Fetal sex influence in the productive performance in Holstein cows in Brazil / Influência do sexo do feto no desempenho produtivo de vacas Holandesas no Brasil

In dairy farming, the productive performance of lactating cows is directly related to the efficiency of the production system. In this respect, studies in different areas investigating animal production try to understand the determinant factors of milk production. Many studies have shown a high correlation between milk production of cows and performance of their calves; however, few studies have addressed the influence of calf sex on milk production. With the objective to evaluate the influence of fetal sex on the milk production of Holstein cows, the present study analyzed cumulative milk yield data provided by the Agrindus Farm in Descalvado, São Paulo. A total of 10,780 calvings of 4,807 cows that had calved between April 2001 and October 2013 and their cumulative yields during lactation according to offspring sex were evaluated. The PROC GLM procedure of the SAS software (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) was used for analysis. The contemporary group was defined as year and month of calving, with a minimum of 5 observations per group. In addition to contemporary group, the effects of management group and calving order of the cow were included in the model. Mean cumulative yields were 9,800.79 and 9,802.95 kg for cows that had given birth to males and females, respectively. There was no significant difference (P=0.9519) in cumulative milk yield of cows during the study period as a

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Rumen parameters of sheep fed Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte hay / Parâmetros ruminais de ovinos alimentados com feno de Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte

Studies on animal nutrition have shown factors that affect livestock yield and their interaction with the environment, through assessments on food nutritional values, nutrient metabolism in livestock and biochemical parameters related to nutrition and animal breeding. Inclusion levels of hay Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte in the diet of sheep were studied by measuring the dry matter intake (DMI), production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and rumen pH. Four males Santa Inês sheep with cannulas in the rumen were used in a 4x4 Latin Square design with four periods (21 days each) and four treatments that corresponded to the inclusion levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 100%) of Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte to replace grass hay Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross in the diet. The DMI showed a quadratic effect increased until treatment with 60% of Arachis and reduced in the treatment with 100% of the legume. Significant interaction was observed between treatments and sampling times for NH3-N and acetate, propionate and butyrate concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio. There was no interaction between treatments and sampling time for rumen pH and total VFA concentration. It is observed a rapid increase in ammonia concentration until 2 hours after the feeding, and then a decline is seen. At 8 hours after the feeding, the quadratic effect occurred (P0.05) increasing NH

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of hay elefphantgrass cv. Paraíso / Composição química e digestibilidade in vitro do feno de capim elefante cv. Paraíso

We carried out a study to assess the dry matter related to exposure time for dehydration en shed, crude protein, mineral matter (ash), neutral and acid detergent fiber , hemicellulose and in vitro digestibility of elephantgrass cv Paraiso in three cutting ages. The experiment was installed in an area of 1.0 ha, already deployed with elephant grass Paradise in the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. The treatments were three cut (45, 60 and 75 days of growth). It was evaluated the level of dry matter elephangrass Paraiso, with samples collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24 and 30 hours of drying. Variables hemicellulose and neutral and acid detergent fiber increased with advancing age of the plant. There was a decrease in crude protein content and in vitro digestibility. The ages cutting had no effect on the ash level, dry matter increased with the age cut, showing a greater loss of water in the early hours of exposure for the deydration.

Realizou-se o estudo para avaliar o teor de matéria seca em relação ao tempo de desidratação em galpão, o teor de proteína bruta, de matéria mineral, de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, de hemicelulose e a digestibilidade do capim Pennisetum hybridum cv. Paraíso, em três idades de corte. O experimento foi instalado em área de 1,0 ha1, já implantado com capim elefante Paraíso no Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os tratamentos estudados foram três idades de corte (45, 60 e 75 dias de crescimento). Avaliou-se o teor de matéria seca (MS) do capim elefante Paraíso, com amostras coletadas nos tempos 0, 2, 4, 6, 24 e 30 horas de desidratação em galpão. As variáveis hemicelulose e fibra em detergente neutro e ácido se elevaram com o avanço da idade da planta. Houve decréscimo no teor de proteína bruta e na digestibilidade in vitro. As idades de corte não tiveram efeito sobre o teor de matéria mineral e a matéria seca foi incrementada com as idades de corte, evidenciando uma perda de água maior nas primeiras horas de desidratação.

Nutritional value of peanut hay at different cutting ages / Valor nutritivo do feno de amendoim forrageiro em diferentes idades de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter content in related to the time of dehydration in the shed, the crude protein content, mineral matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid and in vitro digestibility of the legume Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, in three cut. The experiment was installed in an area of 0,5 ha-1, already deployed with Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte at Institute of Animal Science Pastures, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. The experimental design was randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were three cut (30, 60 and 75 days of growth). We evaluated the dry matter content of Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, with samples collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 30 hours of dehydration in the shed. Variables neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased with advancing age of the plant. There was a decrease in crude protein and mineral matter. The age cut-off had no effect on digestibility in vitro. Increases in dry matter content with increasing age of the cuts, and water loss was more speed in the early hours of dehydration. The legume hay presented great nutritional characteristics, with high crude protein and fiber contents appropriate, being an excellent choice of forage for ruminants, even in the most advanced cutting ages.

Realizou-se este trabalho visando à avaliação do teor de matéria seca em relação ao tempo de desidratação em galpão, o teor de proteína bruta, de matéria mineral, de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e a digestibilidade in vitro da leguminosa Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, em três idades de corte. O experimento foi instalado em área de 0,5 ha-1, já implantado com Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte no Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram três idades de corte (30, 60 e 75 dias de crescimento). Avaliou-se o teor de matéria seca do Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, com amostras coletadas nos tempos 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 e 30 horas de desidratação em galpão. As características da forragem avaliadas foram fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido que se elevaram com o avanço da idade da planta. Houve decréscimo nos teores de proteína bruta e de matéria mineral. As idades de corte não tiveram efeito sobre a digestibilidade in vitro. Houve aumento no teor de matéria seca com o avanço na idade dos cortes, sendo que a perda de água ocorreu com maior velocidade nas primeiras horas de desidratação. O feno da leguminosa apresentou ótimas características nutricionais, com elevados teores de proteína bruta e teores de fibra adequados, sendo uma excelente opção de forrageira

Aplicação de reguladores vegetais em uva apirena 'Centennial Seedless'

The objective of present research was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of forchlorfenuron associated, or not, to gibberellic acid on physical and chemical components of the ´Centennial Seedless' grapes. The treatments were gibberellic acid (GA3) (0 and 5mg L-1) associated with forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg L-1). The variables were mass, width and length of bunches, berries and rachis, total soluble solids, pH, acidity and total ratio soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA). The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo, southwest of São Paulo State, and the regulators were applied at 15 days after full bloom by spraying the bunch. The interaction of the estimated dose of 5mg L-1 forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, provided increases on the mass and width of the berries, and the estimated doses of 4 and 6.5mg L-1 of forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, showed the lowest soluble solids and ratio SS/TA, respectively. The treatment with GA3 resulted in gains in the diameter of the pedicels, mass of bunches, berries and rachis, and increasing the length and width of berries.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes do forchlorfenuron associado ou não ao ácido giberélico sobre componentes físico-químicos da uva 'Centennial Seedless' para consumo in natura. Os tratamentos testados foram ácido giberélico (AG3) (0 e 5mg L-1) associado ao forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10mg L-1). As variáveis analisadas foram a massa, o comprimento e a largura dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, o teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT). O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo localizado no município de São Miguel Arcanjo, no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo os reguladores vegetais aplicados aos 15 dias após o pleno florescimento, mediante pulverização direcionada ao cacho. A interação entre a dose estimada de 5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron associada ao AG3 proporcionou os maiores ganhos na massa e na largura das bagas, e as doses estimadas de 4 e 6,5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron, associadas ao AG3, proporcionaram os menores teores de sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT, respectivamente. O tratamento com o uso de AG3 resultou em ganhos no diâmetro dos pedicelos e na massa dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, além de incrementar o comprimento e a largura das bagas.

Aplicação de reguladores vegetais em uva apirena 'Centennial Seedless'

The objective of present research was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of forchlorfenuron associated, or not, to gibberellic acid on physical and chemical components of the ´Centennial Seedless' grapes. The treatments were gibberellic acid (GA3) (0 and 5mg L-1) associated with forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg L-1). The variables were mass, width and length of bunches, berries and rachis, total soluble solids, pH, acidity and total ratio soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA). The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo, southwest of São Paulo State, and the regulators were applied at 15 days after full bloom by spraying the bunch. The interaction of the estimated dose of 5mg L-1 forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, provided increases on the mass and width of the berries, and the estimated doses of 4 and 6.5mg L-1 of forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, showed the lowest soluble solids and ratio SS/TA, respectively. The treatment with GA3 resulted in gains in the diameter of the pedicels, mass of bunches, berries and rachis, and increasing the length and width of berries.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes do forchlorfenuron associado ou não ao ácido giberélico sobre componentes físico-químicos da uva 'Centennial Seedless' para consumo in natura. Os tratamentos testados foram ácido giberélico (AG3) (0 e 5mg L-1) associado ao forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10mg L-1). As variáveis analisadas foram a massa, o comprimento e a largura dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, o teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT). O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo localizado no município de São Miguel Arcanjo, no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo os reguladores vegetais aplicados aos 15 dias após o pleno florescimento, mediante pulverização direcionada ao cacho. A interação entre a dose estimada de 5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron associada ao AG3 proporcionou os maiores ganhos na massa e na largura das bagas, e as doses estimadas de 4 e 6,5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron, associadas ao AG3, proporcionaram os menores teores de sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT, respectivamente. O tratamento com o uso de AG3 resultou em ganhos no diâmetro dos pedicelos e na massa dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, além de incrementar o comprimento e a largura das bagas.

Aplicação de reguladores vegetais em uva apirena 'Centennial Seedless'

The objective of present research was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of forchlorfenuron associated, or not, to gibberellic acid on physical and chemical components of the ´Centennial Seedless' grapes. The treatments were gibberellic acid (GA3) (0 and 5mg L-1) associated with forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg L-1). The variables were mass, width and length of bunches, berries and rachis, total soluble solids, pH, acidity and total ratio soluble solids/titratable acidity (SS/TA). The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located in the municipality of São Miguel Arcanjo, southwest of São Paulo State, and the regulators were applied at 15 days after full bloom by spraying the bunch. The interaction of the estimated dose of 5mg L-1 forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, provided increases on the mass and width of the berries, and the estimated doses of 4 and 6.5mg L-1 of forchlorfenuron associated with GA3, showed the lowest soluble solids and ratio SS/TA, respectively. The treatment with GA3 resulted in gains in the diameter of the pedicels, mass of bunches, berries and rachis, and increasing the length and width of berries.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes do forchlorfenuron associado ou não ao ácido giberélico sobre componentes físico-químicos da uva 'Centennial Seedless' para consumo in natura. Os tratamentos testados foram ácido giberélico (AG3) (0 e 5mg L-1) associado ao forchlorfenuron (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10mg L-1). As variáveis analisadas foram a massa, o comprimento e a largura dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, o teor de sólidos solúveis, o pH, a acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável (SS/AT). O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo localizado no município de São Miguel Arcanjo, no sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, sendo os reguladores vegetais aplicados aos 15 dias após o pleno florescimento, mediante pulverização direcionada ao cacho. A interação entre a dose estimada de 5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron associada ao AG3 proporcionou os maiores ganhos na massa e na largura das bagas, e as doses estimadas de 4 e 6,5mg L-1 de forchlorfenuron, associadas ao AG3, proporcionaram os menores teores de sólidos solúveis e a relação SS/AT, respectivamente. O tratamento com o uso de AG3 resultou em ganhos no diâmetro dos pedicelos e na massa dos cachos, das bagas e dos engaços, além de incrementar o comprimento e a largura das bagas.

Nutritional value of peanut hay at different cutting ages / Valor nutritivo do feno de amendoim forrageiro em diferentes idades de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter content in related to the time of dehydration in the shed, the crude protein content, mineral matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid and in vitro digestibility of the legume Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, in three cut. The experiment was installed in an area of 0,5 ha-1, already deployed with Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte at Institute of Animal Science Pastures, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. The experimental design was randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were three cut (30, 60 and 75 days of growth). We evaluated the dry matter content of Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, with samples collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 30 hours of dehydration in the shed. Variables neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased with advancing age of the plant. There was a decrease in crude protein and mineral matter. The age cut-off had no effect on digestibility in vitro. Increases in dry matter content with increasing age of the cuts, and water loss was more speed in the early hours of dehydration. The legume hay presented great nutritional characteristics, with high crude protein and fiber contents appropriate, being an excellent choice of forage for ruminants, even in the most advanced cutting ages.

Realizou-se este trabalho visando à avaliação do teor de matéria seca em relação ao tempo de desidratação em galpão, o teor de proteína bruta, de matéria mineral, de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido e a digestibilidade in vitro da leguminosa Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, em três idades de corte. O experimento foi instalado em área de 0,5 ha-1, já implantado com Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte no Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram três idades de corte (30, 60 e 75 dias de crescimento). Avaliou-se o teor de matéria seca do Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte, com amostras coletadas nos tempos 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 e 30 horas de desidratação em galpão. As características da forragem avaliadas foram fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido que se elevaram com o avanço da idade da planta. Houve decréscimo nos teores de proteína bruta e de matéria mineral. As idades de corte não tiveram efeito sobre a digestibilidade in vitro. Houve aumento no teor de matéria seca com o avanço na idade dos cortes, sendo que a perda de água ocorreu com maior velocidade nas primeiras horas de desidratação. O feno da leguminosa apresentou ótimas características nutricionais, com elevados teores de proteína bruta e teores de fibra adequados, sendo uma excelente opção de forrageira

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of hay elefphantgrass cv. Paraíso / Composição química e digestibilidade in vitro do feno de capim elefante cv. Paraíso

We carried out a study to assess the dry matter related to exposure time for dehydration en shed, crude protein, mineral matter (ash), neutral and acid detergent fiber , hemicellulose and in vitro digestibility of elephantgrass cv Paraiso in three cutting ages. The experiment was installed in an area of 1.0 ha, already deployed with elephant grass Paradise in the Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications. The treatments were three cut (45, 60 and 75 days of growth). It was evaluated the level of dry matter elephangrass Paraiso, with samples collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24 and 30 hours of drying. Variables hemicellulose and neutral and acid detergent fiber increased with advancing age of the plant. There was a decrease in crude protein content and in vitro digestibility. The ages cutting had no effect on the ash level, dry matter increased with the age cut, showing a greater loss of water in the early hours of exposure for the deydration.

Realizou-se o estudo para avaliar o teor de matéria seca em relação ao tempo de desidratação em galpão, o teor de proteína bruta, de matéria mineral, de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, de hemicelulose e a digestibilidade do capim Pennisetum hybridum cv. Paraíso, em três idades de corte. O experimento foi instalado em área de 1,0 ha1, já implantado com capim elefante Paraíso no Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Os tratamentos estudados foram três idades de corte (45, 60 e 75 dias de crescimento). Avaliou-se o teor de matéria seca (MS) do capim elefante Paraíso, com amostras coletadas nos tempos 0, 2, 4, 6, 24 e 30 horas de desidratação em galpão. As variáveis hemicelulose e fibra em detergente neutro e ácido se elevaram com o avanço da idade da planta. Houve decréscimo no teor de proteína bruta e na digestibilidade in vitro. As idades de corte não tiveram efeito sobre o teor de matéria mineral e a matéria seca foi incrementada com as idades de corte, evidenciando uma perda de água maior nas primeiras horas de desidratação.

Rumen parameters of sheep fed Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte hay / Parâmetros ruminais de ovinos alimentados com feno de Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte

Studies on animal nutrition have shown factors that affect livestock yield and their interaction with the environment, through assessments on food nutritional values, nutrient metabolism in livestock and biochemical parameters related to nutrition and animal breeding. Inclusion levels of hay Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte in the diet of sheep were studied by measuring the dry matter intake (DMI), production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and rumen pH. Four males Santa Inês sheep with cannulas in the rumen were used in a 4x4 Latin Square design with four periods (21 days each) and four treatments that corresponded to the inclusion levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 100%) of Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte to replace grass hay Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross in the diet. The DMI showed a quadratic effect increased until treatment with 60% of Arachis and reduced in the treatment with 100% of the legume. Significant interaction was observed between treatments and sampling times for NH3-N and acetate, propionate and butyrate concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio. There was no interaction between treatments and sampling time for rumen pH and total VFA concentration. It is observed a rapid increase in ammonia concentration until 2 hours after the feeding, and then a decline is seen. At 8 hours after the feeding, the quadratic effect occurred (P0.05) increasing NH

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Fetal sex influence in the productive performance in Holstein cows in Brazil / Influência do sexo do feto no desempenho produtivo de vacas Holandesas no Brasil

In dairy farming, the productive performance of lactating cows is directly related to the efficiency of the production system. In this respect, studies in different areas investigating animal production try to understand the determinant factors of milk production. Many studies have shown a high correlation between milk production of cows and performance of their calves; however, few studies have addressed the influence of calf sex on milk production. With the objective to evaluate the influence of fetal sex on the milk production of Holstein cows, the present study analyzed cumulative milk yield data provided by the Agrindus Farm in Descalvado, São Paulo. A total of 10,780 calvings of 4,807 cows that had calved between April 2001 and October 2013 and their cumulative yields during lactation according to offspring sex were evaluated. The PROC GLM procedure of the SAS software (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC) was used for analysis. The contemporary group was defined as year and month of calving, with a minimum of 5 observations per group. In addition to contemporary group, the effects of management group and calving order of the cow were included in the model. Mean cumulative yields were 9,800.79 and 9,802.95 kg for cows that had given birth to males and females, respectively. There was no significant difference (P=0.9519) in cumulative milk yield of cows during the study period as a

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.