Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O: 6, 8) in broiler chickens

Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of [...](AU)

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O: 6, 8) in broiler chickens

Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of [...]

Investigation of Salmonella spp. in backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and eggs sold in free markets in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará / Pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em galinhas criadas em fundo de quintal (Gallus gallus domesticus) e ovos comercializados nas feiras livres na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará

Poultry meat and byproducts are the main protein source for man. However, such foods are related tooutbreaks of food-borne infections around the world, caused mainly by Salmonella spp. Therefore, thepresent study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in material collected in properties ofbackyard chickens (eggs, ration, cloacal swab and drag swab) and to perform a survey of members ofthe Enterobacteriaceae family in eggs commercialized in the main free markets of Fortaleza. Individualcloacal swabs were collected from 405 backyard chickens from 18 houses and 10 eggs were alsocollected for analysis of eggshell and internal content from each sampled household, totaling 180 eggs.From the free markets, 90 eggs were collected. Once sampled, the ration, cloacal swab, drag swab, shelland internal contents of eggs were incubated in Peptone Water and aliquots were placed in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin. Following, aliquots of each broth werestreaked in plates Brilliant Green agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect colonies for Salmonella spp.were submitted to biochemical identification, with the temperature and incubation time standardizedin 37ºC/24h, respectively. Eggs collected from houses were broken in sterile beaker and maintained inbacteriological incubator at 37ºc/24h. After such period, aliquots collected were incubated in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin, following the same bacteriologicalprocedure mentioned previously for swabs. Eggs from free markets were analyzed with the samemethodology as the house eggs, minus the antibiotic Novobiocin in the Selenite-Cystin broth, andwith further biochemical tests used to identify the different members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.No Salmonella spp. were isolated from swab or egg samples.(AU)

A carne de aves e seus subprodutos são as principais fontes de proteína para o homem. No entanto estão implicadas em surtos de toxi-infecção em todo o mundo, causada principalmente por Salmonella spp. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Salmonella spp. em material coletado em propriedades criadoras de galinhas de fundo de quintal (ovos, ração, swab cloacal e de arrasto) e realizar um levantamento das enterobactérias encontradas nos ovos comercializados nas principais feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza. Foi realizado coleta de swab cloacal individual em 405 galinhas caipiras de 18 criatórios, e coletado dez ovos por propriedade para análise do conteúdo interno e da casca, totalizando 180 ovos. Amostras de swabs de arrastos e de ração também foram coletadas nas propriedades. Nas feiras livres, foram adquiridos 90 ovos. Após coletados, a ração, os swabs cloacais e de arrasto, casca e conteúdos interno dos ovos foram colocados em Água Peptonada (AP) e em seguida transferido uma alíquota para caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) e Seletino-Cistina contendo novobiocina (SCN). Seguidamente foi realizado plaqueamento em Ágar Verde Brilhante (AVB) e MacConkey (MC). As colônias suspeitas para Salmonella spp. foram submetidas à identificação bioquímica, sendo a temperatura e período de incubação padronizado em todas as etapas em 37C/24h, respectivamente.(AU)

Regression of the reproductive tract of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to forced molting by wheat bran diet / Regressão do aparelho reprodutivo de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) submetidas a muda forçada por meio de dieta a base de farelo de trigo

The study aimed to evaluate the reproductive system regression of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) induced to molt by wheat bran fed ad libitum. A total of 16 birds, end-of-lay, was distributed in 4 groups: group C (quails fed by layier ration and water ad libitum, n = 4) group T8 (quails fed by meal by 8 days, n = 4); group T12 (quails fed by meal by 12 days, n = 4); group T16 (quails fed by meal by 16 days, n = 4). Upon reaching the prescribed period, the birds were euthanized for collection and measurement of the ovary and oviduct weight. Regarding the percentage of ovarian regression, absolute and relative weight of the ovary, the T12 group showed numerically better performance, obtaining the values 95.79%, 0.27 g and 0.15%, respectively, however, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups of birds submitted to molting. The oviduct results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among quail groups submitted to molt, excepting the oviduct regression rate, which group T8 showed significantly lower regression (P 0.05) then groups T12 and T16. The molt induced by the supply of fed meal feed composed of wheat bran provides satisfactory weight loss in european quails, causing a substantial regression of reproductive tract.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a regressão do aparelho reprodutor de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) induzidas a muda por dieta a base de farelo de trigo (FT) ad libitum. Um total de 16 aves, em fim de ciclo de produção, foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo C (codornas alimentadas com ração de postura e água ad libitum, n=4); grupo T8 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 8 dias, n=4); grupo T12 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 12 dias, n=4); grupo T16 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 16 dias, n=4). Após o período estabelecido, as aves foram eutanasiadas para coleta e mensuração do peso do ovário e oviduto. Quanto ao percentual de regressão do ovário, peso absoluto e relativo do ovário, o grupo T12 apresentou numericamente o melhor desempenho, obtendo respectivamente os valores 95,79%, 0,27g e 0,15%, entretanto, sem diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos de aves submetidas a muda. Os resultados relacionados ao oviduto não mostraram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de codornas submetidas a muda forçada, com exceção da taxa de regressão de oviduto, em que o grupo T8 apresentou taxa de regressão significativamente inferior (P < 0,05) aos grupos T12 e T16. A indução a muda pelo fornecimento de ração composta por farelo de trigo proporciona satisfatória perda de peso corporal em codornas europeias, ocasionando regressão considerável do aparelho reprodutor.

Regression of the reproductive tract of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to forced molting by wheat bran diet / Regressão do aparelho reprodutivo de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) submetidas a muda forçada por meio de dieta a base de farelo de trigo

The study aimed to evaluate the reproductive system regression of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) induced to molt by wheat bran fed ad libitum. A total of 16 birds, end-of-lay, was distributed in 4 groups: group C (quails fed by layier ration and water ad libitum, n = 4) group T8 (quails fed by meal by 8 days, n = 4); group T12 (quails fed by meal by 12 days, n = 4); group T16 (quails fed by meal by 16 days, n = 4). Upon reaching the prescribed period, the birds were euthanized for collection and measurement of the ovary and oviduct weight. Regarding the percentage of ovarian regression, absolute and relative weight of the ovary, the T12 group showed numerically better performance, obtaining the values 95.79%, 0.27 g and 0.15%, respectively, however, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups of birds submitted to molting. The oviduct results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among quail groups submitted to molt, excepting the oviduct regression rate, which group T8 showed significantly lower regression (P 0.05) then groups T12 and T16. The molt induced by the supply of fed meal feed composed of wheat bran provides satisfactory weight loss in european quails, causing a substantial regression of reproductive tract.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a regressão do aparelho reprodutor de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) induzidas a muda por dieta a base de farelo de trigo (FT) ad libitum. Um total de 16 aves, em fim de ciclo de produção, foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo C (codornas alimentadas com ração de postura e água ad libitum, n=4); grupo T8 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 8 dias, n=4); grupo T12 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 12 dias, n=4); grupo T16 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 16 dias, n=4). Após o período estabelecido, as aves foram eutanasiadas para coleta e mensuração do peso do ovário e oviduto. Quanto ao percentual de regressão do ovário, peso absoluto e relativo do ovário, o grupo T12 apresentou numericamente o melhor desempenho, obtendo respectivamente os valores 95,79%, 0,27g e 0,15%, entretanto, sem diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos de aves submetidas a muda. Os resultados relacionados ao oviduto não mostraram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de codornas submetidas a muda forçada, com exceção da taxa de regressão de oviduto, em que o grupo T8 apresentou taxa de regressão significativamente inferior (P < 0,05) aos grupos T12 e T16. A indução a muda pelo fornecimento de ração composta por farelo de trigo proporciona satisfatória perda de peso corporal em codornas europeias, ocasionando regressão considerável do aparelho reprodutor.(AU)

Investigation of Salmonella spp. in backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and eggs sold in free markets in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará / Pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em galinhas criadas em fundo de quintal (Gallus gallus domesticus) e ovos comercializados nas feiras livres na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará

Poultry meat and byproducts are the main protein source for man. However, such foods are related tooutbreaks of food-borne infections around the world, caused mainly by Salmonella spp. Therefore, thepresent study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in material collected in properties ofbackyard chickens (eggs, ration, cloacal swab and drag swab) and to perform a survey of members ofthe Enterobacteriaceae family in eggs commercialized in the main free markets of Fortaleza. Individualcloacal swabs were collected from 405 backyard chickens from 18 houses and 10 eggs were alsocollected for analysis of eggshell and internal content from each sampled household, totaling 180 eggs.From the free markets, 90 eggs were collected. Once sampled, the ration, cloacal swab, drag swab, shelland internal contents of eggs were incubated in Peptone Water and aliquots were placed in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin. Following, aliquots of each broth werestreaked in plates Brilliant Green agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect colonies for Salmonella spp.were submitted to biochemical identification, with the temperature and incubation time standardizedin 37ºC/24h, respectively. Eggs collected from houses were broken in sterile beaker and maintained inbacteriological incubator at 37ºc/24h. After such period, aliquots collected were incubated in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and Selenite-Cystine broth added Novobiocin, following the same bacteriologicalprocedure mentioned previously for swabs. Eggs from free markets were analyzed with the samemethodology as the house eggs, minus the antibiotic Novobiocin in the Selenite-Cystin broth, andwith further biochemical tests used to identify the different members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.No Salmonella spp. were isolated from swab or egg samples.

A carne de aves e seus subprodutos são as principais fontes de proteína para o homem. No entanto estão implicadas em surtos de toxi-infecção em todo o mundo, causada principalmente por Salmonella spp. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Salmonella spp. em material coletado em propriedades criadoras de galinhas de fundo de quintal (ovos, ração, swab cloacal e de arrasto) e realizar um levantamento das enterobactérias encontradas nos ovos comercializados nas principais feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza. Foi realizado coleta de swab cloacal individual em 405 galinhas caipiras de 18 criatórios, e coletado dez ovos por propriedade para análise do conteúdo interno e da casca, totalizando 180 ovos. Amostras de swabs de arrastos e de ração também foram coletadas nas propriedades. Nas feiras livres, foram adquiridos 90 ovos. Após coletados, a ração, os swabs cloacais e de arrasto, casca e conteúdos interno dos ovos foram colocados em Água Peptonada (AP) e em seguida transferido uma alíquota para caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) e Seletino-Cistina contendo novobiocina (SCN). Seguidamente foi realizado plaqueamento em Ágar Verde Brilhante (AVB) e MacConkey (MC). As colônias suspeitas para Salmonella spp. foram submetidas à identificação bioquímica, sendo a temperatura e período de incubação padronizado em todas as etapas em 37C/24h, respectivamente.