todos os animais apresentaram meningoencefalite não-supurativa. Das 18 áreas avaliadas de cada bezerro, 32,41% e 35,13% foram positivas na IHQ e PCR, respectivamente. O telencéfalo apresentou lesões mais acentuadas e foi mais positivo na PCR do que as demais áreas encefálicas e se apresentou como a melhor área para coleta de material para o diagnóstico. As áreas positivas na IHQ e na PCR apresentaram lesões mais acentuadas do que as áreas negativas para as mesmas técnicas. O animal com sinais neurológicos apresentou mais áreas positivas para PCR e IHQ do que os demais animais.(AU)

Aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares da dermatosparaxia em ovinos White Dorper / Clinical, histopathological and molecular aspects of the dermatosparaxis in White Dorper sheep

Dermatosparaxia em animais é uma doença autossômica recessiva do tecido conjuntivo caracterizada por fragilidade e hiperextensibilidade cutânea. A doença em ovinos White Dorper é provocada pela mutação c.421G>T no gene ADAMmetalopeptidase com trombospondina tipo 1 motif, 2 (ADAMTS2). O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os achados clínicos, moleculares e histopatológicos da dermatosparaxia em ovinos White Dorper de um rebanho localizado no Centro-Oeste Paulista. [...] Dos nove animais examinados, dois apresentavam sinais clínicos compatíveis com dermatosparaxia. O exame histopatológico de amostras cutâneas das lesões destes dois animais revelou também achados compatíveis com dermatosparaxia, sendo caracterizados por epiderme e anexos cutâneos preservados e sem características atípicas; colágeno displásico arranjado em feixes pequenos, fragmentados e com focos de degeneração, anexos cutâneos proeminentes e na região da derme foco hemorrágico intenso associado a moderado infiltrado neutrofílico na derme profunda. Com o objetivo de realizar o diagnóstico molecular da enfermidade, uma PCR foi padronizada utilizando primers específicos desenhados para amplificar a região do gene ADAMTS2 que continha a mutação c.421G>T e o DNA obtido de amostras de sangue de todos os animais do rebanho. O sequenciamento direto dos produtos da PCR, comprovou que os dois animais clinicamente afetados possuíam a mutação responsável pela dermatosparaxia. A metodologia descrita neste estudo possibilitou o diagnóstico definitivo da doença. Segundo a literatura consultada, esta é a primeira vez que a dermatosparaxia é descrita em ovinos White Dorper no Brasil. A metodologia aqui descrita poderá ser empregada em estudos futuros que avaliem a prevalência desta mutação no Brasil, possibilitando a adoção de medidas que previnam a disseminação dessa mutação no rebanho brasileiro de ovinos White Dorper.(AU)

Dermatosparaxis in animals is an autosomal recessive disorder of the connective-tissue clinically characterized by skin fragility and hiperextensibility. The disease in White Dorper sheep is caused by mutation (c.421G>T) in the ADAM metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 2 (ADAMTS2) gene. This study describes the dermatological, histological and the molecular findings of the dermatosparaxis in White Dorper sheep from a herd located in the center-west of São Paulo State. [...] The herd consisted of one ram, four ewe and their lambs. In this herd two lambs had clinical signs consistent with dermatosparaxis. Histopathological evaluation of the affected skin of these two animals also revealed consistent findings with dermatosparaxis, characterized by dysplasia of the collagen, which were arranged in small and fragmented collagen bundles and with foci of degeneration of collagen. Prominent cutaneous appendages and severe hemorrhagic focus in dermis region associated with mild neutrophilic infiltrate in the deep dermis. PCR using DNA blood and specific primers to amplify the mutation region c.421G>T was optimized in order to perform molecular diagnosis of the disease. The direct sequencing of the PCR products proved that the two clinically affected animals had the mutation responsible for dermatosparaxis, previously described for this breed and allowed the definitive diagnosis of the disease. This is the first report of the dermatosparaxis in White Dorper sheep in Brazil and the methodology used to confirm the diagnosis could be used in future studies to assess the prevalence of this mutation in Brazil, allowing the adoption of measures to prevent the spread of this mutation in the Brazilian White Dorper herd.(AU)