Filiform papilla of european and zebu cattles tongue / Papila filiforme da língua de bovinos taurinos e zebuínos

The tongue is the principal tool to animals do self-cleaning, mainly for ruminants. Grooming behavior is responsible for cleaning ectoparasites in cattle, especially ticks. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most harmful, resulting in great damages to the Brazilian livestock. It is well known that Zebu breeds are resistant and European breeds are susceptible to this tick. The importance of self-grooming in reducing the cattle tick infestation is well-known, but not the role of the tongue morfology in the process. The tongue has four types of papillae being the filiform papilla the responsible for the self-cleaning. The aim of this work was to know and to compare the filiform papilla from 8 Nelore (Zebu), and 8 Holstein and 2 Brow-Swiss (European) cattle. A biopsy was taken off from 18 steers tongues (about two-year-olds), through an 8 mm diameter punch, in the central anterior third part, at a distance of 3 cm from the tip. The animals were previously anaesthetized with 2% xylazine hydrochloride, and lidocaine hydrochloride 2.0 g. After the tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg/g. The biopsies were submitted to fixation and dehydration (required for studies in Scanning Electron Microscope) at the NAP/MEPA-ESALQ-USP Laboratory. The papillae measuring were performed with the aid of a measurement tool between

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Growing hairs in shorn cattle / Crescimento do pelo em bovinos tosquiados

The shearing operation can provide double benefits to the cattle: they can become more heat tolerant and the tick infestation decreases. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus causes great losses to dairy cattle, especially to the Holstein cattle because they are very susceptible to this tick. Its control is becoming each day more difficult, owing to the increasing resistance to acaricides they are acquiring. The objective of this work was to study the growing of haircoat following shearing. We made our experiment with 17 animals, 7 females and 10 males. They were shaved on the anterior third (head, neck, dewlap, scapula and arm) of one side, at random. The work was performed in two steps: they were shorn for the first time on August 2nd 2012, with a size 10 blade in a clipper Oster model GoldenA5, which left the fur coat 2 mm long. Then we evaluated the hair length growing by collecting fortnightly three sample of hairs in the middle of the scapula, with  electric pliers, modified for this purpose, in both sides of the animals, sheared and non-sheared, until 30 days after this shearing. The three hair samples were put inside a little plastic bag per animal. Meanwhile, as we thought that the animals shearing had to be done closer to the skin, we decided to shear them again (in the same side shorn before), on October 2nd 2012. We changed our procedure using the same

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Artificial infestation with Rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick and food intake and corporal condition in resistant and susceptible cattle / Infestação artificial com carrapato rhipicephalus (bophilus) microplus e consumo de alimentos e condição corporal em bovinos resistentes e susceptíveis

The cattle-tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the worst pests of domestic livestock due to damages caused to the health. Artificial infestation is still needed in many scientific papers, and, depending on the quantity of infesting larvae and the cattle susceptibility, it can be fatal due to the deleterious effects that this parasite causes to the cattle health. The food intake greatly decreases during massive larval infestations. The objective of this work was to study the impact of an artificial infestation on feed intake and animal body condition. Four susceptible cattle (Holstein Black and White) were infested with 10,000 larvae and 20,000 larvae infested six resistant cattle (Nellore). Animals were an average of 7 months-old. Two weeks before the infestation and during the parasitic life cycle (three weeks after the infestation), each animal was placed in individual pens with water and food ad libitum. It was offered 2 kg of commercial concentrate (minimum 16% crude protein, CP) and 5 kg of Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton (13.19% CP) a day. The refusal was weighed for 3 consecutive days at the time of: one week before infestation, and one, two and three weeks post-infestation in order to calculate food intake average before and during the life cycle of the parasite. Animals were assessed for body condition (1 - skinny to 5 - obese) weekly. The experimental desig

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Influence of environmental health in the cow-calf dyad system / Influência do ambiente sanitário na formação da díade no sistema vaca-bezerro

Health factors influence the cow-calf dyad system in the postpartum period until the first suckling. The use of maternity paddock is a recommended management to facilitate the monitoring of parturient cows and calves. However, side effects occur due to environmental health conditions of maternity paddock that can affect the behaviour of the cow and result in the separation of calf from the mother, undermining sucking and the formation of the cow-calf dyad. To improve the understanding of this complex and dynamic system we built a conceptual model using the technique of causal loop diagram, Figure 1. By hypothesis, the environmental variables that act in maternity paddock influence the variable "Sources of pathogens in maternity". Those sources present a positive effect (in the same direction) in the infection process of the calf and cow. Thus, a recommended practice is exposing the parturient cow to pathogens in maternity for sufficient period to stimulate their immune system and build disease resistance. That process contributes to improve the quality of colostrum that will be consumed by the calf during the first hours postpartum which has the function of increasing calf immunity, minimizing the occurrence of infections. In the model, sanitary environmental factors work in two Balance feedback loops (B1 and B2). The B1 cycle refers to the production of a healthy cow with a lo

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Filiform papilla of holsteins tongue and its relation with the Rhipicephalus microplus tick resistance / Papila filiforme da língua de novilhas holandesas e sua relação com a resistência ao carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus

Several studies describe anatomical, morphological and histological analysis of domestic and wild animals tongue. The tongue is an extendable muscular organ that performs gripping, chewing, and swallowing food actions and executes tasting and mechanical body self-cleaning functions (grooming). The distribution of these tongue characteristics may vary, according to different species, but studies made with different animals classes reveal the filiform papilla acting in mechanical body cleaning function. In order to evaluate these mechanical functions, especially the self-cleaning one, we proposed to investigate filiform papillae length or its base dimensions would be related to the heifers resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Biopsies were performed in eight (8) Holstein heifers tongues, with a 6 mm diameter punch, in the anterior third of tongues, at the distance of 3 cm from its tip. The animals were anesthetized with xylazine hydrochloride 2%, a sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant and received local anesthetic, hydrochloride 2.0 g lidocaine. After tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg g-1. The Holstein heifers were one year and half old and naturally infested with ticks in a paddock situated at Instituto de Zootecnia. We monitored their natural infestation by counting females ticks, greater than 4.5 mm, presents

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Influence of grooming on Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation and serum cortisol rates / Influência da autolimpeza na infestação pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus e níveis de cortisol sérico

Grooming is an important factor on animal resistance to ticks. Rhipicephalus microplus is the most pathogenic cattle tick in Brazil causing death in susceptible animals. Cortisol is the hormone of stress. The influence of grooming on tick infestation and serum cortisol level was studied in 16 Holstein heifers from fifth to eight-month-old. They were infested with 10,000 larvae in June/20/2011. Half of them used a necklace made of wood strips and had an infestation chamber made by cotton cloth covering about 50 cm diameter of the shaved flank, fixed at the skin in both sides with adhesive to prevent larvae to escape from the infestation chamber and the amount of larvae was divided into the two chambers. Such artifacts had the purpose to avoid grooming. The heifers remained all the tick parasitic life cycle in individual pens inside a closed shed at Instituto de Zootecnia, in Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. Tick females bigger than 4.5 mm were counted in the right side from day 20 to 22 after the artificial infestation. The tick recovery rate was calculated by adding and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that 5,000 female larvae had infested the cattle. Immediately before infestation (day 0) and in day2, day8, and day17 after infestation, blood samples were collected using vacuum tubes, in the morning (8:30 10:00 A.M.). Cortisol was measured by immunoassay

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Tick resistance and heat tolerance characteristics in cattle. I. Hair length and coat thickness / Resistência ao carrapato e tolerância ao calor em bovinos. I. Comprimento e espessura do pelame

To be heat adapted and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick resistant are important characteristics for cattle in the Brazilian sustainable livestock, because this ectoparasite causes serious harm to the health of susceptible animals and, in the tropics, not heat adapted cattle have poor performance. Besides, the control of this tick is increasingly difficult due to drug resistance. Relationship between tick infestation and heat tolerance traits, as the hair length and coat thickness, are important because animals with long hair are easily identifiable, helping in the disposal of the least adapted cattle. In order to infer the relationship between tick infestation and fur characteristics, 6 Nellore and 4 Black and White Holstein steers, with about seven months old, underwent an artificial infestation (with 10,000 larvae on the Holstein, and 20,000 larvae on the Nellore) in 16/April/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 post-infestation, the bigger 10 females ticks found throughout the body were weighed and their egg mass weighed 14 days later. Hair length, HL (collected with pliers specially adapted for this purpose, and measured the 10 longest hair) and the coat thickness, CT (measured with a metal ruler inserted perpendicular to the skin) were evaluated in the middle of the shoulder on 11/April (5 days before artificial tick infestation) and on 12/May (26 days after artificial tick

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Tick resistance and heat tolerance characteristics in cattle. II. Rectal temperature and respiratory frequency / Resistência ao carrapato e tolerância ao calor em bovinos. II. temperatura retal e frequencia respiratória

The heat and Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation are limiting factors to the livestock production in the tropics. Therefore, in a tropical sustainable livestock, cattle should be tick resistant and heat tolerant. The relationship between the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation and heat characteristics like rectal temperature and respiratory frequency was studied in 6 Nellore and 4 Holstein, seven-month-old steers. They were submitted to an artificial infestation (a.i.) with 10,000 larvae (Holstein) and 20,000 larvae (Nellore) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick in 16/Apr/2011. Females ticks bigger than 4.0 mm were counted in the left side from day 19 to 27 after the artificial infestation. The infestation rate was calculated by summing and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that females are half of infesting larvae (5,000 for Holstein and 10,000 for Nellore). In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female fourteen days after. The rectal temperature (RT, measured by a digital thermometer in the animals rectum) and respiratory frequency (RF, respiratory movements per minute) were measured on days 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and on day 05/May (19 days after the a.i.). The RT and RF were m

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Tick resistance and heat tolerance characteristics in cattle. III. Sweating rate / Resistência ao carrapato E tolerância ao calor em bovinos III. taxa de sudação

Cattle in a sustainable tropical livestock should be heat tolerant and resistant to ticks. The relationship between Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation and sweating rate, an important heat tolerance characteristic, was studied in six Nellore and four Holstein steers of seven-month-old. They were artificial infested (a.i.) with 10,000 (Holstein) and 20,000 (Nellore) larvae in 16/Apr/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female tick fourteen days after. The sweating rate (SRskin, measured by Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method, in a shaved area of shoulder skin) was evaluated in 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and in 05/May (19 days after a.i.). In 14/Apr the Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method was done on the coat not shaved (SRcoat). The sweating rate was measured in the afternoon (from 2 P.M.), after 30 minutes of direct sunlight, on April. On May, the animals remained 60 minutes in direct sunlight because this day was colder. The experimental design was a non-probability sample restricted to the 10 available animals. Data from the steers sweating rate were analyzed using the General linear models of the SPSS® statistical package (version 12.0) using SRskin as dependent variable and breed and sampling date as independent

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Effect of the supplementation levels at night in water buffalos on ingestive behavior in diurnal grazing / Efeito dos níveis de suplementação noturna no comportamento ingestivo de bubalinos em pastejo diurno

This work aimed to study the behavior of semi-confined buffaloes, emphasizing the effect of three different supplementation levels with concentrated in daily distribution of activities during the grazing period. Eighteen Murrah buffaloes with approximately 17 months of age and initial average weight of 300kg were observed for 9 days. They remained on pasture from 7 a.m. till 5 p.m. (observation period). In the evenings, animals were put in their individual stalls, and received the concentrate under 3 different treatments: Treatment 1 = 0.6%, Treatment 2 = 0.9% and Treatment 3 = 1.2% of the animal weight. The observed variables were: Grazing time (TP); Standing time (TEP); Lying time (TD); Rumination time (TR); Wallowing time (TCH); and Time in other activities (TOA). The effect of treatment was significant only for TEP and TD. The day influenced significantly (P

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o comportamento de bubalinos semiconfinados, enfocando o efeito de diferentes níveis de suplementação com concentrado na distribuição diária das atividades do período dedicado ao pastejo. Foram observados por 9 dias, 18 búfalos da raça Murrah, com aproximadamente 17 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 300kg, os quais permaneceram no pasto das 7:00 às 17:00 horas (período de observação), e após serem recolhidos em suas baias individuais, receberam, no período noturno, o concentrado sob 3 diferentes tratamentos: Tratamento 1 = 0,6%, Tratamento 2 = 0,9% e Tratamento 3 = 1,2% do peso vivo. As variáveis observadas foram: Tempo pastejando (TP); Tempo em pé (TEP); Tempo deitado (TD); Tempo de ruminação (TR); e Tempo em outras atividades (TOA). O efeito de tratamento foi significativo apenas para TEP e TD. O dia influenciou significativamente (P

Influence of environmental health in the cow-calf dyad system / Influência do ambiente sanitário na formação da díade no sistema vaca-bezerro

Health factors influence the cow-calf dyad system in the postpartum period until the first suckling. The use of maternity paddock is a recommended management to facilitate the monitoring of parturient cows and calves. However, side effects occur due to environmental health conditions of maternity paddock that can affect the behaviour of the cow and result in the separation of calf from the mother, undermining sucking and the formation of the cow-calf dyad. To improve the understanding of this complex and dynamic system we built a conceptual model using the technique of causal loop diagram, Figure 1. By hypothesis, the environmental variables that act in maternity paddock influence the variable "Sources of pathogens in maternity". Those sources present a positive effect (in the same direction) in the infection process of the calf and cow. Thus, a recommended practice is exposing the parturient cow to pathogens in maternity for sufficient period to stimulate their immune system and build disease resistance. That process contributes to improve the quality of colostrum that will be consumed by the calf during the first hours postpartum which has the function of increasing calf immunity, minimizing the occurrence of infections. In the model, sanitary environmental factors work in two Balance feedback loops (B1 and B2). The B1 cycle refers to the production of a healthy cow with a lo

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Artificial infestation with Rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick and food intake and corporal condition in resistant and susceptible cattle / Infestação artificial com carrapato rhipicephalus (bophilus) microplus e consumo de alimentos e condição corporal em bovinos resistentes e susceptíveis

The cattle-tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the worst pests of domestic livestock due to damages caused to the health. Artificial infestation is still needed in many scientific papers, and, depending on the quantity of infesting larvae and the cattle susceptibility, it can be fatal due to the deleterious effects that this parasite causes to the cattle health. The food intake greatly decreases during massive larval infestations. The objective of this work was to study the impact of an artificial infestation on feed intake and animal body condition. Four susceptible cattle (Holstein Black and White) were infested with 10,000 larvae and 20,000 larvae infested six resistant cattle (Nellore). Animals were an average of 7 months-old. Two weeks before the infestation and during the parasitic life cycle (three weeks after the infestation), each animal was placed in individual pens with water and food ad libitum. It was offered 2 kg of commercial concentrate (minimum 16% crude protein, CP) and 5 kg of Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton (13.19% CP) a day. The refusal was weighed for 3 consecutive days at the time of: one week before infestation, and one, two and three weeks post-infestation in order to calculate food intake average before and during the life cycle of the parasite. Animals were assessed for body condition (1 - skinny to 5 - obese) weekly. The experimental desig

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Growing hairs in shorn cattle / Crescimento do pelo em bovinos tosquiados

The shearing operation can provide double benefits to the cattle: they can become more heat tolerant and the tick infestation decreases. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus causes great losses to dairy cattle, especially to the Holstein cattle because they are very susceptible to this tick. Its control is becoming each day more difficult, owing to the increasing resistance to acaricides they are acquiring. The objective of this work was to study the growing of haircoat following shearing. We made our experiment with 17 animals, 7 females and 10 males. They were shaved on the anterior third (head, neck, dewlap, scapula and arm) of one side, at random. The work was performed in two steps: they were shorn for the first time on August 2nd 2012, with a size 10 blade in a clipper Oster model GoldenA5, which left the fur coat 2 mm long. Then we evaluated the hair length growing by collecting fortnightly three sample of hairs in the middle of the scapula, with  electric pliers, modified for this purpose, in both sides of the animals, sheared and non-sheared, until 30 days after this shearing. The three hair samples were put inside a little plastic bag per animal. Meanwhile, as we thought that the animals shearing had to be done closer to the skin, we decided to shear them again (in the same side shorn before), on October 2nd 2012. We changed our procedure using the same

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Effect of the supplementation levels at night in water buffalos on ingestive behavior in diurnal grazing / EFEITO DOS NÍVEIS DE SUPLEMENTAÇÃO NOTURNA NO COMPORTAMENTO INGESTIVO DE BUBALINOS EM PASTEJO DIURNO

This work aimed to study the behavior of semi-confined buffaloes, emphasizing the effect of three different supplementation levels with concentrated in daily distribution of activities during the grazing period. Eighteen Murrah buffaloes with approximately 17 months of age and initial average weight of 300kg were observed for 9 days. They remained on pasture from 7 a.m. till 5 p.m. (observation period). In the evenings, animals were put in their individual stalls, and received the concentrate under 3 different treatments: Treatment 1 = 0.6%, Treatment 2 = 0.9% and Treatment 3 = 1.2% of the animal weight. The observed variables were: Grazing time (TP); Standing time (TEP); Lying time (TD); Rumination time (TR); Wallowing time (TCH); and Time in other activities (TOA). The effect of treatment was significant only for TEP and TD. The day influenced significantly (P

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o comportamento de bubalinos semiconfinados, enfocando o efeito de diferentes níveis de suplementação com concentrado na distribuição diária das atividades do período dedicado ao pastejo. Foram observados por 9 dias, 18 búfalos da raça Murrah, com aproximadamente 17 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 300kg, os quais permaneceram no pasto das 7:00 às 17:00 horas (período de observação), e após serem recolhidos em suas baias individuais, receberam, no período noturno, o concentrado sob 3 diferentes tratamentos: Tratamento 1 = 0,6%, Tratamento 2 = 0,9% e Tratamento 3 = 1,2% do peso vivo. As variáveis observadas foram: Tempo pastejando (TP); Tempo em pé (TEP); Tempo deitado (TD); Tempo de ruminação (TR); e Tempo em outras atividades (TOA). O efeito de tratamento foi significativo apenas para TEP e TD. O dia influenciou significativamente (P

Tick resistance and heat tolerance characteristics in cattle. III. Sweating rate / Resistência ao carrapato E tolerância ao calor em bovinos III. taxa de sudação

Cattle in a sustainable tropical livestock should be heat tolerant and resistant to ticks. The relationship between Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation and sweating rate, an important heat tolerance characteristic, was studied in six Nellore and four Holstein steers of seven-month-old. They were artificial infested (a.i.) with 10,000 (Holstein) and 20,000 (Nellore) larvae in 16/Apr/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female tick fourteen days after. The sweating rate (SRskin, measured by Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method, in a shaved area of shoulder skin) was evaluated in 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and in 05/May (19 days after a.i.). In 14/Apr the Scheleger and Turner, 1963, method was done on the coat not shaved (SRcoat). The sweating rate was measured in the afternoon (from 2 P.M.), after 30 minutes of direct sunlight, on April. On May, the animals remained 60 minutes in direct sunlight because this day was colder. The experimental design was a non-probability sample restricted to the 10 available animals. Data from the steers sweating rate were analyzed using the General linear models of the SPSS® statistical package (version 12.0) using SRskin as dependent variable and breed and sampling date as independent

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Tick resistance and heat tolerance characteristics in cattle. II. Rectal temperature and respiratory frequency / Resistência ao carrapato e tolerância ao calor em bovinos. II. temperatura retal e frequencia respiratória

The heat and Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation are limiting factors to the livestock production in the tropics. Therefore, in a tropical sustainable livestock, cattle should be tick resistant and heat tolerant. The relationship between the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick infestation and heat characteristics like rectal temperature and respiratory frequency was studied in 6 Nellore and 4 Holstein, seven-month-old steers. They were submitted to an artificial infestation (a.i.) with 10,000 larvae (Holstein) and 20,000 larvae (Nellore) of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick in 16/Apr/2011. Females ticks bigger than 4.0 mm were counted in the left side from day 19 to 27 after the artificial infestation. The infestation rate was calculated by summing and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that females are half of infesting larvae (5,000 for Holstein and 10,000 for Nellore). In days 20, 23 and 24 after the infestation, the 10 bigger females ticks found in whole animal were weighed and put in a chamber (27 oC and 80% RH), weighing the egg mass of each female fourteen days after. The rectal temperature (RT, measured by a digital thermometer in the animals rectum) and respiratory frequency (RF, respiratory movements per minute) were measured on days 14/Apr (2 days before the a.i.) and on day 05/May (19 days after the a.i.). The RT and RF were m

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Tick resistance and heat tolerance characteristics in cattle. I. Hair length and coat thickness / Resistência ao carrapato e tolerância ao calor em bovinos. I. Comprimento e espessura do pelame

To be heat adapted and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick resistant are important characteristics for cattle in the Brazilian sustainable livestock, because this ectoparasite causes serious harm to the health of susceptible animals and, in the tropics, not heat adapted cattle have poor performance. Besides, the control of this tick is increasingly difficult due to drug resistance. Relationship between tick infestation and heat tolerance traits, as the hair length and coat thickness, are important because animals with long hair are easily identifiable, helping in the disposal of the least adapted cattle. In order to infer the relationship between tick infestation and fur characteristics, 6 Nellore and 4 Black and White Holstein steers, with about seven months old, underwent an artificial infestation (with 10,000 larvae on the Holstein, and 20,000 larvae on the Nellore) in 16/April/2011. In days 20, 23 and 24 post-infestation, the bigger 10 females ticks found throughout the body were weighed and their egg mass weighed 14 days later. Hair length, HL (collected with pliers specially adapted for this purpose, and measured the 10 longest hair) and the coat thickness, CT (measured with a metal ruler inserted perpendicular to the skin) were evaluated in the middle of the shoulder on 11/April (5 days before artificial tick infestation) and on 12/May (26 days after artificial tick

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Filiform papilla of european and zebu cattles tongue / Papila filiforme da língua de bovinos taurinos e zebuínos

The tongue is the principal tool to animals do self-cleaning, mainly for ruminants. Grooming behavior is responsible for cleaning ectoparasites in cattle, especially ticks. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most harmful, resulting in great damages to the Brazilian livestock. It is well known that Zebu breeds are resistant and European breeds are susceptible to this tick. The importance of self-grooming in reducing the cattle tick infestation is well-known, but not the role of the tongue morfology in the process. The tongue has four types of papillae being the filiform papilla the responsible for the self-cleaning. The aim of this work was to know and to compare the filiform papilla from 8 Nelore (Zebu), and 8 Holstein and 2 Brow-Swiss (European) cattle. A biopsy was taken off from 18 steers tongues (about two-year-olds), through an 8 mm diameter punch, in the central anterior third part, at a distance of 3 cm from the tip. The animals were previously anaesthetized with 2% xylazine hydrochloride, and lidocaine hydrochloride 2.0 g. After the tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg/g. The biopsies were submitted to fixation and dehydration (required for studies in Scanning Electron Microscope) at the NAP/MEPA-ESALQ-USP Laboratory. The papillae measuring were performed with the aid of a measurement tool between

O artigo não possui resumo em português.

Influence of grooming on Rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation and serum cortisol rates / Influência da autolimpeza na infestação pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus e níveis de cortisol sérico

Grooming is an important factor on animal resistance to ticks. Rhipicephalus microplus is the most pathogenic cattle tick in Brazil causing death in susceptible animals. Cortisol is the hormone of stress. The influence of grooming on tick infestation and serum cortisol level was studied in 16 Holstein heifers from fifth to eight-month-old. They were infested with 10,000 larvae in June/20/2011. Half of them used a necklace made of wood strips and had an infestation chamber made by cotton cloth covering about 50 cm diameter of the shaved flank, fixed at the skin in both sides with adhesive to prevent larvae to escape from the infestation chamber and the amount of larvae was divided into the two chambers. Such artifacts had the purpose to avoid grooming. The heifers remained all the tick parasitic life cycle in individual pens inside a closed shed at Instituto de Zootecnia, in Nova Odessa, São Paulo State. Tick females bigger than 4.5 mm were counted in the right side from day 20 to 22 after the artificial infestation. The tick recovery rate was calculated by adding and multiplying by two the number of ticks counted, assuming that 5,000 female larvae had infested the cattle. Immediately before infestation (day 0) and in day2, day8, and day17 after infestation, blood samples were collected using vacuum tubes, in the morning (8:30 10:00 A.M.). Cortisol was measured by immunoassay

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Filiform papilla of holsteins tongue and its relation with the Rhipicephalus microplus tick resistance / Papila filiforme da língua de novilhas holandesas e sua relação com a resistência ao carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus

Several studies describe anatomical, morphological and histological analysis of domestic and wild animals tongue. The tongue is an extendable muscular organ that performs gripping, chewing, and swallowing food actions and executes tasting and mechanical body self-cleaning functions (grooming). The distribution of these tongue characteristics may vary, according to different species, but studies made with different animals classes reveal the filiform papilla acting in mechanical body cleaning function. In order to evaluate these mechanical functions, especially the self-cleaning one, we proposed to investigate filiform papillae length or its base dimensions would be related to the heifers resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Biopsies were performed in eight (8) Holstein heifers tongues, with a 6 mm diameter punch, in the anterior third of tongues, at the distance of 3 cm from its tip. The animals were anesthetized with xylazine hydrochloride 2%, a sedative, analgesic and muscle relaxant and received local anesthetic, hydrochloride 2.0 g lidocaine. After tissue removal, the local lesions received an ointment of triamcinolone acetonide, 1.0 mg g-1. The Holstein heifers were one year and half old and naturally infested with ticks in a paddock situated at Instituto de Zootecnia. We monitored their natural infestation by counting females ticks, greater than 4.5 mm, presents

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.