Biomarcadores inflamatórios e indicadores de estresse oxidativo em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia convencional, por NOTES híbrida e NOTES total / Inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress indicators in bitches subjected to conventional ovarysalpingohysterectomy, by hybrid NOTES and by total NOTE

Objetivou-se comparar a resposta inflamatória e o perfil oxidativo da técnica de ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH) convencional com duas técnicas de Cirurgia Endoscópica por Orifícios Naturais (NOTES). Foram utilizados 15 fêmeas, alocadas em três grupos de cinco animais. No primeiro grupo, a OSH foi realizada por celiotomia convencional, no segundo, por NOTES total e, no terceiro, por NOTES híbrida. Foram realizadas as coletas sanguíneas antes do procedimento cirúrgico (basal), 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72h pós-operatórias. A atividade da catalase manteve-se alta nos três grupos estudados, entretanto a peroxidação lipídica, medida pelos níveis dos produtos de reação com o ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), ocorreu mais acentuadamente no grupo convencional e foi quase que imperceptível no grupo de NOTES total. Nos três grupos estudados, ocorreu elevação na atividade da butirilcolinesterase e acetilcolinesterases, bem como aumento leucocitário neutrofílico nas primeiras horas pós-cirúrgicas. Conclui-se que a inflamação sistêmica acontece de forma similar nas três técnicas operatórias, com ressalva para as realizadas por NOTES total que mantiveram as mais baixas taxas oxidativas.(AU)

This study aimed at comparing the inflammatory response and the oxydative profile of the conventional ovarysalpingohysterectomy (OSH) technique to Totally Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) and Hybrid NOTES. Group of fifteen female dogs was used for each technique. Blood samples were taken before the surgical procedure (basal) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h postoperative. The catalase activity was increased in the three studied groups. Nevertheless, lipid peroxidation, measured by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels, was higher in the conventional group and almost indistinguishable in the total NOTES group. In the three analyzed groups, both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities were increased as well as the neutrophil counts during the first post-surgical hours. It is possible to conclude that systemic inflammation occurs in a similar way in the three operative techniques; however, total NOTES technique presents lower levels of cellular oxidative damage, particularly if compared to the conventional approach.(AU)

Bilateral perinephric pseudocyst in a cat

Background: Perinephric pseudocyst is a rare disease that affects animals and humans. It is characterized by an accumulation of serous fluid around of one or both kidneys, and in cats the manifestation as sub-capsular, containing liquid with transudate characteristics are most frequently observed. The etiology is not well understood yet, but it is known that it is associated with chronic renal injury. While it has no direct relation to race and gender, it shows a higher occurrence in elderly patients above 10 years. According to the scientific literature, surgery is the treatment of choice for this condition. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to report the first case of bilateral perinephric pseudocyst in a young cat in Brazil, treated with palliative maneuver associated with a therapeutic feeding balanced. Case: A 1-year-old Siamese cat, 3 kg, female non-castrated was referred for clinical investigation in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It presented a 30 days history of progressive increase of abdominal volume, followed also by weight loss, hyporexia, and apathy. The patient underwent to an abdominal ultrasound, showing a large cyst in both kidneys, suggestive of perinephric pseudocyst. It was found that the surgical therapy would the choice for such alterations; however, the animal owners we do not accepted surgical treatment, were oriented about the risks of recurrence a treatment palliative. Nevertheless, recognizing the risks, they preferred by choose for a minimally invasive treatment. With this clinical challenge, we established a supportive treatment, with fluid therapy and commercial therapeutic feeding. At day of diagnosis of perinephric pseudocyst, which we consider as day 0, blood sample was collected for evaluation hemogram and biochemical serum, tests revealed normochromic normocytic anemia and azotemia. Elapsed 10 days of supportive therapy, the liquid was aseptically drained, being classified as a transudate. It was performed only two collection of perirenal liquid within a interval of 10 days between them. After the second perinephric pseudocyst draining the animal did not return to the veterinary clinic, since the owners had reported, by phone call, the improvement of the animal. The reports were maintained during three months and two years after the diagnostic, with no longer observation of abdominal enlargement. Discussion: The abdominal ultrasound proved to be an effective diagnostic method for the differentiation and confirmation of PNP e the liquid analysis revealed pure transudate. These results are similar to those described by other authors. Laboratory tests showed normocytic normochromic anemia and azotemia. The azotemia may be prerenal, by dehydration, as observed in this report; however, as shown in other studies of conical renal injury, obstruction by calculus can lead to this azotemic condition. Thus, it was possible to observe in this study, corroborating the literature, that the prognosis is related to the degree of renal dysfunction. Since this animal was a young cat, when the dehydration was, corrected along with the percutaneous puncture of liquid, the animal's response was immediate and satisfactory. The levels of urea and creatinine declined, with consequent decrease in accumulation of liquid in cysts. Another fundamental process in the therapeutic care, was the combination of mechanical therapy with therapeutic feeding, providing lower renal overload of minerals and a greater supply of proteins with high digestibility to the animal. It is important to emphasize that it is not recommended to replace the surgery by this protocol, but it is expected with this report demonstrate the importance of this rare disease in our country, highlighting that a palliative maneuver in association with changes in diet are therapies that can be employed with favorable prognosis.

Cholinesterase activity in serum, whole blood and lymphocytes of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii

Background: The cholinergic system is involved in many biological functions in mammals and is associated with pathogenesis of infectious diseases, as has participation in transmission of nerve impulses in cholinergic synapses, haematopoiesis, regulation of inflammatory markers, production and coordination of movement, and memory. Rangelia vitalii is a parasite endemic to south of Brazil. This parasite multiplies in the blood and can be visualized in plasma in its free form and/or within leukocytes and erythrocytes, causing various pathologies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of cholinergic system enzymes in dogs experimentally infected with R. vitalii. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve dogs were used, divided into two groups: control group (n = 5), consisting of healthy animals, and infected group with R. vitalii (n = 7). Fresh blood samples of these infected animals were inoculated in seven dogs (2 mL/dog through the jugular vein). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 10 and 20 post-infection (PI). Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity was measured in serum and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in lymphocytes and whole blood. Boold samples were diluted 1:50 (v/v) in lysis solution (0.1 mmol/L potassium/sodium phosphate buffer containing 0.03% Triton X-100) and frozen (-20 ºC by 7 days) to determine AChE activity in whole blood. Lymphocytes were also obtained from whole blood with EDTA by gradient separation using Ficoll-Histopaque™ plus to AChE activity this cell. After analysis of the samples, was observed that the dogs infected with R. vitalii presented a signifi cant (P < 0.01) increase in AChE activity in whole blood on days 10 and 20 PI. However, the infected group showed a reduced activity in AChE in lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and BChE in serum (P < 0.05) on day 20 PI. Discussion: According to the literature, infected dogs R. vitalii develop regenerative anemia evidenced by an increase in the erytroid precursors in bone marrow associated with alterations of leucogram as leukopenia, neutropenia, eosinopenia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis. Furthermore, it was observed severe thrombocytopenia, with alteration in platelet aggregation and activity of enzymes involved in the control of ATP, ADP and adenosine levels on platelets, thereby influencing hemostasis and contributing to the typical bleeding disease. AChE activity in whole blood was increased in dogs parasitized by R. vitalii observed in this study. This increase may be a compensatory effect to severe anemia caused by the parasite infection, because this enzyme is involved in the maturation of erythrocytes and in the regulation of hematopoiesis. In the present study, we found that the reduction in AChE activity in lymphocytes is associated to lymphocytosis; and it is known that ACh is produced within lymphocytes and has the ability to negatively modulate the immune response, acting directly on the inhibition of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the decrease of AChE activity may have an anti-inflammatory action in order to have more free ACh to bind lymphocytes and inhibit inflammation. The enzyme BChE can also act as an inflammatory marker in various diseases, similar to AChE, because the enzyme can hydrolyze acetylcholine when AChE is inhibited. In conclusion, our results indicate that canine rangeliosis alters the activity of cholinesterase's, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as various pathological conditions.

A hematologic and electrophoretic study in puppies vaccinated against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus

Background: Canine distemper is a contagious multisystemic viral disease that affects canines and others carnivores. Canine parvovirus infection is one of the most important viral diseases in young dogs. Side effects of vaccine generally include fever, lethargy and local inflammation. Complementary exams are important to evaluate the strenght of immungenic stimulation. This study was aimed at evaluating hematological and electrophoretic alterations in puppies after inoculation of live attenuated vaccine against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus. Materials, Methods & Results: Five non-breeding newborn dogs of the same litter were used. Animals received three subcutaneous injection of 1mL (at days 0, 21 and 42). Blood was collected at day 0 (day of vaccination) and for three times for each dose: at days 7, 14 and 21 (first dose); at days 28, 35 and 42 (second dose); and at days 49, 56 and 63 (third dose). Blood containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as anticoagulant was used for hematological evaluation. The total serum protein were determined by the biuret method, using commercial reagent, according to fabricant instructions. Serum was used for protein fractionation by using cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis. A decrease in platelet count was observed at days 7 and 28 post-vaccination. Lymphocyte number increased 88.4%, as well as the level of the protein fractions alpha-1 globulin (68%) and alpha-2 globulin (41.4%) at day 7. Moreover, a 5-fold increase in the fibrinogem concentration and in the number of eosinophils was observed at day 14. Thereafter, the platelet count decreased by 27.3% and the number of monocytes increased 5-fold at day 28. Discussion: Mild to moderate thrombocytopenia is often observed in dogs 3-5 days post-vaccination with live attenuated vaccines, mainly those against CDV and CPV. Besides the platelet damage caused by the CDV per se, infected animals showed secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and decreased platelet production due to direct viral megakaryocyte infection. The increase in alpha-1 globulin may be related to the augment in the synthesis of alpha-1 antitrypsin, the main protein of the alpha-1 globulin region, in response to the vaccine-induced acute inflammatory process. The alpha-2 globulin region includes haptoglobin, alpha-2 macroglobulin and ceruloplasmin, and the increase observed in this fraction suggested that both haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin levels were augmented, following acute inflammatory response pattern. Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma glycoprotein that is converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood clotting. Despite the increase in fibrinogen concentration be the best indicator of inflammation in large animals, the hyperfibrinogenemia observed suggests that the inflammatory process was adequate to stimulate synthesis of this acute phase protein (P < 0,05). Absence of lymphocytosis observed at days 49, 56 and 63 associated to the progressive increase of the gamma globulin fraction, although not statistically significant, suggested an augment of B lymphocytes. The eosinophilia was observed in highlighting the presence of inflammation. Moreover, an increase in monocyte count indicating the presence of subacute or chronic inflammation after the second dose of the vaccine.

Rangelia vitalii: changes in the enzymes ALT, CK and AST during the acute phase of experimental infection in dogs / Rangelia vitalii: mudanças nas enzimas ALT, CK e AST na fase aguda da infecção experimental em cães

Rangelia vitalii is a protozoon that causes diseases in dogs, and anemia is the most common laboratory finding. However, few studies on the biochemical changes in dogs infected with this protozoon exist. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the biochemical changes in dogs experimentally infected with R. vitalii, during the acute phase of the infection. For this study, 12 female dogs (aged 6-12 months and weighing between 4 and 7 kg) were used, divided in two groups. Group A was composed of healthy dogs (n = 5); and group B consisted of infected animals (n = 7). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 10, 20 and 30 after infection, using tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum and analyze the biochemical parameters. An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) on day 20 (P < 0.05) was observed. Also, increased creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed throughout the experimental period (P < 0.05). No changes in the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase, urea and creatinine levels were observed. Thus, is possible to conclude that experimental infection with R. vitalii in dogs causes changes to the biochemical profile, with increased ALT, AST and CK enzyme levels.(AU)

Rangelia vitalii é um protozoário que causa doença em cães, sendo a anemia o achado laboratorial mais frequente. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre as alterações bioquímicas em cães infectados com o protozoário. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar as alterações bioquímicas de cães experimentalmente infectados com R. vitalii na fase aguda da infecção. Para o estudo, foram utilizados 12 cães fêmeas (com idade entre 6 a 12 meses e peso entre 4 a 7 kg), divididos em dois grupos. O grupo A (n = 5) foi composto de animais saudáveis e o grupo B (n = 7) de animais infectados. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias zero, dez, vinte e trinta PI, utilizando tubos sem anticoagulante para obtenção de soro e análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos. Foi observado um aumento na alanino aminotransferase (ALT) no dia 20 PI (P < 0,05) e aumento na creatinoquinase (CK) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST) em todo o período experimental (P < 0,05). Não foram observadas alterações séricas na gama-glutamiltransferase, uréia e creatinina. Portanto, é possível concluir que a infecção experimental por R. vitalii causa alterações no perfil bioquímico, com aumento na ALT, CK e AST.(AU)

cat

Background: The family Capillariidae includes several species that parasite a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Species such as Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati are found in the bladder, kidneys and ureters of domestic and wild carnivores. These nematodes are not still well known in Brazil, but have a great importance for studies of urinary tract diseases in domestic animals, mainly cats. The parasites life cycle is still unclear, may be direct or involve a paratenic host, such as the earthworm. Eggs are laid in the bladder and thus are discarded to the environment, where the larvae develop and are ingested by hosts. It is believed that the ingestion of soil and material contaminated with infective larvae derived from the decomposition of dead earthworms may be an alternative pathway for infection of animals. It has been reported in dogs a pre-patent period between 61 and 88 days. In Germany, the prevalence of C. plica in domestic cats was about 6%, with higher incidence in males, whereas in wild cats the prevalence of C. plica and C. feliscati was 7%, also with higher incidence in males. In Brazil, the first report of Capillaria sp. in a domestic cat was only done in 2008. Thus, the purpose of this report is to describe the importance of urinalysis in cases of suspected capillariasis and alert small animals clinicians on the occurrence of this disease as a cause of lower urinary tract disease feline (LUTDF) in the country. Case: It was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), a male adult feline, mixed breed, presenting urinary incontinence and dysuria. We requested additional tests, including urinalysis, which was observed during the examination of sediment, eggs similars to Capillaria sp. The species was not determined due to the morphological similarity between the eggs of Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati. The results of the serum biochemistry were adequate for the feline species, while the CBC showed only eosinophilia. The animal was treated with a single dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg / kg SC), but the animal dead 21 days after initial treatment. Discussion: Cases of Capillaria sp. in the bladder of dogs and cats are rarely reported because, in most cases, clinical signs are not observed due to low parasite load that they show. However, when there are clinical signs can be observed polaciuria, dysuria, cystitis, and inappropriate urination. Infections are usually self limiting, however, in the presence of clinical signs, treatment should be instituted. In the present case, the animal had only urinary incontinence and dysuria. The collection of the urine sample through cystocentesis is indicated in suspected cases of capillariasis, to avoid contamination of urine with feces and eggs of Trichuris sp. what may lead to a misdiagnosis. The urinary sediment is a qualitative test for diagnosis of this infection. Although the infection by the different species of Capillaria be uncommon, it is important that clinicians be alert for refractory cases of LUTDF that dont answer to the conventional treatment, performing urinalysis for possible occurrence of Capillaria sp. eggs in the urinary sediment.(AU)

Protein profile of buffaloes of different ages

Background: In Brazil, the official buffalo herd has about three million animals, distributed over many states of the country. Many times, abnormalities found in proteinogram are not related to illness conditions, but with physiological organic and individuals conditions, that are relatively constant. The interpretation of biochemical constituents depends on the disponibility of knowledge of the variation that exists among different species of animals. Factors like age, stage of development, breed, hormones, pregnancy, nutrition, stress and loss of fluid are directly related to changes in proteinogram. Proteinogram is an important auxiliary exam, helpfull to clinical biochemistry, and represents one of the most reliable methods for identification of blood proteins. The aim of this research was to evaluate the proteinogram of buffaloes of different ages reared in extensive system in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-five buffaloes were separated into three groups: group 1 (n = 15), six-months old animals; group 2 (n = 16), twelve-month old animals and group 3 (n = 14), twenty-four months old animals. The total serum protein were determined by the biuret method, using commercial reagent Labtest® and the analysis were realized in semi-automatic spectrophotometer BioPlus-Bio-2000®, according to fabricant instructions. The fractionation of serum proteins were determined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips celugell Labex®. The samples were layered on the strip and, after the closing of the horizontal plane, it was applied a constant voltage of 220 volts for 15 min. Significant differences were verified among groups in the following protein fractions: total serum protein, betaglobulin, gammaglobulin and albumin:globulin ratio. In correlation tests, there was a positive correlation between total proteins and gamaglobulins, albumin:globulin ratio and albumin and negative correlation between the albumin:globulin ratio and gamaglobulins. Discussion: With age, there is a significant increase in total serum protein, as can be seen in our work. Thus, it is possible to justify the increase in total serum proteins with the increase of gamaglobulins. In a study realized, who evaluated pregnant sheeps, observed that the total serum protein concentration diminishes with the proximity of the parturition, indicating the importance in evaluating the total serum proteins in different moments of life in different species. With age, the total serum protein tend to increase, resulting in decrease in albumin, with progressive increase in globulins. However, in this study, it was not noticed any significant statistic difference in albumin among the groups. Proteins that compose the alfaglobulin, are acute phase proteins and their concentrations increase rapidly in response to antigenic and traumatic stimuli in bovine. However, in our study, no statistic difference was observed. The proteins that compose the betaglobulin fraction are: lipoprotein, transferrin, ferritin, hemopexin, complement C3, protein C-reative, complement C4, plasminogen and fibrinogen. Some authors observed a decrease in fraction beta at the end of gestation in sheeps, other did not observed any variation in this fraction in neonatal bovine. The proteins that compose the gamaglobulin fraction are immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM. In general, due to the age, there is an increase in gamaglobulin concentration, because of a higher exposure of organism to pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Similar data were observed in this study. The results indicate that there are some variations according to the analyzed age. Then, some abnormalities found in the protein profile may be due to physiological variations.(AU)

Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Wistar Rats Experimentally Infected with Leptospira interrogans

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with world-wide distribution, caused by various serovars of Leptospira interrogans and is presumed to be the most widespread zoonosis. Hematological and biochemical changes associated with renal and hepatic pathology are commonly observed in leptospirosis. All leptospires are aerobes and therefore might be expected to generate peroxides during respiration. Enzymatic reduction of H 2 0 2 by leptospires has been reported by researchers. The pathogenesis may be related to direct effects of leptospiral compounds or inflammatory response due to oxidative stress. The present investigation was designed to study the lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats experimentally infected with L. interrogans . Materials, Methods & Results: Fifty four male adult rats (Wistar) specific pathogen free, weighing in average 200 grams were used. Rats were divided in nine groups, six animals each group, eight infected groups and one as not infected. Inoculation was performed intraperitoneally (Day 1), using different serovars of L. interrogans distributed by groups: hardjo (group A), wolffi (group B), grippotyphosa (group C), canicola (group D), Icterohaemorrhagiae (group E), bratislava (group F), pomona (group G) and butembo (group H) . Group I was composed by not-infected rats, serving as the negative control group. On day 15 PI all animals were anesthetized with isoflurane for blood collection and subsequently decapitated. Liver, spleen, kidney and brain were collected from all animals. Blood was allocated in tube without anticoagulant for serum acquisition to measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Lipid peroxidation (TBARS levels), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and non-protein thiols (NPSH) were measured in the liver, spleen and kidney, and TBARS were also evaluated in serum and brain. [...]

Protein profile of buffaloes of different ages

Background: In Brazil, the official buffalo herd has about three million animals, distributed over many states of the country. Many times, abnormalities found in proteinogram are not related to illness conditions, but with physiological organic and individuals conditions, that are relatively constant. The interpretation of biochemical constituents depends on the disponibility of knowledge of the variation that exists among different species of animals. Factors like age, stage of development, breed, hormones, pregnancy, nutrition, stress and loss of fluid are directly related to changes in proteinogram. Proteinogram is an important auxiliary exam, helpfull to clinical biochemistry, and represents one of the most reliable methods for identification of blood proteins. The aim of this research was to evaluate the proteinogram of buffaloes of different ages reared in extensive system in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-five buffaloes were separated into three groups: group 1 (n = 15), six-months old animals; group 2 (n = 16), twelve-month old animals and group 3 (n = 14), twenty-four months old animals. The total serum protein were determined by the biuret method, using commercial reagent Labtest® and the analysis were realized in semi-automatic spectrophotometer BioPlus-Bio-2000®, according to fabricant instructions. The fractionation of serum proteins were determined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips celugell Labex®. The samples were layered on the strip and, after the closing of the horizontal plane, it was applied a constant voltage of 220 volts for 15 min. Significant differences were verified among groups in the following protein fractions: total serum protein, betaglobulin, gammaglobulin and albumin:globulin ratio. In correlation tests, there was a positive correlation between total proteins and gamaglobulins, albumin:globulin ratio and albumin and negative correlation between the albumin:globulin ratio and gamaglobulins. Discussion: With age, there is a significant increase in total serum protein, as can be seen in our work. Thus, it is possible to justify the increase in total serum proteins with the increase of gamaglobulins. In a study realized, who evaluated pregnant sheeps, observed that the total serum protein concentration diminishes with the proximity of the parturition, indicating the importance in evaluating the total serum proteins in different moments of life in different species. With age, the total serum protein tend to increase, resulting in decrease in albumin, with progressive increase in globulins. However, in this study, it was not noticed any significant statistic difference in albumin among the groups. Proteins that compose the alfaglobulin, are acute phase proteins and their concentrations increase rapidly in response to antigenic and traumatic stimuli in bovine. However, in our study, no statistic difference was observed. The proteins that compose the betaglobulin fraction are: lipoprotein, transferrin, ferritin, hemopexin, complement C3, protein C-reative, complement C4, plasminogen and fibrinogen. Some authors observed a decrease in fraction beta at the end of gestation in sheeps, other did not observed any variation in this fraction in neonatal bovine. The proteins that compose the gamaglobulin fraction are immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM. In general, due to the age, there is an increase in gamaglobulin concentration, because of a higher exposure of organism to pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Similar data were observed in this study. The results indicate that there are some variations according to the analyzed age. Then, some abnormalities found in the protein profile may be due to physiological variations.

Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Wistar Rats Experimentally Infected with Leptospira interrogans

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with world-wide distribution, caused by various serovars of Leptospira interrogans and is presumed to be the most widespread zoonosis. Hematological and biochemical changes associated with renal and hepatic pathology are commonly observed in leptospirosis. All leptospires are aerobes and therefore might be expected to generate peroxides during respiration. Enzymatic reduction of H 2 0 2 by leptospires has been reported by researchers. The pathogenesis may be related to direct effects of leptospiral compounds or inflammatory response due to oxidative stress. The present investigation was designed to study the lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rats experimentally infected with L. interrogans . Materials, Methods & Results: Fifty four male adult rats (Wistar) specific pathogen free, weighing in average 200 grams were used. Rats were divided in nine groups, six animals each group, eight infected groups and one as not infected. Inoculation was performed intraperitoneally (Day 1), using different serovars of L. interrogans distributed by groups: hardjo (group A), wolffi (group B), grippotyphosa (group C), canicola (group D), Icterohaemorrhagiae (group E), bratislava (group F), pomona (group G) and butembo (group H) . Group I was composed by not-infected rats, serving as the negative control group. On day 15 PI all animals were anesthetized with isoflurane for blood collection and subsequently decapitated. Liver, spleen, kidney and brain were collected from all animals. Blood was allocated in tube without anticoagulant for serum acquisition to measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Lipid peroxidation (TBARS levels), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and non-protein thiols (NPSH) were measured in the liver, spleen and kidney, and TBARS were also evaluated in serum and brain. [...](AU)

Citologia nas neoplasias cutâneas de cães / Cytology in skin neoplasms of dogs

O uso da citologia em Medicina Veterinária vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Além de ser uma técnicade baixo custo, é minimamente invasiva e indolor para o animal. Através dela pode-se diferenciar umprocesso inflamatório de uma formação neoplásica ou hiperplásica em um tempo reduzido quando comparadoà histopatologia. Seu emprego na rotina laboratorial para o diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasiascutâneas tem oferecido grande auxílio para a tomada de decisões dos Médicos Veterinários, visto que adermatologia veterinária é uma especialidade amplamente procurada pelos proprietários de pequenosanimais. Este fato se deve, provavelmente, ao motivo de que as lesões de pele chamam a atenção pelavisibilidade e até por causarem repulsa. Em função disto, objetivou-se com essa revisão descrever asprincipais neoplasias cutâneas caninas encontradas no exame citológico, sendo elas classificadas em neoplasiasde origem epitelial, mesenquimal, de células redondas e melanocíticas.(AU)

The use of cytology in veterinary medicine has increased in recent years. Besides being a low cost techniqueis minimally invasive and painless for the animal. Its useful to differentiate an inflammatory processof a neoplastic or hyperplastic one in a reduced time when compared to histopathology. Its use in laboratoryroutine for the presumptive diagnosis of skin cancer has given a great help in making decisionsof veterinarians, veterinary dermatology as a specialty is widely sought by owners of small animals,probably due to the reason that skin lesions were notable for visibility, and even to cause revulsion. Theaim of this review is to describe the main canine cutaneous neoplasms found in cytological exam, whichwere classified in tumors of epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell and melanocytic origin.(AU)

Métodos de coleta e a qualidade do esfregaço no exame citopatológico / Collection methods and the quality of cytopathology examination

O exame citopatológico é uma ferramenta diagnóstica de grande importância na triagem de diversasmorbidades tegumentares. Suas técnicas são relativamente simples, de baixo custo e minimamente invasiva.Sua análise é baseada nas características morfológicas de um pequeno conjunto de células, as quaisse esfoliam, quer seja por impressão, escarificação, punção por agulha fina, com ou sem aspiração. Pornão apresentar uma organização arquitetural do tecido, o diagnóstico citopatológico exige do médicoveterinário que efetuará a coleta, um maior domínio e conhecimento da aplicação dos métodos existentes.Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever os métodos de coleta, suas vantagens e desvantagenspara cada tipo de lesão, e a confecção de esfregaços que subsidiem um diagnóstico confiável. (AU)

The cytopathology exam is a diagnostic tool of great importance in the screening of several cutaneousmorbidities. Its techniques are relatively simple, low cost and minimally invasive. The analysis is basedon morphological characteristics of a small group of cells, which exfoliate either by imprint, scarification,and fine needle punction with or without aspiration. By not presenting an architectural organizationof the tissue, the cytology diagnosis demands of the veterinary that will collect the sample a goodmastery and knowledge of the existing methods. The objective of this study is to describe collectionmethods, the advantages and disadvantages for each type of lesion, and the preparation of smears thatsupport a reliable diagnosis. (AU)

Citologia nas neoplasias cutâneas de cães / Cytology in skin neoplasms of dogs

O uso da citologia em Medicina Veterinária vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Além de ser uma técnicade baixo custo, é minimamente invasiva e indolor para o animal. Através dela pode-se diferenciar umprocesso inflamatório de uma formação neoplásica ou hiperplásica em um tempo reduzido quando comparadoà histopatologia. Seu emprego na rotina laboratorial para o diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasiascutâneas tem oferecido grande auxílio para a tomada de decisões dos Médicos Veterinários, visto que adermatologia veterinária é uma especialidade amplamente procurada pelos proprietários de pequenosanimais. Este fato se deve, provavelmente, ao motivo de que as lesões de pele chamam a atenção pelavisibilidade e até por causarem repulsa. Em função disto, objetivou-se com essa revisão descrever asprincipais neoplasias cutâneas caninas encontradas no exame citológico, sendo elas classificadas em neoplasiasde origem epitelial, mesenquimal, de células redondas e melanocíticas.

The use of cytology in veterinary medicine has increased in recent years. Besides being a low cost techniqueis minimally invasive and painless for the animal. It’s useful to differentiate an inflammatory processof a neoplastic or hyperplastic one in a reduced time when compared to histopathology. Its use in laboratoryroutine for the presumptive diagnosis of skin cancer has given a great help in making decisionsof veterinarians, veterinary dermatology as a specialty is widely sought by owners of small animals,probably due to the reason that skin lesions were notable for visibility, and even to cause revulsion. Theaim of this review is to describe the main canine cutaneous neoplasms found in cytological exam, whichwere classified in tumors of epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell and melanocytic origin.

Métodos de coleta e a qualidade do esfregaço no exame citopatológico / Collection methods and the quality of cytopathology examination

O exame citopatológico é uma ferramenta diagnóstica de grande importância na triagem de diversasmorbidades tegumentares. Suas técnicas são relativamente simples, de baixo custo e minimamente invasiva.Sua análise é baseada nas características morfológicas de um pequeno conjunto de células, as quaisse esfoliam, quer seja por impressão, escarificação, punção por agulha fina, com ou sem aspiração. Pornão apresentar uma organização arquitetural do tecido, o diagnóstico citopatológico exige do médicoveterinário que efetuará a coleta, um maior domínio e conhecimento da aplicação dos métodos existentes.Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever os métodos de coleta, suas vantagens e desvantagenspara cada tipo de lesão, e a confecção de esfregaços que subsidiem um diagnóstico confiável.

The cytopathology exam is a diagnostic tool of great importance in the screening of several cutaneousmorbidities. Its techniques are relatively simple, low cost and minimally invasive. The analysis is basedon morphological characteristics of a small group of cells, which exfoliate either by imprint, scarification,and fine needle punction with or without aspiration. By not presenting an architectural organizationof the tissue, the cytology diagnosis demands of the veterinary that will collect the sample a goodmastery and knowledge of the existing methods. The objective of this study is to describe collectionmethods, the advantages and disadvantages for each type of lesion, and the preparation of smears thatsupport a reliable diagnosis.

Aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em cães: relato de caso / Cythopathological aspects in a dog with hemangiopericytoma: case report

Hemangiopericitoma é um sarcoma de tecidos moles que acomete, principalmente, cães. Trata- -se de uma neoplasia, na maioria das vezes, solitária, invasiva, de tamanho variável, geralmente alopécico, ulcerado, e que acomete extremidades dos membros. A excisão cirúrgica é o tratamentode escolha, e as recidivas são comuns, mas dificilmente ocorre metástase. Relatam-se os aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em um cão, confirmado pelo exame histopatológico. (AU)

Hemangiopericytoma is a sarcoma of soft tissue that affects mainly dogs. It is often a solitary and invasive neoplasm of variable size. It usually presents an alopecic and ulcerated aspect and affects the distal parts of the limbs. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and a relapse are common, but rarely has metastasized. This paper reports cytopathological aspectsof hemangiopericytoma in a dog, confirmed by histopathology. (AU)

Aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em cães: relato de caso / Cythopathological aspects in a dog with hemangiopericytoma: case report

Hemangiopericitoma é um sarcoma de tecidos moles que acomete, principalmente, cães. Trata- -se de uma neoplasia, na maioria das vezes, solitária, invasiva, de tamanho variável, geralmente alopécico, ulcerado, e que acomete extremidades dos membros. A excisão cirúrgica é o tratamentode escolha, e as recidivas são comuns, mas dificilmente ocorre metástase. Relatam-se os aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em um cão, confirmado pelo exame histopatológico.

Hemangiopericytoma is a sarcoma of soft tissue that affects mainly dogs. It is often a solitary and invasive neoplasm of variable size. It usually presents an alopecic and ulcerated aspect and affects the distal parts of the limbs. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and a relapse are common, but rarely has metastasized. This paper reports cytopathological aspectsof hemangiopericytoma in a dog, confirmed by histopathology.

Esporotricose em um gato na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Sporotrichosis in a cat in the central region of Rio Grande of Sul State, Brazil

A esporotricose é uma infecção subcutânea de evolução subaguda ou crônica, causada pelo fungo dimórficoSporothrix schenckii. Possui distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões de clima tropical e subtropical. O gatoé um importante transmissor desta enfermidade por apresentar em suas lesões numerosas leveduras, conferindoa esta espécie um elevado potencial zoonótico. A ocorrência da esporotricose felina na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ainda não havia sido descrita na literatura, porém em humanos já é bem relatada, tendo como principais fontes de contaminação fragmentos de vegetais e o tatu, como o principal transmissor nesta região. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de esporotricose felina naturalmente adquirida na cidade de Santa Maria, região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, fornecendo ao clínico melhor conhecimento sobre esta doença e seus métodos de diagnóstico para melhor identificação e tratamento desta dermatozoonose. (AU)

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection with subacute or chronic evolution, caused by the dimorphicfungus Sporothrix schenckii. It has a worldwide distribution, mainly in regions with tropical and subtropicalclimates. The cat is an important spreader of this disease, once it has many yeast forms in its lesions, what confers to this species a high zoonotic potential. The occurrence of feline sporotrichosis in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has not been described in literature yet, but in humans this disease is well mentioned;the main sources of infection are vegetable fragments and the armadillo, the most important spreaderin this region. Thus, the aim of this work is to report a case of feline sporotrichosis naturally acquired in Santa Maria city, central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, providing to the clinician a better knowledge about thisdisease and its methods of diagnosis, to a better identification and treatment of this dermatozoonoses (AU)

Mastocitoma e mastocitemia em um cão / Mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog

Um canino, sem raça definida, foi atendido apresentando pequenos nódulos cutâneos avermelhadosdistribuídos pelo corpo. Foi solicitada a citologia aspirativa por agulha fina na qual se verificou a presençade grande quantidade de mastócitos com características neoplásicas. No esfregaço sanguíneofoi possível visualizar mastócitos circulantes. A mastocitemia pode indicar um mau prognóstico causadopela infiltração de células neoplásicas na medula óssea. Portanto, este trabalho objetiva relatarum caso de mastocitoma acompanhado de mastocitemia em um cão para um melhor esclarecimentoaos clínicos veterinários.(AU)

This paper aims to report a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog. A mixed-breed dog wastreated showing small reddish nodules in the skin distributed throughout the body.Fine-needle aspirationcytology was performed and thus, it was possible to see the presence of a large number ofneoplastic mast cells. In the blood smear was possible to visualize circulating mast cells. Mastocitemiacan indicate a bad prognosis caused by the infiltrating neoplastic process in the bone marrow. Thus,the aim of this paper is to describe a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog to a better understandingof the veterinary clinicians.(AU)

Mastocitoma e mastocitemia em um cão / Mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog

Um canino, sem raça definida, foi atendido apresentando pequenos nódulos cutâneos avermelhadosdistribuídos pelo corpo. Foi solicitada a citologia aspirativa por agulha fina na qual se verificou a presençade grande quantidade de mastócitos com características neoplásicas. No esfregaço sanguíneofoi possível visualizar mastócitos circulantes. A mastocitemia pode indicar um mau prognóstico causadopela infiltração de células neoplásicas na medula óssea. Portanto, este trabalho objetiva relatarum caso de mastocitoma acompanhado de mastocitemia em um cão para um melhor esclarecimentoaos clínicos veterinários.

This paper aims to report a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog. A mixed-breed dog wastreated showing small reddish nodules in the skin distributed throughout the body.Fine-needle aspirationcytology was performed and thus, it was possible to see the presence of a large number ofneoplastic mast cells. In the blood smear was possible to visualize circulating mast cells. Mastocitemiacan indicate a bad prognosis caused by the infiltrating neoplastic process in the bone marrow. Thus,the aim of this paper is to describe a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog to a better understandingof the veterinary clinicians.

Esporotricose em um gato na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Sporotrichosis in a cat in the central region of Rio Grande of Sul State, Brazil

A esporotricose é uma infecção subcutânea de evolução subaguda ou crônica, causada pelo fungo dimórficoSporothrix schenckii. Possui distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões de clima tropical e subtropical. O gatoé um importante transmissor desta enfermidade por apresentar em suas lesões numerosas leveduras, conferindoa esta espécie um elevado potencial zoonótico. A ocorrência da esporotricose felina na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, ainda não havia sido descrita na literatura, porém em humanos já é bem relatada, tendo como principais fontes de contaminação fragmentos de vegetais e o tatu, como o principal transmissor nesta região. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de esporotricose felina naturalmente adquirida na cidade de Santa Maria, região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, fornecendo ao clínico melhor conhecimento sobre esta doença e seus métodos de diagnóstico para melhor identificação e tratamento desta dermatozoonose.

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous infection with subacute or chronic evolution, caused by the dimorphicfungus Sporothrix schenckii. It has a worldwide distribution, mainly in regions with tropical and subtropicalclimates. The cat is an important spreader of this disease, once it has many yeast forms in its lesions, what confers to this species a high zoonotic potential. The occurrence of feline sporotrichosis in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has not been described in literature yet, but in humans this disease is well mentioned;the main sources of infection are vegetable fragments and the armadillo, the most important spreaderin this region. Thus, the aim of this work is to report a case of feline sporotrichosis naturally acquired in Santa Maria city, central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, providing to the clinician a better knowledge about thisdisease and its methods of diagnosis, to a better identification and treatment of this dermatozoonoses