Effects of supplementation with combination of polyunsaturated oils in diet of horses in maintenance and during marcha training / Efeito da suplementação com combinação de óleos poliinsaturados na dieta de cavalos em manutenção e durante treino de marcha

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.

Effects of supplementation with combination of polyunsaturated oils in diet of horses in maintenance and during marcha training / Efeito da suplementação com combinação de óleos poliinsaturados na dieta de cavalos em manutenção e durante treino de marcha

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.(AU)

Glutamine and glutamate supplementation increases the levels of these amino acids in the milk of pasture-fed mares

Background: L-Glutamine (Gln), the most abundant free alpha amino acid in the body, plays a major role in the transport of nitrogen and carbon between tissues, and is an important source of respiratory energy for intestinal and immune system cells. Mares lose lean body mass during lactation, when plasma and milk Gln levels change significantly. However, supplementation with Gln combined with other amino acids may not alter equine plasma Gln levels. The work reported here was designed to test the hypothesis that supplementation with a mixture of glutamine and glutamate (AminoGut) alters blood and milk free glutamine and glutamate levels in pasture-fed lactating mares.Materials, Methods & Results: This study involved 31 multiparous Quarter Horse mares, which were divided into three groups immediately postpartum, as follows: G-CON (n = 19); G-50 g supplemented with 50 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6); and G-100 g, supplemented with 100 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6). Blood and milk samples were collected on the day of parturition prior to supplementation, and monthly until weaning. The milk samples were used to analyze the Gln, Glu composition and levels, while the blood samples were used for further analysis of blood biomarkers. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and by Tukey’s test and the P value was set at 5%. The G-CON group showed a significant reduction of 11-35% in the mean blood glutamine levels from the first month postpartum and throughout lactation. In contrast, blood glutamine levels in groups G-50 g and G-100 g did not change significantly from parturition through 5 months of lactation. The supplemented groups showed no significant differences in blood variables such as protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and minerals.[...]

Glutamine and glutamate supplementation increases the levels of these amino acids in the milk of pasture-fed mares

Background: L-Glutamine (Gln), the most abundant free alpha amino acid in the body, plays a major role in the transport of nitrogen and carbon between tissues, and is an important source of respiratory energy for intestinal and immune system cells. Mares lose lean body mass during lactation, when plasma and milk Gln levels change significantly. However, supplementation with Gln combined with other amino acids may not alter equine plasma Gln levels. The work reported here was designed to test the hypothesis that supplementation with a mixture of glutamine and glutamate (AminoGut) alters blood and milk free glutamine and glutamate levels in pasture-fed lactating mares.Materials, Methods & Results: This study involved 31 multiparous Quarter Horse mares, which were divided into three groups immediately postpartum, as follows: G-CON (n = 19); G-50 g supplemented with 50 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6); and G-100 g, supplemented with 100 g of Gln + Glu plus 200 g of concentrate (n = 6). Blood and milk samples were collected on the day of parturition prior to supplementation, and monthly until weaning. The milk samples were used to analyze the Gln, Glu composition and levels, while the blood samples were used for further analysis of blood biomarkers. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and by Tukeys test and the P value was set at 5%. The G-CON group showed a significant reduction of 11-35% in the mean blood glutamine levels from the first month postpartum and throughout lactation. In contrast, blood glutamine levels in groups G-50 g and G-100 g did not change significantly from parturition through 5 months of lactation. The supplemented groups showed no significant differences in blood variables such as protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and minerals.[...](AU)

Characterization of the development of foals in natural mating and embryo transfer

Background: Several reproductive biotechnologies are used in horses and embryo transfer (ET) is one of the most frequent in countries like Brazil and the USA. It has been shown that animals originated by new reproductive technology can have compromised growth in extreme conditions, however there are still only a few researches on the influence of embryo transfer over lactating foals under different raising methods. Due to the lack of studies on ET products development and the need to understand the process and its relate with lactating foals growth, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the embryo transfer and natural mate over the newborn foals. Materials, Methods & Results: From a group of 20 mares, 20 Quarter Horse lactating foals were used (10 natural matting + 10 embryo transfer). The mares werent given any concentrate feed during whole gestation and lactation. Foals were kept with the mare, however was used creep feeding to give commercial feed ad libitum. The foals biometric evaluation were made at the day of birth (day 0) and at 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day (weaning) for the following parameters: body mass (BM), height at the withers (H), heart girth (HG), cannon bone girth (CBG) and fat mass percentage (FMP). The fat thickness percentage at rump it was determined by ultrasound device. All statistics were considered significant when a [...](AU)

Characterization of the development of foals in natural mating and embryo transfer

Background: Several reproductive biotechnologies are used in horses and embryo transfer (ET) is one of the most frequent in countries like Brazil and the USA. It has been shown that animals originated by new reproductive technology can have compromised growth in extreme conditions, however there are still only a few researches on the influence of embryo transfer over lactating foals under different raising methods. Due to the lack of studies on ET products development and the need to understand the process and its relate with lactating foals growth, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the embryo transfer and natural mate over the newborn foals. Materials, Methods & Results: From a group of 20 mares, 20 Quarter Horse lactating foals were used (10 natural matting + 10 embryo transfer). The mares werent given any concentrate feed during whole gestation and lactation. Foals were kept with the mare, however was used creep feeding to give commercial feed ad libitum. The foals biometric evaluation were made at the day of birth (day 0) and at 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 150th day (weaning) for the following parameters: body mass (BM), height at the withers (H), heart girth (HG), cannon bone girth (CBG) and fat mass percentage (FMP). The fat thickness percentage at rump it was determined by ultrasound device. All statistics were considered significant when a [...]

Biomarcadores sanguíneos de caprinos Saanen com diferentes faixas etárias / Blood biomarkers of saanen goats with different ages

Objetivou-se estabelecer o perfil aminoacídico, bioquímico e hematológico de caprinos sadios da raça Saanen de diferentes faixas etárias criados em regime intensivo no Nordeste do Brasil. A partir de amostras de sangue de cada animal foi realizada a análise de aminoácidos, perfil hematológico e bioquímico. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA e ao Teste de Tukey (P 0,05). A concentração de glutamato [GLU] e a de glutamina e glutamato [GLN+GLU] apresentaram variações (P 0,05) enquanto que a [GLN] não variou (P>0,05). A [GLU] e de [GLN+GLU] foram 91% e 43% superiores nos animais do grupo cria quando comparados com os demais. Ocorreram também valores significativos nas concentrações de proteínas plasmáticas totais [PPT], ureia [URE], creatinina [CREAT], ácido úrico [AcU], alanina aminotransferase [ALT],  creatina quinase [CK], glicose [GLIC], triglicérides [TRIG] e colesterol total [COLES-T] (P 0,05), diferentemente das albumina [ALB] e aspartato aminotransferase [AST]. Nos índices hematológicos houve diferenças para volume corpuscular médio (VCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), coeficiente de variação de amplitude de distribuição dos eritrócitos (RDW-CV) (P 0,05), mas não ocorreram variações significativas de resultados nas células brancas do sangue [CGB], hemácias [HEM], hemoglobina [Hb] e na percentagem do hematócrito (P>0,05). Destaca-se que este conhecimento possibilite melhor entendimento dos processos metabólicos nos animais hígidos e enfermos,levando em consideração as condições alimentar e do manejo da região. Contribuindo assim para aumentar a produtividade dorebanho na região tropical dada a grande importância da caprinocultura no Nordeste do Brasil.(AU)

The aim of this study was to establish biochemical, hematological and amino acid profiles from healthy Saanen goats, fromdifferent ages bred on intensive system, in Northeastern Brazil. It was used blood Samples to analyse these parameters. Data wassubmitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (P<0.05). The glutamate [GLU] and glutamine plus glutamate [GLN+GLU] showed differences(P<0.05), while [GLN] didnt (P>0.05). The [GLU] and [GLN+GLU] was 91% and 43% higher on post-weaning group. Also it wasseen significance on total protein plasmatic [TPP], urea [URE], creatinine [CREAT], uric acid [UAC], alanine aminotransferase[ALT], creatine kinase [CK], glucose [GLU], total triglyceride [TG] and total cholesterol [CHOL]. Unlike albumin [ALB] and aspartateaminotransferase [AST]. Haematological indices were no differences of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscularhemoglobin concentration (MCHC), coefficient of variation of amplitude red cell distribution (RDW-CV) (P <0.05), but no significantchanges in results in white blood cell [WBC], [HEM] red blood cells, hemoglobin [Hb] and the percentage of hematocrit (P>0.05). Metabolic processes on healthy and sick animals, should be better understood by this study, considering nutritional andenvironmental condition in this region. This contribution may increase herd productivity in this region by the great importance ofgoat breeding in northeastern Brazil.(AU)

Relato de caso: uso da Oxitetraciclina no tratamento de potro com contratura congênita dos tendões flexores

A contratura congênita dos tendões flexores superficiais quando não tratada rapidamente é responsável pela perda da capacidade atlética nos potros, inclusive podendo resultar na perda precoce do animal, e na na literatura há descrição do uso de tetracilina e oxitetracilcina para o tratamento da enfermidade. Esse trabalho objetivou relatar o uso da oxitetraciclina intravenosa no tratamento do emboletamento em potros recém-nascidos. Um potro recem-nascido foi diagnosticado com emboletamento e tratado com duas doses de oxitetraciclina (2,0g de oxitetracilina intravenosa). Ele recuperou-se rapidamente e não apresentou efeitos crônico do medicamento. Conclui-se que a oxitetracilina pode ser utilizada no tratamento do emboletamento nos casos de diagnóstico precoce.

Congenital contracture of the superficial flexor tendons, when left untreated, is responsible for the loss of athletic ability in foals, and even result in early loss of the animal and in the literature, there is a description for using tetracycline and oxytetracycline for the disease’s treatment. This study aimed to report the use of intravenous oxytetracycline in the treatment of congenital flexural contracture in newborn foals A newborn foal was diagnosed with congenital flexural contracture and treated with two doses of oxytetracycline (2.0 g of intravenous oxytetracycline). The recovery was quick and presented no chronic effects of the drug. It is concluded that oxytetracycline can be used in the treatment of congenital flexural contractures in cases of early diagnosis.

Relato de caso: uso da Oxitetraciclina no tratamento de potro com contratura congênita dos tendões flexores

A contratura congênita dos tendões flexores superficiais quando não tratada rapidamente é responsável pela perda da capacidade atlética nos potros, inclusive podendo resultar na perda precoce do animal, e na na literatura há descrição do uso de tetracilina e oxitetracilcina para o tratamento da enfermidade. Esse trabalho objetivou relatar o uso da oxitetraciclina intravenosa no tratamento do emboletamento em potros recém-nascidos. Um potro recem-nascido foi diagnosticado com emboletamento e tratado com duas doses de oxitetraciclina (2,0g de oxitetracilina intravenosa). Ele recuperou-se rapidamente e não apresentou efeitos crônico do medicamento. Conclui-se que a oxitetracilina pode ser utilizada no tratamento do emboletamento nos casos de diagnóstico precoce.(AU)

Congenital contracture of the superficial flexor tendons, when left untreated, is responsible for the loss of athletic ability in foals, and even result in early loss of the animal and in the literature, there is a description for using tetracycline and oxytetracycline for the diseases treatment. This study aimed to report the use of intravenous oxytetracycline in the treatment of congenital flexural contracture in newborn foals A newborn foal was diagnosed with congenital flexural contracture and treated with two doses of oxytetracycline (2.0 g of intravenous oxytetracycline). The recovery was quick and presented no chronic effects of the drug. It is concluded that oxytetracycline can be used in the treatment of congenital flexural contractures in cases of early diagnosis.(AU)

Effects of l-Arginine supplementation on lactating mares and the development of foals

Background: Most animal species are able to produce Arginine (Arg) under normal conditions. However, in some situations, its degradation can be higher than its production. For example, during a period of lactation or disease, there is an increase in the consumption of Arg. In this case, endogenous production is not enough for the animals demands. Indeed, Arg supplementation in animals has several benefits for the animals body, such as the increase of angiogenesis, improvements in immunity and the reproductive system, as well as the stimulation of lactogenesis. During the early phase of growth, a deficiency of Arg could cause a reduction in the growth rate and metabolic activity of animals. Therefore, this amino acid is considered essential in some phases of the life of animals. However, very few studies of the supplementation of this amino acid in horses have been carried out. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of supplementing lactating mares and their foals with Arg. Materials, Methods & Results: Lactating mares (n = 10) were divided into two groups (control group: n = 3 / supplemented group: n = 7) and maintained exclusively under grazing. The supplemented group received 50 g of Arg during the lactation period. Samples of milk and blood from mares and blood from foals were collected at different phases of the lactation period. The following [...](AU)

Effects of l-Arginine supplementation on lactating mares and the development of foals

Background: Most animal species are able to produce Arginine (Arg) under normal conditions. However, in some situations, its degradation can be higher than its production. For example, during a period of lactation or disease, there is an increase in the consumption of Arg. In this case, endogenous production is not enough for the animals demands. Indeed, Arg supplementation in animals has several benefits for the animals body, such as the increase of angiogenesis, improvements in immunity and the reproductive system, as well as the stimulation of lactogenesis. During the early phase of growth, a deficiency of Arg could cause a reduction in the growth rate and metabolic activity of animals. Therefore, this amino acid is considered essential in some phases of the life of animals. However, very few studies of the supplementation of this amino acid in horses have been carried out. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of supplementing lactating mares and their foals with Arg. Materials, Methods & Results: Lactating mares (n = 10) were divided into two groups (control group: n = 3 / supplemented group: n = 7) and maintained exclusively under grazing. The supplemented group received 50 g of Arg during the lactation period. Samples of milk and blood from mares and blood from foals were collected at different phases of the lactation period. The following [...]

Effects of supplementation with Glutamine and Glutamate on the blood hematimetric indices and biomarkers of equines / Efeitos da suplementação com Glutamina e Glutamato sobre os índices hematimétricos e biomarcadores sanguíneos de equinos

Background: Glutamine (Gln) is an essential amino acid that acts as a “primitive hormone” for enterocytes. It is knownthat is an important source of carbon and nitrogen for various molecules in different metabolic processes. However, dueto the characteristics of its metabolism, which is widely consumed by intestinal cells and cells of the immune system,very few studies of the supplementation of horses with Gln are available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was todetermine the effects of supplementation with a mixture of Gln and Glutamate (Glu) on blood indices and biomarkers ofthe metabolism of proteins and fats in gaited athlete horses.Materials, Methods & Results: Male and female adult Mangalarga Marchador horses (n = 11) with an average bodymass of 390 kg were used in the present study. All of the animals were from a training center, where they were trainedand mounted three times per week. The physical activity lasted 50 min, of which 10 min involved walking (warm-up),followed by 30 min of “marcha” gait (velocity: ~ 3.4 m/s) and another 10 min of walking (recovery). The animals weremounted on a plane grass track. These horses received a daily dose of 50 g of the Gln+Glu mixture with pelleted concentrate diet (6.0 kg/day/animal; 14.0% BP, 2.0% EE, EB 2.2 Mcal divided in two meals of 3.0 kg each) for a period of28 days. In addition, elephant grass (15.0 kg/day/animal, divided into three meals during the day), water and mineralizedsalt were provided. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture using vacuum tubes containing heparin at twodifferent time-points: the first sampling was conducted during the pre-test and the second took place on the 28th day ofsupplementation (post-test). The blood samples were divided into two aliquots for the complete blood count and for thedetermination of biomarkers associated with the metabolism of proteins and fats...(AU)

Effects of supplementation with Glutamine and Glutamate on the blood hematimetric indices and biomarkers of equines / Efeitos da suplementação com Glutamina e Glutamato sobre os índices hematimétricos e biomarcadores sanguíneos de equinos

Background: Glutamine (Gln) is an essential amino acid that acts as a “primitive hormone” for enterocytes. It is knownthat is an important source of carbon and nitrogen for various molecules in different metabolic processes. However, dueto the characteristics of its metabolism, which is widely consumed by intestinal cells and cells of the immune system,very few studies of the supplementation of horses with Gln are available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was todetermine the effects of supplementation with a mixture of Gln and Glutamate (Glu) on blood indices and biomarkers ofthe metabolism of proteins and fats in gaited athlete horses.Materials, Methods & Results: Male and female adult Mangalarga Marchador horses (n = 11) with an average bodymass of 390 kg were used in the present study. All of the animals were from a training center, where they were trainedand mounted three times per week. The physical activity lasted 50 min, of which 10 min involved walking (warm-up),followed by 30 min of “marcha” gait (velocity: ~ 3.4 m/s) and another 10 min of walking (recovery). The animals weremounted on a plane grass track. These horses received a daily dose of 50 g of the Gln+Glu mixture with pelleted concentrate diet (6.0 kg/day/animal; 14.0% BP, 2.0% EE, EB 2.2 Mcal divided in two meals of 3.0 kg each) for a period of28 days. In addition, elephant grass (15.0 kg/day/animal, divided into three meals during the day), water and mineralizedsalt were provided. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture using vacuum tubes containing heparin at twodifferent time-points: the first sampling was conducted during the pre-test and the second took place on the 28th day ofsupplementation (post-test). The blood samples were divided into two aliquots for the complete blood count and for thedetermination of biomarkers associated with the metabolism of proteins and fats...

DMRT3 mutant allele in batida and picada gaited horses from Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador breeds / Alelo DMRT3 mutante em equinos de marcha batida e picada das raças Campolina e Mangalarga Marchador

Recently, few papers had shown that DMRT3 allele has association with different aspects of the locomotion in horses and other animals, principally ones that have relationships with animal legs associations and now is denominated the Gait Keeper. This allele, when mutant, produce dissociated gaits, with ou without flying phase. However, there is no information about the DMRT3 mutant allele presence when it is compared different types of marcha, batida and picada, and different gaited horses breeds, Campolina (CAMP) and Mangalarga Marchador (MM). The aims of this paper were the evaluation of the DMRT3 wild type and mutant alleles in gaited horses with batida and picada gait from CAMP and MM breeds. It was used DNA samples from 105 adult horses (50 CAMP (batida n=27; picada n=25); 53 MM (batida n=27; picada n=26). All genetic samples was sequenced using the Borlaug Center protocol by Illumina Hi-Seq 100-PE and the results were analyzed by frequency distribution of this allele between breeds and gaits. Results showed that CAMP and MM have the DMRT3 mutant allele. In CAMP breed it was not observed DMRT3 wild type allele in homozygous, in batida and picada horses. In addition, the DMRT3 mutant homozygous in CAMP breed occurred in picada (~44%) and batida (~26%) gaits animals in large frequencies. The MM breed did not have DMRT3 mutant homozygous in batida horses. The largest frequency in batida horses in MM breed was obtained in DMRT3 wild type homozygous (~43%) and in picada horses was in DMRT3 mutant homozygous (~32%). This research showed that DMRT3 mutant allele is present in CAMP and MM breeds and its frequency has relationships not only with horses breed but also with type of the horses gait. Finally, to understand the importance for gaited horses of the DMRT3 allele, mutant or wild type, it is necessary more studies because this knowledge has important implication for development new genetic selection methods and training programs to these breeds.(AU)

Recentemente, diferentes publicações demonstraram que o alelo DMRT3 esta associado aos importantes aspectos da locomoção relacionados com a associações entre bípedes e por isso é denominado the Gait Keeper. Ele, quando mutante, promove os andamentos dissociados, sejam eles marchados ou saltados. Todavia, as comparações entre os tipos de marcha e as raças Campolina (CAMP) e Mangalarga Marchador (MM) no que se refere à presença desse alelo mutante não foram estudadas. Esse trabalho objetivou o estudo da presença do alelo DMRT3 mutante em equinos de marcha batida e picada das raças Campolina e Mangalarga Marchador. Foram utilizadas amostras de DNA de 105 equinos adultos (50 CAMP (batida n=27; picada n=25); 53 MM (batida n=27; picada n=26). O material genético o foi sequenciado utilizando-se protocolos do Borlaug Center através Illumina Hi-Seq 100-PE e os resultados foram analisados através da distribuição da frequência desse gene entre as raças e entre os andamentos. As raças Campolina (CAMP) e Mangalarga Marchador (MM) possuem o DMRT3 mutante. Na CAMP não encontrou-se o alelo DMRT3 normal homozigoto, tanto na picada como na batida. Ainda na CAMP, a maior frequência no DMRT3 mutante homozigoto ocorreu tanto na picada (~44%) como na batida (~26%). Na raça MM não encontrou-se o alelo mutante em homozigose nos animais de marcha batida. As maiores frequências na MM de batida foi no alelo DMRT3 normal homozigoto (~43%) e na picada no alelo mutante em homozigose (~32%). Esse estudo indica que o alelo DMRT3 mutante encontra-se nas raças CAMP e MM e que a frequência dele tem relação não só com a raça, mas também com o tipo do andamento. Por isso, surge a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados para se determinar o possível uso da análise do alelo DMRT3,normal e mutante, como ferramenta dentro dos programas de melhoramento genético e de treinamento para que possam ser utilizados nos equinos marchadores.(AU)

DMRT3 mutant allele in batida and picada gaited horses from Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador breeds / Alelo DMRT3 mutante em equinos de marcha batida e picada das raças Campolina e Mangalarga Marchador

Recently, few papers had shown that DMRT3 allele has association with different aspects of the locomotion in horses and other animals, principally ones that have relationships with animal legs associations and now is denominated the Gait Keeper. This allele, when mutant, produce dissociated gaits, with ou without flying phase. However, there is no information about the DMRT3 mutant allele presence when it is compared different types of marcha, batida and picada, and different gaited horses breeds, Campolina (CAMP) and Mangalarga Marchador (MM). The aims of this paper were the evaluation of the DMRT3 wild type and mutant alleles in gaited horses with batida and picada gait from CAMP and MM breeds. It was used DNA samples from 105 adult horses (50 CAMP (batida n=27; picada n=25); 53 MM (batida n=27; picada n=26). All genetic samples was sequenced using the Borlaug Center protocol by Illumina Hi-Seq 100-PE and the results were analyzed by frequency distribution of this allele between breeds and gaits. Results showed that CAMP and MM have the DMRT3 mutant allele. In CAMP breed it was not observed DMRT3 wild type allele in homozygous, in batida and picada horses. In addition, the DMRT3 mutant homozygous in CAMP breed occurred in picada (~44%) and batida (~26%) gaits animals in large frequencies. The MM breed did not have DMRT3 mutant homozygous in batida horses. The largest frequency in batida horses in MM breed was obtained in DMRT3 wild type homozygous (~43%) and in picada horses was in DMRT3 mutant homozygous (~32%). This research showed that DMRT3 mutant allele is present in CAMP and MM breeds and its frequency has relationships not only with horse’s breed but also with type of the horse’s gait. Finally, to understand the importance for gaited horses of the DMRT3 allele, mutant or wild type, it is necessary more studies because this knowledge has important implication for development new genetic selection methods and training programs to these breeds.

Recentemente, diferentes publicações demonstraram que o alelo DMRT3 esta associado aos importantes aspectos da locomoção relacionados com a associações entre bípedes e por isso é denominado the Gait Keeper. Ele, quando mutante, promove os andamentos dissociados, sejam eles marchados ou saltados. Todavia, as comparações entre os tipos de marcha e as raças Campolina (CAMP) e Mangalarga Marchador (MM) no que se refere à presença desse alelo mutante não foram estudadas. Esse trabalho objetivou o estudo da presença do alelo DMRT3 mutante em equinos de marcha batida e picada das raças Campolina e Mangalarga Marchador. Foram utilizadas amostras de DNA de 105 equinos adultos (50 CAMP (batida n=27; picada n=25); 53 MM (batida n=27; picada n=26). O material genético o foi sequenciado utilizando-se protocolos do Borlaug Center através Illumina Hi-Seq 100-PE e os resultados foram analisados através da distribuição da frequência desse gene entre as raças e entre os andamentos. As raças Campolina (CAMP) e Mangalarga Marchador (MM) possuem o DMRT3 mutante. Na CAMP não encontrou-se o alelo DMRT3 normal homozigoto, tanto na picada como na batida. Ainda na CAMP, a maior frequência no DMRT3 mutante homozigoto ocorreu tanto na picada (~44%) como na batida (~26%). Na raça MM não encontrou-se o alelo mutante em homozigose nos animais de marcha batida. As maiores frequências na MM de batida foi no alelo DMRT3 normal homozigoto (~43%) e na picada no alelo mutante em homozigose (~32%). Esse estudo indica que o alelo DMRT3 mutante encontra-se nas raças CAMP e MM e que a frequência dele tem relação não só com a raça, mas também com o tipo do andamento. Por isso, surge a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados para se determinar o possível uso da análise do alelo DMRT3,normal e mutante, como ferramenta dentro dos programas de melhoramento genético e de treinamento para que possam ser utilizados nos equinos marchadores.

Changes in mineral biomarkers after blood donation in Greyhound breed dogs / Alterações nos biomarcadores minerais após doação sanguínea em cães da Raça Greyhound

The present objective was to evaluate the effects of blood donation on mineral biomarkers in the blood of donor Greyhounds.Blood samples were collected from 12 dogs, regularly used for blood donation, on the following occasions: before blood donation and +24 hours, +7 days, +15 days and +30 days after donation. The samples were then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Results were analyzed by ANOVA, with P set at 5%. Differences between means were identified using Tukeys test at 5 %. The concentration of P and Cl decreased significantly after blood donation (P < 0.05), while there was no change in [Ca] and [Mg]. It is concluded that donating blood leads to changes in mineral biomarkers, but these changes are not capable of causing harm to the animals health.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da doação sanguínea nos biomarcadores minerais em cães doadores de sangue da Raça Greyhound. Foram avaliados 12 cães da raça Greyhound, sadios, sem distinção de sexo, com idade variando entre dois e oito anos, doadores regulares de sangue. Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas por meio de venopunção da cefálica esquerda nas seguintes ocasiões: pré-doação, +24 horas, + 7 dias, + 15 dias e + 30 dias pós-doação de sangue. Em seguida, as amostras foram enviadas ao laboratório para as análises. Os resultados foram analisados pelo ANOVA, com o P estabelecido em 5%. As diferenças entre as médias foram identificadas através do teste de Tukey, em nível de 5%. Os níveis de P e Cl reduziram significativamente após doação de sangue (P < 0,05), emquanto Ca e Mg não sofreram vaiação. Conclui-se que com a doação de sangue ocorrem alterações nos biomarcadores minerais, porém essas alterações não são capazes de acarretar prejuízos à saúde dos animais.(AU)

Changes in mineral biomarkers after blood donation in Greyhound breed dogs / Alterações nos biomarcadores minerais após doação sanguínea em cães da Raça Greyhound

The present objective was to evaluate the effects of blood donation on mineral biomarkers in the blood of donor Greyhounds.Blood samples were collected from 12 dogs, regularly used for blood donation, on the following occasions: before blood donation and +24 hours, +7 days, +15 days and +30 days after donation. The samples were then sent to a laboratory for analysis. Results were analyzed by ANOVA, with P set at 5%. Differences between means were identified using Tukeys test at 5 %. The concentration of P and Cl decreased significantly after blood donation (P < 0.05), while there was no change in [Ca] and [Mg]. It is concluded that donating blood leads to changes in mineral biomarkers, but these changes are not capable of causing harm to the animals health.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da doação sanguínea nos biomarcadores minerais em cães doadores de sangue da Raça Greyhound. Foram avaliados 12 cães da raça Greyhound, sadios, sem distinção de sexo, com idade variando entre dois e oito anos, doadores regulares de sangue. Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas por meio de venopunção da cefálica esquerda nas seguintes ocasiões: pré-doação, +24 horas, + 7 dias, + 15 dias e + 30 dias pós-doação de sangue. Em seguida, as amostras foram enviadas ao laboratório para as análises. Os resultados foram analisados pelo ANOVA, com o P estabelecido em 5%. As diferenças entre as médias foram identificadas através do teste de Tukey, em nível de 5%. Os níveis de P e Cl reduziram significativamente após doação de sangue (P < 0,05), emquanto Ca e Mg não sofreram vaiação. Conclui-se que com a doação de sangue ocorrem alterações nos biomarcadores minerais, porém essas alterações não são capazes de acarretar prejuízos à saúde dos animais.

Brucelose Canina: Revisão de literatura / Canine Brucellosis: Review

A crescente importância conferida pela sociedade aos animais de companhia faz com que grande atenção seja dispensada à sanidade desses animais. Dentre as doenças que podem causar problemas reprodutivos em machos e fêmeas, destaca-se a brucelose canina, zoonose que acarreta grandes prejuízos aos criadores de cães. Os sintomas mais significativos são o abortamento nas fêmeas, orquites e epididimites nos machos e infertilidades em ambos os sexos. Os testes sorológicos são os métodos diagnósticos mais frequentemente utilizados no diagnóstico. Estes testes podem resultar em resultados falso positivos e em casos crônicos em falso negativos havendo a necessidade do isolamento bacteriano para firmar diagnóstico definitivo da doença. O tratamento consiste de antibioticoterapia, a qual não obtém resultado muito satisfatório devido à persistência intracelular do agente. O homem apresenta certa resistência ao agente, no entanto muitos casos já foram relatados em humanos, ficando o alerta para os profissionais de saúde quanto ao caráter zoonótico desta doença. Portanto, é importante ter um maior conhecimento sobre a doença, possibilitando aos Clínicos Veterinários a diagnosticar e instituir um plano de controle e profilaxia adequados.

Modern society is giving increasing importance to pets, so that great attention should be paid to the health of these animals. Among the diseases that can cause reproductive problems in males and females, there is the canine brucellosis, a zoonosis that causes great losses to dog breeders. The most signif­icant injuries are abortion in females, orchitis and epididymitis in males and infertility in both sexes. Serological tests are the most often used methods in the diagnosis. These tests can result in false positives and false negatives in chronic cases so it is necessary to accomplish bacterial isolation as a definitive diagnosis. Treatment consists of antibiotics, which did not get very satisfactory results due to the intracellular persistence of the agent. Man presents a certain resistance to the bacteria, however many cases have been reported in humans, and healthcare professionals should be alert regarding this zoonotic disease. Therefore, it is important to have a greater knowledge of the disease, enabling Veterinarians diagnose and establish a plan of appropriate control and preventive measures.

Brucelose Canina: Revisão de literatura / Canine Brucellosis: Review

A crescente importância conferida pela sociedade aos animais de companhia faz com que grande atenção seja dispensada à sanidade desses animais. Dentre as doenças que podem causar problemas reprodutivos em machos e fêmeas, destaca-se a brucelose canina, zoonose que acarreta grandes prejuízos aos criadores de cães. Os sintomas mais significativos são o abortamento nas fêmeas, orquites e epididimites nos machos e infertilidades em ambos os sexos. Os testes sorológicos são os métodos diagnósticos mais frequentemente utilizados no diagnóstico. Estes testes podem resultar em resultados falso positivos e em casos crônicos em falso negativos havendo a necessidade do isolamento bacteriano para firmar diagnóstico definitivo da doença. O tratamento consiste de antibioticoterapia, a qual não obtém resultado muito satisfatório devido à persistência intracelular do agente. O homem apresenta certa resistência ao agente, no entanto muitos casos já foram relatados em humanos, ficando o alerta para os profissionais de saúde quanto ao caráter zoonótico desta doença. Portanto, é importante ter um maior conhecimento sobre a doença, possibilitando aos Clínicos Veterinários a diagnosticar e instituir um plano de controle e profilaxia adequados.(AU)

Modern society is giving increasing importance to pets, so that great attention should be paid to the health of these animals. Among the diseases that can cause reproductive problems in males and females, there is the canine brucellosis, a zoonosis that causes great losses to dog breeders. The most signif­icant injuries are abortion in females, orchitis and epididymitis in males and infertility in both sexes. Serological tests are the most often used methods in the diagnosis. These tests can result in false positives and false negatives in chronic cases so it is necessary to accomplish bacterial isolation as a definitive diagnosis. Treatment consists of antibiotics, which did not get very satisfactory results due to the intracellular persistence of the agent. Man presents a certain resistance to the bacteria, however many cases have been reported in humans, and healthcare professionals should be alert regarding this zoonotic disease. Therefore, it is important to have a greater knowledge of the disease, enabling Veterinarians diagnose and establish a plan of appropriate control and preventive measures.(AU)

Índices hematimétricos e bioquímica sanguínea no cavalo de cavalgada em condições tropicais / Hematological parameters and blood biochemistry in pleasure horses in tropical region

Objetivou-se por meio deste ensaio determinar as variáveis hematológicas (contagem de glóbulos vermelho, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpúscular médio, hemoglobina corpuscular média, concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média e coeficiente de variação da curva de distribuição das hemácias) e a bioquímica (proteínas plasmáticas totais, fibrinogênio, ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, colesterol total e triglicérides) no sangue de cavalos de cavalgada. Para tanto, 46 equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, sendo 32 machos e 14 fêmeas, de idades diferentes (6,83±0,65 anos) foram avaliados. Os animais eram mantidos estabulados em diferentes centros de preparo de cavalos de cavalgada que apresentavam programa alimentar e regime de condicionamento similares. Avaliaram-se o grupo sexual (machos e fêmeas) e os grupos etários (menores de cinco anos, entre cinco e dez anos, maiores de dez anos). Os resultados indicaram diferenças na concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média referente ao grupo sexual (P<0,05) e diferença na variação da concentração das proteínas plasmáticas totais referente aos grupos etários (P<0,05). Os resultados permitem concluir que não há diferenças importantes nos parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos em cavalo de cavalgada em relação ao sexo e à faixa etária, com exceção da concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média e da concentração das proteínas plasmáticas totais, as quais, entretanto, não comprometem a performance física dos animais.

The objective of this study was to determine haematological variables (red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and coefficient of variation of the distribution curve of red blood cells) and blood biochemistry (total plasma proteins, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol and triglycerides) of pleasure horses. Therefore, we evaluated 46 Mangalarga Marchador horses, 32 males and 14 females at different ages (6.83±0.65 years). The animals were kept stabled at different pleasure horses training centers, which presented similar nutritional management and conditioning regimen. We evaluated the sex group (male and female) and age groups (younger than five years, between five and ten years, over ten years). The results indicated differences in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration related to sexual group (P<0,05), and in the variation of total serum protein concentration (P<0,05) related to the age groups. The results suggested that there are important differences in biochemical and hematological parameters in horse riding toward sex and age group, except for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and total plasma proteins concentration, which do not compromise physical performance of these animals.