Resumo
As doenças respiratórias em cães e gatos tem caráter etiológico muito diverso e podem ser extremamente desafiantes quanto ao seu manejo e diagnóstico. Nota-se que no Brasil, pouco ainda se investe em exames diagnósticos nas enfermidades respiratórias em cães e gatos. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário estudar tais exames, e compreender sua eficácia e indicação. A partir do diagnóstico obtido, é possível conhecer a casuística das afecções respiratórias presentes na rotina clínica. A presente tese de doutorado está dividida em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo é uma revisão sistemática sobre os termos semiológicos utilizados na ausculta pulmonar. Evidenciou-se que a nomenclatura é bastante divergente entre a literatura publicada. Baseado nos estudos abordados foram sugeridos termos semiológicos a serem utilizados para ausculta pulmonar. Concluiu-se que a padronização e utilização dos termos sugeridos contribuiria sobremaneira para valorização do método e melhor entendimento do uso na pesquisa, ensino e na prática clínica. No segundo capítulo é analisada a eficácia da radiografia torácica e do lavado broncoalveolar seguido de análises citológica e microbiológica em quarenta animais (cães e gatos) com doença bronquial crônica. Foram demonstradas alterações específicas na radiografia torácica nas quais se recomenda realização do lavado broncoalveolar na sequência, associado à análise citológica e microbiológica. A combinação dos exames apresentados aumenta o sucesso diagnóstico. O terceiro capítulo aborda a pneumonia fúngica em cães e gatos, cita a escassez de estudos sobre o tema, apresenta a incidência da enfermidade em cães e gatos com alterações respiratórias atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), descreve e discute os achados radiográficos, hematológicos e do lavado broncoalveolar dos animais positivos. Por fim, o quarto capítulo, relata sobre a mensuração de cotinina sérica, um biomarcador da nicotina, usada em cães fumantes passivos. Foi mensurada a cotinina sérica por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectometria de massas,.de vinte cães, destes dez fumantes, que tiveram contatato com a fumaça do cigarro por no mínimo um ano. Por esse estudo não foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre cães expostos ao tabaco ambiental e o uso de biomarcadores, dessa forma, mais estudos são necessários.
Respiratory diseases in dogs and cats have a very diverse etiological character and can be extremely challenging in the management and diagnosis. It is noted that in Brazil, little is invested in diagnostic exams in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats. In this way, it is necessary to study such tests, and their effectiveness and indication. From the obtained diagnosis, it is possible to know the incidence of the respiratory diseases present in the clinical routine. The present doctoral dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a systematic review on the semiological terms used in pulmonary auscultation. It has been shown that a nomenclature is quite divergent among published literature. Based on the studies discussed, semiological terms were suggested to be used for pulmonary auscultation. It was concluded that a consensus and standardization of the terms would contribute to the valorization of the method and a better understanding of its use in research, teaching and clinical practice. In the second chapter the efficacy of thoracic radiography and bronchoalveolar lavage followed by cytological and microbiological tests were analyzed, in forty animals (dogs and cats) with chronic bronchial disease. Specific abnormalities in thoracic radiography have been demonstrated in which a bronchoalveolar exam is recommended in the sequence associated to cytologic and microbiologic analysis. The combination of exams presented increases the diagnostic success. The third chapter deal with fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats, quote the paucity of studies on the subject and presents an incidence of the disease in dogs and cats with respiratory clinical signs attended at the veterinary hospital of the university and describes the radiographic, hematological and bronchoalveolar lavage findings of positive animals. Finally, the fourth chapter is a short communication on the measurement of serum cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine used in passive smoking dogs. Serum cotinine was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, of twenty dogs of these ten smokers who had contact with cigarette smoke for at least one year. Through this study was not possible to establish a relationship between dogs exposed to environmental tobacco and the use of biomarkers, this way, more studies are needed. Keywords: Respiratory diseases in dogs and cats have a very diverse etiological character and can be extremely challenging in the management and diagnosis. It is noted that in Brazil, little is invested in diagnostic exams in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats. In this way, it is necessary to study such tests, and their effectiveness and indication. From the obtained diagnosis, it is possible to know the incidence of the respiratory diseases present in the clinical routine. The present doctoral dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a systematic review on the semiological terms used in pulmonary auscultation. It has been shown that a nomenclature is quite divergent among published literature. Based on the studies discussed, semiological terms were suggested to be used for pulmonary auscultation. It was concluded that a consensus and standardization of the terms would contribute to the valorization of the method and a better understanding of its use in research, teaching and clinical practice. In the second chapter the efficacy of thoracic radiography and bronchoalveolar lavage followed by cytological and microbiological tests were analyzed, in forty animals (dogs and cats) with chronic bronchial disease. Specific abnormalities in thoracic radiography have been demonstrated in which a bronchoalveolar exam is recommended in the sequence associated to cytologic and microbiologic analysis. The combination of exams presented increases the diagnostic success. The third chapter deal with fungal pneumonia in dogs and cats, quote the paucity of studies on the subject and presents an incidence of the disease in dogs and cats with respiratory clinical signs attended at the veterinary hospital of the university and describes the radiographic, hematological and bronchoalveolar lavage findings of positive animals. Finally, the fourth chapter is a short communication on the measurement of serum cotinine, a biomarker of nicotine used in passive smoking dogs. Serum cotinine was measured by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, of twenty dogs of these ten smokers who had contact with cigarette smoke for at least one year. Through this study was not possible to establish a relationship between dogs exposed to environmental tobacco and the use of biomarkers, this way, more studies are needed.