Selection of parents and segregating populations of carioca common bean resistant to Fusarium wilt / Seleção de genitores e populações segregantes de feijão carioca resistentes à murcha de fusário

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) is one of the most common diseases in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop, and the most viable alternative for its control is the use of resistant cultivars. However, the number of "carioca" cultivars, the most important commercial group in Brazil, which has a good level of resistance to this disease, is still low. To obtain populations with a higher degree of resistance, seven parents with different levels of resistance to Fusarium and which produce carioca grains were crossed in a complete diallel design. The 21 segregating populations obtained were evaluated in the years/generations 2012/F3, 2013/F4, and 2014/F5 in experiments in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, in the winter crop season (sowing in May), together with the check cultivars BRS Notável (resistant) and BRS Cometa (susceptible) in an area naturally infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, under a center pivot irrigation system. Reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight were evaluated. Additive and non-additive effects contributed to control of reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight. The statistically negative general combining ability (gi) estimates for BRS Notável (-0.51), CNFC 15872 (-0.20), IPR Juriti (-0.18), and BRSMG Talismã (-0.13) indicate that these parents are recommended for obtaining populations more resistant to Fusarium wilt. Among them, cultivar BRS Notável also showed a statistically positive gi estimate for grain yield (87.90). Among the parents recommended for resistance to Fusarium wilt, cultivars IPR Juriti (0.99) and BRS Notável (0.23) are those that most contributed to obtaining populations with larger-sized beans. Cultivar BRS Notável is the most promising parent for participation in new crossing blocks, showing non-zero gi estimates for all traits, favoring an increase in resistance to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight. Populations BRS Notável / CNFC 15872, BRS Ametista / BRS Notável, BRS Notável / BRSMG Talismã, and BRS Ametista / BRSMG Talismã showed good mean values for reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100-seed weight and at least one parent with a good general combining ability estimate for resistance to Fusarium wilt. These four populations are promising for obtaining lines with superior performance for resistance to Fusarium wilt, yield, and larger-sized grains.

A murcha de fusário (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli) é uma das doenças mais importantes para a cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) e a alternativa mais viável para o seu controle é a utilização de cultivares resistentes. No entanto, o número de cultivares do grupo comercial carioca, que é o mais importante no Brasil, com bom nível de resistência à essa doença ainda é pequeno. Para a obtenção de populações com maior grau de resistência, sete genitores com diferentes níveis de resistência à murcha de fusário e grãos do tipo carioca foram intercruzados em esquema de dialelo completo. As 21 populações segregantes obtidas foram avaliadas nos anos/gerações 2012/F3, 2013/F4 e 2014/F5, em experimentos em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, na época do inverno (semeadura em maio), juntamente com as testemunhas BRS Notável (resistente) e BRS Cometa (suscetível), em área naturalmente infestada com Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. phaseoli, sob irrigação com pivô central. Foram avaliadas a reação à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. Os efeitos aditivos e não aditivos contribuíram no controle da reação à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. As estimativas da capacidade geral de combinação (gi) negativas e diferentes de zero para BRS Notável (-0,51), CNFC 15872 (-0,20), IPR Juriti (-0,18) e BRSMG Talismã (-0,13), indicaram que estes genitores são recomendados para a obtenção de populações mais resistentes à murcha de fusário e entre eles, a cultivar BRS Notável mostrou também estimativa de gi positiva e diferente de zero para produtividade de grãos (87,90). Entre os genitores recomendados para resistência à murcha de fusário, as cultivares IPR Juriti (0,99) e BRS Notável (0,23) são as que mais contribuíram na obtenção de populações com maior tamanho de grãos. A cultivar BRS Notável é o genitor mais promissor para participar de novos blocos de cruzamentos, apresentando estimativas de gi diferentes de zero para todos os caracteres, favorecendo o incremento da resistência à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos. As populações BRS Notável / CNFC 15872, BRS Ametista / BRS Notável, BRS Notável / BRSMG Talismã e BRS Ametista / BRSMG Talismã apresentaram boas médias para reação à murcha de fusário, produtividade e massa de 100 grãos, e pelo menos um genitor com boa estimativa da capacidade geral de combinação para resistência à murcha de fusário. Estas quatro populações são promissoras para a obtenção de linhagens superiores para resistência à murcha de fusário, produtividade e maior tamanho de grãos.

Core collection of common bean formed from traditional Brazilian germplasm / Coleção nuclear de feijão comum formada por germoplasma tradicional de coletas brasileiras

The aim of this study was to select traditional accessions, compose a core collection of common bean, and assess the representativeness of the collection in relation to the base collection accommodated in the BAG of Embrapa using analysis strategies for multivariate models. We used data characterizing 2903 accessions from collections representing all geographic areas of Brazil regarding three morphologic descriptors (seed color, growth habit type, and seed size) and four ecogeographic descriptors (geographical areas, states, altitudes, and soil classes). A set of 400 accessions were selected using multivariate models applied to the data transformed in multibinary values. The accessions sampled had maximum similarity (100%) to the traditional collection, phenotypic diversity, and representative heterogeneity in relation to the traditional collection. In the core collection, the accessions represented 9.5% of the traditional accessions and were equivalent to 3% of the accessions of the base collection. Thus, it is possible to form a core collection that is representative of the base collection regarding genetic diversity and the conservation of rare alleles.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar acessos tradicionais, compor uma coleção nuclear de feijoeiro comum e avaliar sua representatividade em relação à coleção base de coletas hospedadas no BAG da Embrapa. Utilizando dados de caracterização de 2903 acessos de coletas representando todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil quanto a três descritores morfológicos (cor de semente, tipos de crescimento e tamanho de semente) e quatro descritores ecogeográficos (regiões geográficas, unidades federativas, altitudes e classes de solos), foram selecionados 400 acessos utilizando modelos multivariados aplicados aos dados transformados em valores multibinários. Os acessos amostrados apresentaram similaridade máxima (100%) com a coleção tradicional, diversidade fenotípica e heterogeneidade representativa em relação à coleção tradicional. Na coleção nuclear, os acessos representaram 9,5% dos acessos tradicionais e equivalem a 3% dos acessos da coleção base. Com isso conclui-se que é possível formar uma coleção nuclear representativa da coleção base, no que diz respeito à diversidade genética e a conservação de alelos raros.

Fuzzy logic in automation for interpretation of adaptability and stability in plant breeding studies

The methods of Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989) are widely used in phenotypic adaptability and stability analyses in plant breeding. In spite of the importance of these methodologies, their parameters are difficult to interpret. The aim of this research was to develop fuzzy controllers to automate the decision-making process employed by adaptability and stability studies following the methods adopted by Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989) and check their efficiency using experimental data from common bean cultivars. Fuzzy controllers have been developed based on the Mamdani inference system proposed by these two methods of adaptability and stability studies. For the first fuzzy controller parameters were considered favorable environments and the recommendation index for unfavorable environments obtained by Annicchiarico's method (1992). For the second controller the parameters considered were the general mean (β0), coefficient of regression of unfavorable environments (β1) and coefficient of favorable environments (β1i + β2i) and the coefficient of determination of the method of Cruz et al. (1989). To check the performance of these drivers yield data from field trials on 18 common bean cultivars grown in 11 environments were used. The controllers were developed from established routines in the R software and, using the inference system based on the methods proposed by Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989), classified the 18 genotypes appropriately in accordance with the criteria for each method. Thus, the methods used are effective, and are prescribed for decision-making automation in yield adaptability and stability studies pertaining to recommendation of cultivars.

Fuzzy logic in automation for interpretation of adaptability and stability in plant breeding studies

The methods of Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989) are widely used in phenotypic adaptability and stability analyses in plant breeding. In spite of the importance of these methodologies, their parameters are difficult to interpret. The aim of this research was to develop fuzzy controllers to automate the decision-making process employed by adaptability and stability studies following the methods adopted by Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989) and check their efficiency using experimental data from common bean cultivars. Fuzzy controllers have been developed based on the Mamdani inference system proposed by these two methods of adaptability and stability studies. For the first fuzzy controller parameters were considered favorable environments and the recommendation index for unfavorable environments obtained by Annicchiarico's method (1992). For the second controller the parameters considered were the general mean (β0), coefficient of regression of unfavorable environments (β1) and coefficient of favorable environments (β1i + β2i) and the coefficient of determination of the method of Cruz et al. (1989). To check the performance of these drivers yield data from field trials on 18 common bean cultivars grown in 11 environments were used. The controllers were developed from established routines in the R software and, using the inference system based on the methods proposed by Annicchiarico (1992) and Cruz et al. (1989), classified the 18 genotypes appropriately in accordance with the criteria for each method. Thus, the methods used are effective, and are prescribed for decision-making automation in yield adaptability and stability studies pertaining to recommendation of cultivars.(AU)

Association mapping in common bean revealed regions associated with Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot resistance

Despite important biotic stresses to common bean, Anthracnose (ANT) and Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) can cause losses of up to 80 % and occur in more than 60 countries around the world. Genetic resistance is the most sustainable strategy to manage these diseases. Thus, we aimed to (1) identify new SNP markers associated with ALS and ANT resistance loci in elite common bean lines, and (2) provide a functional characterization of the DNA sequences containing the identified SNP markers. We evaluated 60 inbred lines, under field conditions, which represent the elite germplasm developed by the Embrapa common bean breeding program across 22 years, in terms of severity of the ALS and ANT. The lines were genotyped with 5,398 SNPs. Then, a Mixed Linear Model was run to determine the SNP-trait associations. We observed two-significant marker-trait associations reacting to ANT, both located on chromosome Pv-02. These markers explained 25 % of the phenotypic variation. For ALS, only one significant marker-trait association was observed, which is located in chromosome Pv-10 and explained 19 % of the phenotypic variation. These markers, along with others already used, will be useful to add or keep ANT and ALS resistance loci identified in this work in the new carioca and black seeded cultivars.

Association mapping in common bean revealed regions associated with Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot resistance

Despite important biotic stresses to common bean, Anthracnose (ANT) and Angular Leaf Spot (ALS) can cause losses of up to 80 % and occur in more than 60 countries around the world. Genetic resistance is the most sustainable strategy to manage these diseases. Thus, we aimed to (1) identify new SNP markers associated with ALS and ANT resistance loci in elite common bean lines, and (2) provide a functional characterization of the DNA sequences containing the identified SNP markers. We evaluated 60 inbred lines, under field conditions, which represent the elite germplasm developed by the Embrapa common bean breeding program across 22 years, in terms of severity of the ALS and ANT. The lines were genotyped with 5,398 SNPs. Then, a Mixed Linear Model was run to determine the SNP-trait associations. We observed two-significant marker-trait associations reacting to ANT, both located on chromosome Pv-02. These markers explained 25 % of the phenotypic variation. For ALS, only one significant marker-trait association was observed, which is located in chromosome Pv-10 and explained 19 % of the phenotypic variation. These markers, along with others already used, will be useful to add or keep ANT and ALS resistance loci identified in this work in the new carioca and black seeded cultivars.(AU)

Genetic, environmental and genotype x environment interaction effects on the common bean grain yield and commercial quality / Efeito genético, ambiental e interação genótipos x ambientes na qualidade comercial e produtividade de grãos em feijoeiro-comum

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of environmental and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction on the commercial quality and grain yield of common bean for the identification of new cultivars for the South Central and Central regions of Brazil, that combine high adaptability/ stability for grain yield, sieve yield (SY) and 100-seed weight (100M). Sixty-two trials were performed in a randomised block design with three replicates in different sowing seasons in the South Central (Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)) and Central (Goiás (GO) and Distrito Federal (DF)) regions in 2009 and 2010. In the trials, 16 “carioca”-seeded lines were evaluated, and grain yield, SY and 100M were collected. The data were then subjected to individual and joint analyses of variance and to adaptability and stability analyses using the Annichiarico method. Genetic variation was found between the lines for all three traits. Coefficient of determination estimates showed that the genotype effect was more important for commercial quality than for grain yield and that the environmental effect was equally important for all three traits, indicating that the highest possible number of environments should be tested. The highest-yielding lines in the Brazilian Central (CNFC 11954 and CNFC 11959) and South Central (CNFC 11948) regions were different, indicating the importance of GxE interactions for yield. However, the two best lines in the Central Region had low commercial grain quality. Thus, CNFC 11948 will be recommended as the new cultivar selected for broad adaptation because it combines high commercial quality with increased mean grain yield and stability in the South Central Region and better yield and stability than the main controls in the Central Region.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito ambiental e da interação genótipos × ambientes para produtividade e qualidade comercial de grãos na indicação de novas cultivares de feijoeiro-comum para as Regiões Centro Sul e Central do Brasil, identificando linhagens que reúnam alta adaptabilidade/ estabilidade para produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Foram realizados 62 ensaios em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, nas Regiões Centro Sul (RS, SC, PR, SP e MS) e Central (GO e DF), nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Os ensaios foram compostos por 16 linhagens de grãos carioca e foram obtidos dados de produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância individuais e conjuntas e a análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pela metodologia de Annichiaricco. Existe variação genética entre as linhagens para os três caracteres. As estimativas do coeficiente de determinação mostraram que o efeito de genótipos é mais importante para a qualidade comercial do que para produtividade de grãos e que o efeito ambiental é igualmente importante para os três caracteres, indicando que a avaliação deve ser realizada no maior número possível de ambientes. As linhagens superiores para produtividade nas Regiões Central (CNFC 11954 e CNFC 11959) e Centro-Sul (CNFC 11948) do Brasil são diferentes, indicando a importância da interação genótipos x ambientes para essa característica. Entretanto, as duas melhores linhagens na Região Central apresentaram baixa qualidade comercial dos grãos. Assim, a linhagem CNFC 11948 será indicada como nova cultivar de ampla adaptação, pois reúne ótima qualidade comercial de grãos, maior produtividade média e estabilidade na Região Centro-Sul e produtividade e estabilidade superiores as principais testemunhas na Região Central.

Genetic, environmental and genotype x environment interaction effects on the common bean grain yield and commercial quality / Efeito genético, ambiental e interação genótipos x ambientes na qualidade comercial e produtividade de grãos em feijoeiro-comum

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of environmental and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction on the commercial quality and grain yield of common bean for the identification of new cultivars for the South Central and Central regions of Brazil, that combine high adaptability/ stability for grain yield, sieve yield (SY) and 100-seed weight (100M). Sixty-two trials were performed in a randomised block design with three replicates in different sowing seasons in the South Central (Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)) and Central (Goiás (GO) and Distrito Federal (DF)) regions in 2009 and 2010. In the trials, 16 “carioca”-seeded lines were evaluated, and grain yield, SY and 100M were collected. The data were then subjected to individual and joint analyses of variance and to adaptability and stability analyses using the Annichiarico method. Genetic variation was found between the lines for all three traits. Coefficient of determination estimates showed that the genotype effect was more important for commercial quality than for grain yield and that the environmental effect was equally important for all three traits, indicating that the highest possible number of environments should be tested. The highest-yielding lines in the Brazilian Central (CNFC 11954 and CNFC 11959) and South Central (CNFC 11948) regions were different, indicating the importance of GxE interactions for yield. However, the two best lines in the Central Region had low commercial grain quality. Thus, CNFC 11948 will be recommended as the new cultivar selected for broad adaptation because it combines high commercial quality with increased mean grain yield and stability in the South Central Region and better yield and stability than the main controls in the Central Region.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito ambiental e da interação genótipos × ambientes para produtividade e qualidade comercial de grãos na indicação de novas cultivares de feijoeiro-comum para as Regiões Centro Sul e Central do Brasil, identificando linhagens que reúnam alta adaptabilidade/ estabilidade para produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Foram realizados 62 ensaios em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, nas Regiões Centro Sul (RS, SC, PR, SP e MS) e Central (GO e DF), nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Os ensaios foram compostos por 16 linhagens de grãos carioca e foram obtidos dados de produtividade, rendimento de peneira e massa de 100 grãos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância individuais e conjuntas e a análises de adaptabilidade e estabilidade pela metodologia de Annichiaricco. Existe variação genética entre as linhagens para os três caracteres. As estimativas do coeficiente de determinação mostraram que o efeito de genótipos é mais importante para a qualidade comercial do que para produtividade de grãos e que o efeito ambiental é igualmente importante para os três caracteres, indicando que a avaliação deve ser realizada no maior número possível de ambientes. As linhagens superiores para produtividade nas Regiões Central (CNFC 11954 e CNFC 11959) e Centro-Sul (CNFC 11948) do Brasil são diferentes, indicando a importância da interação genótipos x ambientes para essa característica. Entretanto, as duas melhores linhagens na Região Central apresentaram baixa qualidade comercial dos grãos. Assim, a linhagem CNFC 11948 será indicada como nova cultivar de ampla adaptação, pois reúne ótima qualidade comercial de grãos, maior produtividade média e estabilidade na Região Centro-Sul e produtividade e estabilidade superiores as principais testemunhas na Região Central.(AU)

Common bean elite lines cultivated under nitrogen fertilization and inoculation with Rhizobium tropici / Linhagens elite de feijoeiro-comum cultivadas com fertilização nitrogenada e inoculação com Rhizhobium tropici

More efficient strains of Rhizobium have been selected for use in common bean. However, little effort was made with lines selection. The main goals of this research were to verify the presence of interaction involving common bean elite lines utilizing Nitrogen fertilization and Rhizobium inoculation for grain yield and to identify lines with superior yields utilizing biological nitrogen fixation. Eight field trials were conducted at four location-years in Brazilian savanna, using randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Each trial was composed of 17 carioca elite lines. Every two tests in each location were planted side by side, one with mineral nitrogen fertilization (90kg) and the other one with inoculation with Rhizobium tropici SEMIA 4080 strain. Elite lines interaction with nitrogen fertilization/inoculation was not important, so, it is possible to select lines for utilization in both growing systems. In some locations-years, interaction between lines and Rhizobium inoculation was most affected by environment conditions, causing modification in lines classification according to the type of nitrogen supplying used. In general, the lines presented higher yields when fertilized with mineral nitrogen as compared with inoculation. The cultivar 'BRS Pontal' presented high and similar yields under both systems of nitrogen supply.(AU)

Estirpes de rizóbio mais eficientes têm sido selecionadas para uso em feijoeiro-comum. Entretanto, pouco tem sido feito na seleção de linhagens mais eficientes. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram verificar a presença de interação entre linhagens elite de feijoeiro-comum com uso de fertilização nitrogenada e inoculação com rizóbio, para produtividade de grãos e identificar linhagens com produção superior, quando inoculadas com rizóbio. Oito experimentos foram conduzidos em quatro locais/anos no cerrado brasileiro, compostos por 17 linhagens elite, em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Em cada local/ano foram conduzidos dois experimentos, lado a lado: um com fertilização mineral de nitrogênio (90kg) e outro com inoculação com rizóbio. A interação entre as linhagens elite e o tipo de fornecimento de nitrogênio não foi importante, indicando que é possível selecionar linhagens para uso simultâneo nos dois sistemas de cultivo. Em alguns locais, a interação entre as linhagens e a inoculação com rizóbio foi mais afetada pelo ambiente, causando modificações na classificação das linhagens nos dois tipos de fornecimento de nitrogênio. De modo geral, a produtividade foi maior utilizando-se fertilização mineral, quando comparada com a inoculação. A cultivar 'BRS Pontal' apresentou produtividade alta e semelhante nos dois sistemas de fornecimento de nitrogênio.(AU)