Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

O papel da nutrição na doença articular degenerativa do esqueleto apendicular de gatos / The role nutrition in the degenerative joint disease of appendicular skeleton in cats / El papel de la nutrición en la enfermedad articular degenerativa del esqueleto apendicular de los gatos

Estudos relativos ao reconhecimento e importância da doença articular degenerativa em gatos requerem maior divulgação, em virtude das particularidades associadas à espécie. Sendo assim, a presente revisão teve por objetivo discorrer sobre os métodos diagnósticos da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular e enfatizar os aspectos nutricionais associados à afecção. Para o diagnóstico da afecção é necessário inicialmente efetuar anamnese completa e exame físico geral e ortopédico específico. Entretanto, os sinais clínicos da afecção podem ser sutis em gatos, incluindo alterações comportamentais ou mudanças do estilo de vida, tais como manter-se mais tempo deitado, relutância em subir ou saltar, entre outros. Baseada nos achados clínicos, a confirmação da lesão deverá ser efetuada com o uso de métodos de imagem. Dentre os vários aspectos da doença, o papel da nutrição precisa ser evidenciado. A nutrição pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças que levam à osteoartrite, de forma direta ou indireta, entre elas a obesidade, que além da sobrecarga nas estruturas articulares, contribui para o processo inflamatório. Em contrapartida, a nutrição pode auxiliar no mecanismo de controle ou mesmo prevenção, pela modificação do processo degenerativo ou resposta inflamatória, contudo seus efeitos benéficos ainda não estão elucidados. Portanto, estudos das diferentes particularidades do papel da nutrição no manejo da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular em gatos são necessários.(AU)

Studies related to recognition and importance of degenerative joint disease in cats must be better divulgation, due to some peculiarities related to the species. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to overview of diagnosis methods of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton, and to emphasize the nutritional aspects associated with the disease. For the diagnosis should be performed initially a complete medical history, and general physical examination followed by specific orthopedic examination. However, clinical signs of the disease can be subtle in cats, including behavioral changes, or lifestyle' changes such as spend more time lying down, and reluctance to climb or jump, among others. Based on clinical findings, the confirmation of the lesion requires the use of imaging techniques, but the poor correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs should be considered. Among the several aspects of the disease, the role of nutrition must be highlighted. The nutrition can contribute to the development of diseases that lead to osteoarthritis in a direct or indirect manner. For example, the obesity that promotes overloading of the articular structures as well as contributes to inflammation. On the other hand, the nutrition can help in the control mechanism or even prevention of disease, by modification of degenerative process or inflammatory response. Among of the possible modifying agents for osteoarthritis are glucosamine, chondroitin and omega-3 fatty acids, but the beneficial effects are not fully understood. Therefore, multicenter trial or based on a large standard population are needed to validate the different aspects of the role of nutrition in the management of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton in cat.(AU)

Los estudios sobre el reconocimiento y la importancia de la enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones en los gatos requieren una mayor difusión debido a las particularidades asociadas con la especie. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir los métodos de diagnóstico de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis del esqueleto apendicular y enfatizar los aspectos nutricionales asociados con la afección. Para el diagnóstico de la afección, inicialmente es necesario realizar una anamnesis completa y un examen físico general y ortopédico específico. Sin embargo, los signos clínicos de la afección pueden ser sutiles en los gatos, incluidos cambios de comportamiento o cambios en el estilo de vida, como estar acostado por más tiempo, renuencia a trepar o saltar, entre otros. Según los hallazgos clínicos, la lesión debe confirmarse mediante métodos de imagen. Entre los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad, debe destacarse el papel de la nutrición. La nutrición puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que conducen a la osteoartritis, directa o indirectamente, incluida la obesidad, que además de sobrecargar las estructuras articulares, contribuye al proceso inflamatorio. Por otro lado, la nutrición puede ayudar en el mecanismo de control o incluso en la prevención, al modificar el proceso degenerativo o la respuesta inflamatoria, sin embargo, sus efectos beneficiosos aún no se han dilucidado. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios sobre las diferentes particularidades del papel de la nutrición en el tratamiento de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis esquelética apendicular en los gatos.(AU)

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique at an orthotopic site in rabbits

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique in rabbits. Methods: Twelve Norfolk rabbits at approximately 3 months of age were used. A 1-cm segmental defect was induced in both radii, which were filled with polymethylmethacrylate cylinder. LLLT was used postoperatively in the bone defect of one of the forelimbs every 48 hours for 15 days. Six rabbits were euthanatized on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Results: In both forelimbs, radiographs showed new bone growth from radius cut ends on the third postoperative week and more advanced stage on the sixth postoperative week. Ultrasound showed induced membrane one week after the surgery. Histologically, there were no significant differences in the semi-quantitative score of inflammation intensity, total number of blood vessels, bone metaplasia, and collagen. The average thicknesses were 2,050.17 and 1,451.96 μm for control membranes and 2,724.26 and 2,081.03 μm for irradiated membranes, respectively, on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) expression were present in the induced membranes of control and irradiated forelimbs, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: Based on assessment methods, it was not possible to demonstrate the effect of LLLT on the induced membrane.

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladder’s insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladders insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...(AU)

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs - retrospective study

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed.[...]

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in dogs - retrospective study

Background: The avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a development disease caused by ischemic necrosis, which is mainly observed in young dogs. The etiology of the disease remains controversial. The diagnosis requires imaging exams such as MRI and radiographs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to retrospectively assess a population of dogs with avascular necrosis of the femoral head in order to feature the disease, as well as to analyze the radiographic appearance of the lesion at the moment of patient consultation.Materials, Methods & Results: The signalment factors of dogs (breed, gender, age and body mass), the affected hind limb, the radiographic appearance of the lesion, the clinical signs at the moment of patient consultation, the time of occurrence and the type of treatment were evaluated. The disease was radiographically classified according to the previously described items. Forty-three cases of avascular necrosis of the femoral head were identified, 97.67% presented lameness and pain during palpation of the hip joint; and 54.34%, were 1 week to 4 months old. Females represented 58.13% of the sample, and 65.11% of them weighed from 2.6 to 4.9 kg. Based on the radiographic classification, 4.34% were Grade 1; 32.60%, Grade 2; 8.69%, Grade 3; 19.56%, Grade 4; and 34.78%, Grade 5. The femoral head and neck ostectomy was performed in 42 hind limbs (91.30%); 42.85% of the dogs reached total functional recovery and 26.19% required physiotherapy and rehabilitation.Discussion: The present sample was composed of 25 dogs, which were 6-to-11-month old at the moment of patient consultation, but 17 dogs were 12-to-36-month old at this time; only one dog was older than 36 months. It may be associated with the non-recognition of clinical signs by the owners, rather than with the late-onset form of the disease. With respect to the breed, pinscher, Yorkshire, poodle, Lhasa apso, pug were most frequently observed. However, 7 dogs were crossbreed.[...](AU)

Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in a growing dog / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em um cão em crescimento

Background: It is believed that the inclined tibial plateau angle to be a major cause of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture, and the treatment of this disease is the tibial plateau leveling for decrease the cranial tibial thrust. However, there are breeds predisposed to rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament and in this patterns breed the tibial plateau is more inclined due to the conformation of the limb. The aim of this communication was to evaluate the effectiveness of the locking screw and cauterizing the growth plate of the tibial plateau as a preventive method of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Case: In a young dog, one stifle joint randomly chosen for placing a screw in order to block the tibial plateau growth line. There was placed a 3.5 mm x 20 mm cancellous bone screw in the dorsocranial surface of the tibial plateau of the left hindlimb. Two months after the first surgical intervention, the contralateral limb was cauterized in the tibial plateau growth line. Electrocauterization was performed with a spatula electrode set at 60 watts, performing ablation on the cranial third of the tibial plateau physis with access to the medial and lateral surfaces of the proximal tibia. The electrode was placed against the physis for 10 seconds at each site. Both members were followed radiographically to measure the tibial plateau angle and observed the angle reduction. [...]

Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in a growing dog / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em um cão em crescimento

Background: It is believed that the inclined tibial plateau angle to be a major cause of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture, and the treatment of this disease is the tibial plateau leveling for decrease the cranial tibial thrust. However, there are breeds predisposed to rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament and in this patterns breed the tibial plateau is more inclined due to the conformation of the limb. The aim of this communication was to evaluate the effectiveness of the locking screw and cauterizing the growth plate of the tibial plateau as a preventive method of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Case: In a young dog, one stifle joint randomly chosen for placing a screw in order to block the tibial plateau growth line. There was placed a 3.5 mm x 20 mm cancellous bone screw in the dorsocranial surface of the tibial plateau of the left hindlimb. Two months after the first surgical intervention, the contralateral limb was cauterized in the tibial plateau growth line. Electrocauterization was performed with a spatula electrode set at 60 watts, performing ablation on the cranial third of the tibial plateau physis with access to the medial and lateral surfaces of the proximal tibia. The electrode was placed against the physis for 10 seconds at each site. Both members were followed radiographically to measure the tibial plateau angle and observed the angle reduction. [...](AU)

Plate-nail system for femoral fracture fixation in a maned wolf (Crysocyon brachyurus) / Sistema plate-nail para fixação de fratura de fêmur em um lobo-guará (Crysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Traumatic causes is the main factor for bone fractures. Femoral fractures are common in dogs and cats and usually require internal fixation for bone healing. However, there is little described about fractures in wild animals. Diaphyseal fractures of long bones generally involve complex surgical procedures for maintaining of the alignment and length of the bone during its consolidation. The maned wolf (Crysocyon brachyurus) is a canid found in the Brazilian cerrado and solitary habit. This species is among those threatened with extinction. This study reports the surgical treatment in a femoral fracture in a maned wolf using an interlocking nail-plate combination.Case: A young maned wolf, 36 kg intact male, was admitted to the veterinary hospital due to running over. The animal did not weight bear on right pelvic limb. Under anesthesia with ketamina (15 mg/kg) and midazolan (0,3 mg/kg), orthopedic examination was performed. There was severe swelling in the proximal region of the pelvic limb and abnormal mobility in the middle third of the right femur. Radiographic examination showed fragmented and oblique fracture in the right femoral shaft. Surgery for internal fracture fixation was required. The distal segment of the fracture had a fragment with long oblique line, similar to a bevel, and two wires steel cerclage of 1.0 mm were used to stabilize it. The medullary can...(AU)

Plate-nail system for femoral fracture fixation in a maned wolf (Crysocyon brachyurus) / Sistema plate-nail para fixação de fratura de fêmur em um lobo-guará (Crysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Traumatic causes is the main factor for bone fractures. Femoral fractures are common in dogs and cats and usually require internal fixation for bone healing. However, there is little described about fractures in wild animals. Diaphyseal fractures of long bones generally involve complex surgical procedures for maintaining of the alignment and length of the bone during its consolidation. The maned wolf (Crysocyon brachyurus) is a canid found in the Brazilian cerrado and solitary habit. This species is among those threatened with extinction. This study reports the surgical treatment in a femoral fracture in a maned wolf using an interlocking nail-plate combination.Case: A young maned wolf, 36 kg intact male, was admitted to the veterinary hospital due to running over. The animal did not weight bear on right pelvic limb. Under anesthesia with ketamina (15 mg/kg) and midazolan (0,3 mg/kg), orthopedic examination was performed. There was severe swelling in the proximal region of the pelvic limb and abnormal mobility in the middle third of the right femur. Radiographic examination showed fragmented and oblique fracture in the right femoral shaft. Surgery for internal fracture fixation was required. The distal segment of the fracture had a fragment with long oblique line, similar to a bevel, and two wires steel cerclage of 1.0 mm were used to stabilize it. The medullary can...

Evolução do condrossarcoma em tíbia de cão / Evolution of Tibial Chondrosarcoma in a Dog

Background: Chondrosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin that generally develops slowly and has a low incidence of metastasis. It was related in dogs, but rarely in small or giant breeds. The most common site of skeletal chondrossarcoma in dogs is the nasal cavity. The lungs are the most common site of metastatic disease, but other organs may be affected. Chondrosarcoma may be classified into primary or secondary according to location in bone, and histologically into mesenchymal and myxoid subtypes. Thus, this study reports the evolution of an uncommon case of chondrossarcoma in a dog's tibia. Case: A 1.4-year-old dog, 58 kg intact-male Brazilian Mastiff was admitted to the veterinary hospital due to lameness and swelling of the stifle region present for 20 days. Radiographic examination showed lytic bone lesions in the proximal third of the right tibia with periosteal reaction, suggestive of bone tumor. Cytological examination revealed inflammatory process indicative of acute periostitis. The clinical signs improved after treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (meloxicam, 0.1 mg/kg orally every 24 h) and analgesic (tramadol hydrochloride, 2 mg/kg orally every 8 h) drugs. However, eight months after the initial presentation, the dog had a recurrence of the lameness, and increase in volume and crepitus on palpation of the right knee. Radiographic examination showed cystic lesion located in proximal tibial epiphysis. After curettage of the lesion, the defect was fi lled with calcium phosphate biomaterial. Cephalexin (30 mg/kg every 12 h orally for 10 days), carprofen (4.4 mg/kg orally every 24 h for 15 days) and chondroitin sulphate (1000 mg orally each 12 h per 30 days) were prescribed postoperatively. The animal showed improvement. At one year after surgery, the dog was presented due progressive weight loss and intermittent lameness of the right hind limb observed for approximately two months. On palpation of the right knee was painful sensitivity and it had a cutaneous nodule three inches. Radiographic examination showed extensive radiolucent cystic area with bone remodeling and periosteal proliferation of the medial aspect of the proximal third of the right tibia. Computed Tomography (CT) demonstrated bone destruction in the proximal portion of the tibia with areas of bone lysis and proliferative irregular reaction, irregular hyperdensity in the medullary region of the right tibia extending to the distal portion of the tibial tuberosity associated with the presence of proliferative periosteal reaction adjacent the bony surfaces, and atrophy of muscles of right hindlimb. Both exams suggested a bone tumor, and bone biopsy was done. The diagnosis was chondrosarcoma. The owner did not authorize the hind limb amputation. Discussion: The diagnosis of chondrosarcoma is based on clinical signs, orthopedic examination findings, radiographic and CT appearance, and cytology. However, definite diagnosis may be obtained only by histopathological examination. Fine needle aspiration samples may contain few cells, and presence of inflammatory process may interfere in diagnosis, as observed in the present case. The tumor is resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, surgical removal can be curative, depending upon the location of the chondrosarcoma. Unfortunately, the owner was reluctant to proceed with limb amputation, and the dog was euthanatized after three months of the last evaluation.

Fisioterapia da articulação escapuloumeral em cães comosteocondrite dissecante - revisão da literatura / Physiotherapy of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs with osteochondritisdissecans - literature review / Fisioterapia de la articulación escapulo humeral en perros con osteocondritis disecante - revisión bibliográfica

Na medicina veterinária, a fisioterapia pode ser usada para o fortalecimento de grupos musculares específicos, o que é particularmente interessante no tratamento conservativo da osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) da cabeça do úmero. A OCD é um distúrbio da ossificação endocondral, caracterizado por uma lesão na cartilagem articular. Há tratamentos conservativos e cirúrgicos para a enfermidade, que objetivam a volta da funcionalidade do membro e o alívio da dor. O fortalecimento da musculatura por meio de reabilitação física fortalece a musculatura periarticular e faz diminuir o avanço da osteoartrose, reduzindo a sintomatologia clínica do paciente. Algumas das principais atividades físicas usadas no tratamento de cães com OCD da cabeça do úmero incluem a movimentação ativa e passiva, hidroterapia, massagem e crioterapia.(AU)

Physiotherapy in veterinary medicine can be used to strengthen specific muscle groups, which is particularly interesting in the conservative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral head. OCD is endochondral ossification disorder and is characterized by an injury to the joint cartilage. There are conservative and surgical treatments for the disease that aim to restore limb functionality and relieve pain. Building the musculature through physical rehabilitation strengthens the periarticular muscles and decreases the progression of osteoarthrosis, reducing clinical symptoms. Some of the main physical activities used in the treatment of dogs with OCD of the humeral head include active and passive movements, hydrotherapy, massage and cryotherapy.(AU)

En medicina veterinaria, la fisioterapia puede ser utilizada para fortalecer grupos musculares específicos, lo que resulta particularmente interesante en el tratamiento conservador de la osteocondritis disecante (OCD) de la cabeza humeral. La OCD es una alteración en la osificación endocondral, que se caracteriza por presentar una lesión en el cartílago articular. Existen tratamientos conservadores y quirúrgicos que tienen como objetivo devolver la función al miembro y aliviar el dolor. El fortalecimiento de la musculatura a través de la rehabilitación física mejora los músculos periarticulares, y tiende a disminuir el avance de la osteoartrosis, disminuyendo así la sintomatología clínica del paciente. Algunas de las actividades físicas usadas en el tratamiento de perros con OCD de la cabeza humeral son los movimientos activos y pasivos, la hidroterapia, el masaje y la crioterapia.(AU)

Fisioterapia da articulação escapuloumeral em cães comosteocondrite dissecante - revisão da literatura / Physiotherapy of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs with osteochondritisdissecans - literature review / Fisioterapia de la articulación escapulo humeral en perros con osteocondritis disecante - revisión bibliográfica

Na medicina veterinária, a fisioterapia pode ser usada para o fortalecimento de grupos musculares específicos, o que é particularmente interessante no tratamento conservativo da osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) da cabeça do úmero. A OCD é um distúrbio da ossificação endocondral, caracterizado por uma lesão na cartilagem articular. Há tratamentos conservativos e cirúrgicos para a enfermidade, que objetivam a volta da funcionalidade do membro e o alívio da dor. O fortalecimento da musculatura por meio de reabilitação física fortalece a musculatura periarticular e faz diminuir o avanço da osteoartrose, reduzindo a sintomatologia clínica do paciente. Algumas das principais atividades físicas usadas no tratamento de cães com OCD da cabeça do úmero incluem a movimentação ativa e passiva, hidroterapia, massagem e crioterapia.

Physiotherapy in veterinary medicine can be used to strengthen specific muscle groups, which is particularly interesting in the conservative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral head. OCD is endochondral ossification disorder and is characterized by an injury to the joint cartilage. There are conservative and surgical treatments for the disease that aim to restore limb functionality and relieve pain. Building the musculature through physical rehabilitation strengthens the periarticular muscles and decreases the progression of osteoarthrosis, reducing clinical symptoms. Some of the main physical activities used in the treatment of dogs with OCD of the humeral head include active and passive movements, hydrotherapy, massage and cryotherapy.

En medicina veterinaria, la fisioterapia puede ser utilizada para fortalecer grupos musculares específicos, lo que resulta particularmente interesante en el tratamiento conservador de la osteocondritis disecante (OCD) de la cabeza humeral. La OCD es una alteración en la osificación endocondral, que se caracteriza por presentar una lesión en el cartílago articular. Existen tratamientos conservadores y quirúrgicos que tienen como objetivo devolver la función al miembro y aliviar el dolor. El fortalecimiento de la musculatura a través de la rehabilitación física mejora los músculos periarticulares, y tiende a disminuir el avance de la osteoartrosis, disminuyendo así la sintomatología clínica del paciente. Algunas de las actividades físicas usadas en el tratamiento de perros con OCD de la cabeza humeral son los movimientos activos y pasivos, la hidroterapia, el masaje y la crioterapia.

Condrossarcoma em gradil costal de cão: relato de caso / Chondrosarcoma in grating costal in a dog a case report / Condrosarcoma en costal rejilla en un perro - un informe del caso

O condrossarcoma é uma neoplasia maligna, de origem mesenquimal, cujas células neoplásicas produzem uma matriz cartilaginosa, não osteoide ou diretamente óssea. O diagnóstico pode ser auxiliado por meio de métodos imaginológicos, porém apenas a histopatologia é definitivo. O presente relato descreve o caso de um cão sem padrão racial definido, com sete anos de idade, o qual apresentou um aumento de volume com cerca de 6,0 x 5,0 x 4,0 cm na região do hemitórax esquerdo, o qual segundo o proprietário estava presente há dois meses. Após a histopatologia, foi realizado o diagnóstico de condrossarcoma, porém o proprietário não procedeu com o tratamento instituído e o animal retornou a clínica 11 meses após o primeiro incidente em sofrimento irreversível. Objetiva-se descrever os aspectos macro e microscópico da respectiva neoplasia.(AU)

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin, which the neoplastic cells produce a cartilage matrix, no osteoid or bone directly. Diagnosis can be aided by imaginological methods, but only histopathology is definitive. This report describes the case of a mongrel dog, seven years old, with a volume increase of about 6,0 x 5,0 x 4,0 cm in the left hemithorax, which according to the owner there was two months ago. Histopathology after the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma was made and treatment instituted, but as the owner lost the thread it was not performed and the animal returned to clinical 11 months after the first incident irreversible suffering. Objective is to describe the macro and microscopic aspects of the neoplasm.(AU)

El condrosarcoma es un tumor maligno de origen mesenquimal, cuyas células neoplásicas producir una matriz de cartílago, no osteoide o hueso directamente. El diagnóstico puede ser assistido por métodos de imagen, pero sólo la histología esdefinitiva. Este informe describe el caso de un perro sin raza definida, de siete anos, con un aumento de volumen de alrededor de 6,0 x 5,0 x 4,0 cm en el hemitórax izquierdo, que según el propietario estaba allí hace dos meses. Después se realizó el diagnóstico histopatológico de condrosarcoma y el tratamiento instituido, pero como el propietario pierde el hilo no se hizo y el animal volvió a clínicas 11 meses después del primer incidente en el sufrimiento irreversible. Su objetivo es describir los aspectos macroscópicos y microscópicos de su neoplasia.(AU)

Condrossarcoma em gradil costal de cão: relato de caso / Chondrosarcoma in grating costal in a dog – a case report / Condrosarcoma en costal rejilla en un perro - un informe del caso

O condrossarcoma é uma neoplasia maligna, de origem mesenquimal, cujas células neoplásicas produzem uma matriz cartilaginosa, não osteoide ou diretamente óssea. O diagnóstico pode ser auxiliado por meio de métodos imaginológicos, porém apenas a histopatologia é definitivo. O presente relato descreve o caso de um cão sem padrão racial definido, com sete anos de idade, o qual apresentou um aumento de volume com cerca de 6,0 x 5,0 x 4,0 cm na região do hemitórax esquerdo, o qual segundo o proprietário estava presente há dois meses. Após a histopatologia, foi realizado o diagnóstico de condrossarcoma, porém o proprietário não procedeu com o tratamento instituído e o animal retornou a clínica 11 meses após o primeiro incidente em sofrimento irreversível. Objetiva-se descrever os aspectos macro e microscópico da respectiva neoplasia.

Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin, which the neoplastic cells produce a cartilage matrix, no osteoid or bone directly. Diagnosis can be aided by imaginological methods, but only histopathology is definitive. This report describes the case of a mongrel dog, seven years old, with a volume increase of about 6,0 x 5,0 x 4,0 cm in the left hemithorax, which according to the owner there was two months ago. Histopathology after the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma was made and treatment instituted, but as the owner lost the thread it was not performed and the animal returned to clinical 11 months after the first incident irreversible suffering. Objective is to describe the macro and microscopic aspects of the neoplasm.

El condrosarcoma es un tumor maligno de origen mesenquimal, cuyas células neoplásicas producir una matriz de cartílago, no osteoide o hueso directamente. El diagnóstico puede ser assistido por métodos de imagen, pero sólo la histología esdefinitiva. Este informe describe el caso de un perro sin raza definida, de siete anos, con un aumento de volumen de alrededor de 6,0 x 5,0 x 4,0 cm en el hemitórax izquierdo, que según el propietario estaba allí hace dos meses. Después se realizó el diagnóstico histopatológico de condrosarcoma y el tratamiento instituido, pero como el propietario pierde el hilo no se hizo y el animal volvió a clínicas 11 meses después del primer incidente en el sufrimiento irreversible. Su objetivo es describir los aspectos macroscópicos y microscópicos de su neoplasia.

Ultrassonografia transtorácica extracardíaca – revisão de literatura / Non-cardiac transthoracic ultrasound – literature review / Ecografía transtorácica no cardíaca – revisión de la literatura

Resumo: A radiografia é, normalmente, o principal método de diagnóstico a ser utilizado na avaliação inicial do tórax. Diante dos recentes avanços tecnológicos dos aparelhos de ultrassom, a ultrassonografia transtorácica não cardíaca se tornou um importante método de diagnóstico das afecções de pulmão, pleura, mediastino e parede torácica. Embora existam limitações, devido à dificuldade de o feixe sonoro se propagar de forma eficiente sobre o ar, esse exame possibilita a tomada rápida de decisões terapêuticas, assim como torna mais segura e efetiva a coleta de materiais. O conhecimento da anatomia ultrassonográfica torácica fica restrito, pois o que prevalece nesses casos é o artefato causado pela presença de ar dos pulmões; já a ausência dele facilita a detecção das alterações torácicas. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura é apresentar as principais anormalidades passíveis de ser detectadas no exame ultrassonográfico.

Radiography is usually the primary method of diagnosis to be used in the initial evaluation of the chest. In view of recent technological advances in ultrasound machines, noncardiac transthoracic ultrasound has become an important method of diagnosis for diseases of the lung, pleura, mediastinum and chest wall. Despite limitations due to the difficulty of efficient sound propagation in air, this exam allows fast decisions and makes sample collection safer and more effective. Knowledge of the sonographic chest anatomy is however restricted because of the artifact caused by the presence of air in lungs. When absent, it facilitates the detection of thoracic alterations. The aim of this review is to present the main abnormalities that are likely to be detected by ultrasonography.

La radiografía es generalmente el método principal de diagnóstico para ser usado en la evaluación inicial del tórax. Frente a los recientes avances tecnológicos en equipos de ultrasonido, la ecografía cardíaca transtorácica no cardíaca se ha convertido en un importante método de diagnóstico de las enfermedades de pulmones, pleura, mediastino y de la pared torácica. Aunque existen limitaciones debido a la dificultad de que el sonido se propague eficientemente por la presencia de aire, esta prueba permite tomar decisiones rápidas en relación a posibles tratamientos, así como también ofrece la posibilidad de efectuar toma de muestras de manera segura y efectiva. Existen limitaciones en relación a la anatomia ecográfica, ya que con esta técnica, prevalece el artificio causado por la presencia del aire pulmonar; su ausencia facilita la detección de alteraciones torácicas. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es presentar la principales anormalidades detectables a través del examen ultrasonográfico.

Ultrassonografia transtorácica extracardíaca revisão de literatura / Non-cardiac transthoracic ultrasound literature review / Ecografía transtorácica no cardíaca revisión de la literatura

Resumo: A radiografia é, normalmente, o principal método de diagnóstico a ser utilizado na avaliação inicial do tórax. Diante dos recentes avanços tecnológicos dos aparelhos de ultrassom, a ultrassonografia transtorácica não cardíaca se tornou um importante método de diagnóstico das afecções de pulmão, pleura, mediastino e parede torácica. Embora existam limitações, devido à dificuldade de o feixe sonoro se propagar de forma eficiente sobre o ar, esse exame possibilita a tomada rápida de decisões terapêuticas, assim como torna mais segura e efetiva a coleta de materiais. O conhecimento da anatomia ultrassonográfica torácica fica restrito, pois o que prevalece nesses casos é o artefato causado pela presença de ar dos pulmões; já a ausência dele facilita a detecção das alterações torácicas. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura é apresentar as principais anormalidades passíveis de ser detectadas no exame ultrassonográfico.(AU)

Radiography is usually the primary method of diagnosis to be used in the initial evaluation of the chest. In view of recent technological advances in ultrasound machines, noncardiac transthoracic ultrasound has become an important method of diagnosis for diseases of the lung, pleura, mediastinum and chest wall. Despite limitations due to the difficulty of efficient sound propagation in air, this exam allows fast decisions and makes sample collection safer and more effective. Knowledge of the sonographic chest anatomy is however restricted because of the artifact caused by the presence of air in lungs. When absent, it facilitates the detection of thoracic alterations. The aim of this review is to present the main abnormalities that are likely to be detected by ultrasonography.(AU)

La radiografía es generalmente el método principal de diagnóstico para ser usado en la evaluación inicial del tórax. Frente a los recientes avances tecnológicos en equipos de ultrasonido, la ecografía cardíaca transtorácica no cardíaca se ha convertido en un importante método de diagnóstico de las enfermedades de pulmones, pleura, mediastino y de la pared torácica. Aunque existen limitaciones debido a la dificultad de que el sonido se propague eficientemente por la presencia de aire, esta prueba permite tomar decisiones rápidas en relación a posibles tratamientos, así como también ofrece la posibilidad de efectuar toma de muestras de manera segura y efectiva. Existen limitaciones en relación a la anatomia ecográfica, ya que con esta técnica, prevalece el artificio causado por la presencia del aire pulmonar; su ausencia facilita la detección de alteraciones torácicas. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es presentar la principales anormalidades detectables a través del examen ultrasonográfico.(AU)

Análise biomecânica comparativa entre os sistemas plate-nail e plate-rod em fraturas induzidas em fêmures de caninos : estudo ex-vivo

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as propriedades mecânicas da associação da haste intramedular bloqueada e placa óssea (plate-nail) e da associação do pino intramedular e placa óssea (plate-rod), utilizadas em fraturas experimentalmente induzidas em fêmures de caninos. Vinte pares de fêmures de cães foram selecionados para receber os sistemas plate-nail e plate-rod. Em cada fêmur, uma ostectomia no terço médio da diáfise foi realizada e inserido o sistema selecionado. As construções foram submetidas aos testes de compressão e flexão, em uma máquina universal de ensaios. A força máxima, a resistência à compressão e a flexão diferiram significantemente entre as construções. A resistência do sistema plate-nail foi superior ao sistema plate-rod. O módulo de elasticidade foi similar entre as construções no teste de compressão e foi maior no teste de flexão para o sistema plate-nail. A deformação máxima em compressão foi similar entre as construções e maior na flexão no sistema plate-rod. No plate-nail, ao adicionar uma haste intramedular bloqueada à placa óssea, pode-se aumentar a resistência do implante. O sistema de fixação óssea plate-nail foi superior ao plate-rod em resistir às forças de compressão e flexão atuantes em fraturas diafisárias femorais experimentalmente induzidas em caninos ex-vivo. Este implante deve ser considerado um método alternativo para fixação rígida das fraturas diafisárias em cães